 So ydym nhw'n gweld odd, yn fwy o'i am yr ardull y sydd y dyma ar gyfer y Llyfrantys yma, yma, sydd y dyma maith, ond mae wedi deall yn gyfei. Mae'n cael ei wedi eu llunio'n meddwl i fyddi ifanc slai'r cyllid gan heb tua honi, gan collfindenid strategor, deilio mynd i gweld maith, ac yn yr unrhyw ddydym efallai'r tref, ddim yn gweinydd, sydd wedi'i gwneud hynny. Mae'r llyfrannu a llyfrannu yma sydd rydw i mewn amgyrchol. Ac pethau yn enwedig, os ymwneud yr olwch â'u wasioedd ymddangos, yna beth sy'n hawdd y prydydd, oedd y gall adeiladau cyfrwyr, dwi'n ganddo i ddau i eisiau i fath o ffadau gwneud, a wedi'n ddod o ymwneud y barwn, ac i'n mynd i'n gael y ddechrydd. Ymddangos hynny, rwyf i'n gwybod ychydig ar y bwrdd, rwyf i grannu deirach ac a'u cwmifio'r gweithlu, o'r ddweud o'u lladechur, i stryd i'r ddaeth. A un oedd y parwysau o'r pwysig iaith i'w ddifanol ymlaen, os ydych yn eich cyfnodd y cyfnodd rwy'n i'r ddweud. Dwi'n meddwl i'r cyfnodd, a'n meddwl i'n meddwl i'r ddechrau, ac mae'n meddwl i'r ddweud o'r cyfnodd rwy'n meddwl i'r ddweud. Felly, ar y clywed o'r ffyrdd gwneud, mae'n meddwl i'r cyfnodd. Mae'n meddwl i'r ffyrdd gwneud, mae'n meddwl i'r sgwmnau yn meddwl i'r cyfnodd, ac ymddangos cyflawn i'r byw ymddangos yng nghymru yn ymwneud yn y gweithio gydig ymddangos yma, ac ymddangos gweithio gydig yma, yn y gweithio ddiweddau'r gwahanol. Yn ddweud y byddai o'r ffordd, mae'n amlwg yn ddweud ei gweithfyrdd yn ein gweithfyrdd o'r gwahanol o'r gwahanol yn y byd ymddangos hefyd, a'i gweithfyrdd o'r ffordd, ond mae'n gweithfyrdd o'r gweithfyrdd, a variations known by looking at fired archaeological material and lava flows and things like that. Whereas if we want to go to look at a very long term scale, we've got things that geological strata, which we can sort of leverage reversals. The sediments are obviously crucially for this talk ideal in that they are a continuous record of the earth field not just where you're rydych chi'n meddwl i'r dyfodol, a ddweud drwy y mech chi'n meddwl i'r drwyddiadau a'r rhaid i'r rheredau. Rwy'r cyflwyno yw'r cyflwyno, mae nhw'n dweud yma eich gwahodau rhai oedd wedi'u gwahodau i'r byd. Mae'r cyflwyno ar y dyfodol ar y cyflwyno ar gyfer y cyflwyno. Byddai'n ddweud yr hyn yn lleidio'r cyflwyno ac yn gyflwyno cyflwno ar gyflwyno. ac i ni weithio cyntafion ddraeth yn rhoi femarnu yn y Lleith. Mae'r gwerthau o edrych ond o g deg, ond mae'n myfnig o'r tynnu. Rwy'n cael hynny mae hyn yn fach, o'r hyffrail, yn gymysig yn rhanol. A hefyd, mae'n fyfnig o'r myfnig o'r cyst-dwyny, mae'n myfnig o rhanol. Rwy'n cystar o bach gael i'r gwerthau o'r cyfrannu gwahanol yng Nghyrch Unidd. a'r cyfnod ddweud o'r cyffredin ni'r ddater yn llwyffol ar ddweud o'r ddater, mae mae'n gweithio cyd-dweithio i fynd i fynd i ddweud o'r ddauingsgwyr, cyd-dweithio i ddweud o'r ddau sy'n gyfer ddau a'r llwyffol. Efallai os ydych chi'n gweithio bwysig yn ddweud o'r ddau sy'n ddau, felly jos mae'r ddau sydd ydych chi'n gweithio, mae'r ddau sydd wedi'i ddweud o'r ddau. Ac mae'r Llywodraeth yr wyliau yn gweithio'r pernau, refugeio'n gyda Llywodraeth i dwi-olion, rydyn chi'n gwybod, y llwyddiad y Llywodraeth yma yn ei gwasbeloed ar gwael rhan. Dyna ein holl handle, unrhyw rhaid, i'w sefydglwch ar yr yma, ac mae'n gwleidio'n gwleidio'n gwleidio, ac rhaid gennym gwirio cael hwn ar unrhyw o'r panfeydd, Ie ddweud yr oedd yn lleol iawn, rydyn ni'n weithio'r draod eich rogi chwarae a'r roliad ysgolod ar but eich o drosnod wedi'i bod os y cadwacht i'r hollig, ond ei eif bron i'r llaw a'r arhaig o bobl i'r cymuned yma yna ffordd, o'r rheinydd ar gyfer y gweithiwnnol o'r meddwl mewn oed. O'r hollig yn gweithio'r ysgolod, oes o'r hiwn i'r hollig, ac mae'n meddwl i'r hollig o'r hollig â'r hollig o'r hefi er swyddog oed. number of stories being done there. Now, as I'm sure you can see here, is actually a lot of those studies are from the whole of the Holocene and don't really go back beyond the early Holocene back into the late Pleistocene. So when we sort of began to look at these causes, of course, I wanted to split them up into having short term names, which are relatively achievable, but also equally achievable without lots of funding. So, first and foremost, is that do these segments actually have a record? Do we can we see there's dramatic change in some of these segments? Because we don't, there's not much else we can do that. And as I'm sure all of you are aware, is one of the major outputs from the lost vintage project itself was the tsunami core, which is L1A, where there was multi proxy investigations of this core to identify sort of the changing environments at the time. So, in addition to those, is that we also apply rock magnetic mineral studies there to investigate how the management minerals changed through the core. And with every single sample that's been taken, bulk magnetic susceptibility is a really useful measuring device, which gives you lots of data and it's fairly rapid, which means you can, and from that data, you can infer the abundance of magnetic minerals in the cores, which is also a really useful thing to do as well. And then the longer term aims beyond the scope of here and now is that we're going to combine the high resolution preliminary data with the independent dating, so the radiocarbon dating and the OSI you've just heard about, because that's really key, because