 So we got to the agenda. Welcome everyone. First, I will introduce myself. I'm Christine Batusa. I work with environmental management for livelihood improvement. We are based in Kampala, Uganda. And for CBA 14, I'm coordinating the adaptation technology theme together with Chris Anderson. And for this session, it is a joint session with the youth theme under the CBA 14. So just to take you through the agenda, for this session, we are going to have an introduction and two short ignite presentation that will go for 30 minutes. Then we shall have breakout groups to discuss the challenge for 30 minutes as well. Then, thirdly, we shall do a preliminary to report back. And that will take two minutes for each group. So each facilitator or rapporteur in the breakout group will be able to report back in the main session. And the discussions for the round, for the breakout group, they will be for 30 minutes. Thank you so much. Now, basically this whole session is under the adaptation technology theme that focuses on how can technology be used to bring about adaptation at scale that is across sectors and regional and also the regional level. The main question is how can adaptation technology help rebuild sustainable systems in a post COVID-19 world? So the proposal for this session now is that is looking at how can adaptation technologies enable young people to thrive in rural areas. And this is particularly relevant now as many overseas or urban migrants have returned to their rural homes because of COVID-19. And the main challenge is that the youth view agriculture as a failure and yet they are returning to the rural areas where agriculture is majorly being done and they consider agriculture as our last resort. So our hypothesis for this session is that if we can better involve young people so they benefit and their energy and innovation commitment is also harnessed, then adaptation can truly happen at scale. Noting that adaptation is one of the means of implementation for adaptation and the young people are so much interested in adaptation. So for this particular session, we are focusing on how adaptation technologies are enabling young people to develop every business and rural livelihoods, adaptation technologies that work for young women and also how COVID-19 creates the opportunities related for young people to engage in adaptation. So basically that is what we are looking for. Bradley, we are discussing how can adaptation technologies enable young people to so highlighting those particular technologies that work for them and how we can also interest them and the opportunities there is that have been created by the COVID-19. So that is it and that will be elaborated in the two Ignite presentations, one by Naman. So at this moment, I'm going to invite, oh, sorry, the first Ignite presentation is going to be done by Naman, Diego Nyaminda, who is a senior project officer in charge of agroecology with practical action in Kenya. So Naman is going to be making a presentation on transforming rural economies and youth livelihoods. But before that, we are going to have a poll that is going to be run by Nawa. So Nawa, you're invited to, oh, okay, that's already, I see it's already running. So as Paul is being, as you're responding to the poll questions, I will invite the first Ignite presentation by Naman. Naman, you're welcome. Thank you, Christine, for giving me this opportunity. My name is Naman Nyaminda, working with the practical action in Kenya. And we are working on the project to call transforming rural economies and youth livelihoods, working in Lake Victoria region, covering Kisumu and Homa Bay County. The project is working with youth between the age of 25 to 35. And that calls for a possible discussion, how can tears irrigate dead plantation in the desert? Trail project promotes three value chains, that is poultry, groundups and tomatoes. And in Kenya, we find that approximately 800,000 young people enter labor markets every year. The Lake Victoria basin, like any other region in Kenya, experience high rate of youth unemployment, which is estimated at 35%. And 80% of unemployed Kenyans are below the age of 35. Young people have negative perception on agriculture. They see agriculture as dirty, not rewarding laborious and meant for the old. Most of the young people after finishing colleges prefer migrating to urban areas to seek for white collar jobs, which never exist. Transforming rural, trail project, which is transforming rural economies and youth livelihoods project is employing participatory market system development to scale up agriculture through incorporation of agroecology technologies. The project is facilitating market actors across the entire sub-sector, and that is glued producers, processors, retailers, service providers to come together and form market interest groups that identify underlying system level challenges. Then they co-create potential solutions and implement them with the support from the project. Next slide, please. No, you have gone so much one back step. How can adaptation technologies enable young people? Young people in Kenya produce, young people in Kenya in poultry production accumulate a good amount of chicken mania. They normally pack them and sell to the farmers doing horticulture production. This improves soil fertility and reduce external input. In vermiculture technology, young people use, they like using animal manure, kitchen waste and other waste to cultivate black soja fly larvae and earthworms as a source of cheap, safe and sustainable protein for their poultry. Through that process also, they produce vermiculiquid, which is used as pest repellent, foliar feed and for producing adaptive hydroponics from finger millet and sorghum seeds, which are rich in vitamins and minerals for poultry. Vermicompost is also used to boost soil fertility for other crop production. In adaptive brooding