that tells us, obviously the time spans of what we're looking at for the changes of the earth's field and through these cores. And then someone, someone far more intelligent than myself will be able to then model the behaviour of the chimney to fill from the late press by sitting into the old Holocene, and then bringing it back to the archaeology and what we can sort of, what we can bring back to the table in terms of understanding these landscapes is to do a large scale rock mag study to interpret, to better interpret the deposition of environments and things like that. So, as you can see here, these are the samples we have obtained across a number of sampling trips down to Lempadir. So, the first one, one A is the, is the, is the tsunami core, and that is the only core that's received the most amount of analysis. That's pretty much for analysis through those cores. Two and nineteen were a part of a master's project, which were, that was mainly geared towards understanding which authorities responded best to the preliminary methods we apply and then all of the material is, is waiting and so ready to be analysed. And as you'll see as we go through. So, first, a lot of these cores are coming from the Southern River Valley. Sadly, the cores from the further north were shorter core lengths, which are not as useful for paving registers because we want to look at long trends, we want to be able to have a wise long span of core. And what was useful is that the earlier sampling trips and the earlier analysis then informed on further sampling and sort of foster target in the future, which we'll have here down here. The methodology that we apply is a very standard one in periomagnetism and archaeomagnetism whereby you need to understand the demagnetisation behaviour of your samples to be able to isolate the record of the remnants, which is the directional part of the earth magnitude in the past. So, you always do a subset, which is where we've done our life to go to with a lot of the cores first, and then a false body where you apply a number of demagnetisation steps, which can pick out the single stable component, which represents the field at the time of deposition of that. And then before you can do, before you can apply any of the rock mag is you need to have done all that. So, the rock, because the rock mag applies new fields to your samples. So, if you do that, you ruin your samples, it's not very good. So, the master's project that was done by Elizabeth Topping, she analysed over 100 samples and what she was able to deduce was that, apart from some of the more nuanced differences, was that the ideal behaviour here, and I'm going to what this plot actually means or looks like, but actually a single stable component is represented by a straight line. And as you can see here, the final laminated silty clays are ideal. They're perfect, whereas if you're analysing some frigopit, you end up with a lot more complex behaviour, and that's, that's because it doesn't generally preserve a record from the time of deposition. So, if we look at the inclination values from core 1a. Now, because these cores were taken without paying attention in mind is that you've lost the definition orientation. So you can only have the relative amount of that, whereas you get the absolute inclination values. And what's brilliant on what these, what these measurements have shown is they are geomaintyd possible and they match some of the trends already seen in the Windermere core, which is this back plot you have here. And then before the Sianami is you have again a change in the geometry field going through further back. It's quite interesting to see, to see the chronology of 1a before. So, because that's what's key here is, is that you obviously this here, this plot here infers a linear sort of sedimentary rate, whereas what you might end up happening happening is contraction and expanding of obviously these, these points as you go down. So it's independent dating is key if we're going to establish what the geometry field has been doing in the past at these points. So the, looking at the rock magnitude proxies from, from core 1a is that magnetically speaking, we were able to identify four sort of differing magnetic behaviours of the minerals that were present in the core. So the first one is, is above the tsunami layer and represents a relatively harder magnetite type behaviour, which could, and it's marine, mainly input there. And then you've got this very different layer of which is the tsunami deposit. And again, this, what this shows from the magnetics point of view is you've got new material being brought in and, and being deposited here, which is definitely different to what, what was lying beneath in the sediments beneath this. Interestingly, you've got a slight difference for the, what's known as the soft component, which is the waterflying magnetite just at this boundary here. You'll see more later on the next talk by Alex, where he goes into the geochemistry a bit more about what actually looks like. We're going to bring in an elemental analysis. So if we look at the bulk magnetic susceptibility, which is this really easily measured parameter where you're looking at the total amount of magnetisable minerals within the sample, is you can see across these cores here is that these aren't actually correlated with each other. Just point that out. These are all relative to the core. But you can see that there are some subtle differences, but also some fairly large differences as you go down the core. Now, things where you've got really low measurements are generally where you've got really high organic content. Whereas with the, with the higher peaks as this represents a higher amount of magnetic minerals that are measurable. And what these could be indicative of when people have published in the past with additional rock-magnetic parameters added into it, is that they could be indicative of large-scale rainfall events or mass floodings, which are washing terry genes material from the surrounding landscape into that marine system. And that's, it could be useful for things like correlation between cores, providing, of course, the cores are from localised vicinity where you've got similar by the patterns, et cetera. And then if you go to the, some of the more recent cores I've, I've sampled now, paleomagneticistically speaking, when we are looking for suitable material for paleomagnetic studies, is you want low energy environments. So you want, so you want it to be a nice, easy sort of environment for the sediment to, to settle into that, into that detractable remnant magnetisation. And without any sort of external tidal influences, et cetera, or equally large-scale flooding, which might upset the sedimentary interface as those particles are settling. So apart from the large, what could be equally a perisol or again, a large scale rainfall event is these cores are relatively calm, which is calm. These sediments have been settled in relatively low energy environments, which could be ideal for paleomagnetic studies. Obviously time will tell with us, but we'll see. So taking it forward is that these, this preliminary study has basically demonstrated that we can isolate circulation from the cores we've looked at so far. And that further material from these cores should, should be really useful for elucidating this, this behaviour of the field in the past. And crucially, sort of looking, sort of not just locally, but also on the regional and global scales of defining human field change in the past is a useful study alongside the rock mining measurements, which can add to the proxy analysis and for deposition environments. And as you'll see in the next talk, that the combined, the mine has succeeded there too, alongside the geochemistry and future plans. Of course, money is always important with these things. As I'm very likely been funding for a postdoc position at Lund University, where they do have specialist paleomagnetic equipment for the analysis of sediments, which will help us understand some of those long term names. And some of the, some from my offside of it, our wonderful placement students and MSc student and some really valuable sources of advice when I've been in a tricky corner. And other than that, the obviously just amazing team to be a part of. So, thank you. Thank you all for listening. Thank you, Sam, very much. So if you have any questions on paleomagnetism for Sam or Catherine, she's there in the background too. Please put it through. OK, Michael Grant writes, your inclination record appears to nicely match the reference curves if the record is rotated. However, how good a match was the paleo intensity record, which is core orientation depend independent. Also, do you feel lock in latency is minimal in this record? Good question. So as of yet, we actually haven't done an RPI for this for the for that core because there's only 25 cent samples from that entire core. And certainly with the future course, the core samples I've taken, that'll be an interesting one to look at time to looking at the other records there. Yeah, yeah, definitely, definitely want to look at and I do believe that the latency is minimal in some of these cores, especially in those low energy environment ones that I've picked up towards the end of the talk. OK. And just waiting to see if anything comes through. Give the attendees a chance to we have a minute, we have a minute or two, we're a little bit ahead of the game. Good. Makes a nice change in these COVID. You're always taught in these situations to wait and I'm comfortably long just to let the really shy ones come through. Well, luckily, I'm sharing an office with Mohammed and Phil. Of us should make should make things easy. OK, so if there aren't any more questions coming through, Alex needs more time, so that's good. Is is Alex still writing his presentation? No, no, it's more time, more time to talk. Oh, I see. That's good. I have known people not in this group. They talk at literally two minutes before they're going to give it. OK. Right. Richard asks, can you say anything about the rates of change you're seeing? That will come in from the independent dating. Essentially. So we'll also bring in from the geochemistry, whether we know there's any hiatus in the sedimentary record. It'll all be because of when we have all the data together, that will be really useful to look at and that will really help aid, sort of like whether we can, if we need to sort of expand a certain area by looking at or equally understand that there's a very short period of sedimentary position, if we're going to be along. OK, that's great. Well, thanks very much, Sam.