technology, young people prefer using improvised clay pots packed with dry cow dung to warm their young chicks. This reduce cost of electricity and continuous use of charcoal that destroys environment. Next slide please. Why would young people choose an enterprise like poultry? Poultry gives young people year-round production. It is not affected by any season. They can start small and expand. The improved local breeds are well adapted to different environments. And the enterprise promotes circularity in nutrient cycle and other generative agriculture. Their feeds can locally be produced. Private sector engagement in capacity building, backward linkages, adversary services to young people can take this model to the next level. However, more still needs to be done. My question to you as I end this presentation is, how can we make this happen? How can we change the perception of young people on agriculture? Thank you. Thank you so much, Naman. And thank you so much for showcasing the technologies that young people can use as well as the enterprises. And for raising the question on how we can change the young people's perception about agriculture, which they consider as being a dirty kind of nature. So this meeting will help to highlight those opportunities and adaptation technologies that can be adopted by the young people. So at this moment, I want to feel free to launch the next poll question as I invite Ms. Mahmouda Miti to do the second presentation that is on how young people are adapting and flourishing at the four lines of climate change. Ms. Mahmouda is a research officer at International Center for Climate Change and Development, Independent University of Bangladesh. She has knowledge of climate change adaptation, migration capacity building, and urban development through working at ECCAD. So Ms. Mahmouda, you're welcome to do the next. Thank you and hello everyone. This is Mahmouda. So like the project that I am going to talk about is the participatory research and ownership with technology, information, and changes. So the study area of this project were coastal area, shoreland, and hour area. All these three areas are from extremely climate vulnerable region of Bangladesh, where people are suffering a lot to secure their livelihood. Next slide, please. However, now many community people, especially young women, are taking plethora of initiatives for adapting and traving of the climate, at the climate change frontline. So for example, they're planting visitable onsite and or tower they're using, they're also practicing bit gardening. In the southern part of Bangladesh, people are using saline tolerant seeds to ensure sustainable food security. In addition, most of them are raising dark goats and cows as alternative livelihood, because they believe that multiple working options for vulnerable community can be a window of success. Next slide, please. Okay, so they got several adaptation-related training based on their needs and gaps, which helps them to become financially independent and helps to get decision-making power. They're using several agriculture-related apps. For example, like pre-shocker janala, which means window of agriculture. And they also got connected with local government officials to get relevant information. They have also access to information on agrometrology, early warning, weather forecast, and market rates. They're also maintaining a communication chain through social media like Facebook, where they discuss about different challenges and solutions. They have also a strong connections with their neighbors and local government. And all of these interventions helped them to come up with these unexpected innovations. Next slide, please. Now I would like to conclude my presentation with a question for further discussion, which is how can we improve the engagement of young people or tender in adaptation? And what technology we should use? Thank you. Thank you so much, Ms. Mahmouda. You still showcase the adaptation technologies that can be used by young people. And then you also pose a question on which other adaptation technologies that can really attract the young people to still engage in agriculture. And this will be some of the questions that will be discussed in the breakaway sessions. So at this point, I will invite Josh to take us through how the breakout group sessions are going to be. Josh, you're welcome. Thank you very much. Thank you, Christine. And thanks to all participants who are here. I just posted the questions in the chat. So first of all, I mean, it's very impressive to hear these sessions that have been done by Mamadou and also to hear the example of agriculture in Africa and poultry sort of how technology can enhance that. We are very keen. And I think Mahmouda ended with really very interesting questions. What technologies are we talking about? This is something to consider how accessible these technologies be. And also the first week already talked about how young people do not find agriculture as very enthusiastic. And hence, there is a need to sort of enhance that using technology. So thanks a lot, Naman, for those insights. For the breakout, it will be assigned randomly. So you'll find yourself in a room and you have one of these three questions to discuss. And of course, if you are able to adjust answering these questions, please you can move on to another one. But I'm just quickly gonna speak out these questions for you to sort of verbally hear it, which is very helpful. So how can adaptation technologies enable young people to engage in rural agriculture and enterprise? And here emphasis on enterprise because as we had before, agriculture itself sort of traditional agriculture does not seem very attractive per se. And the enterprise components of it, as Naman mentioned, makes it more exciting in the case of Kenya. So really thinking around how we can use technologies to enhance the enterprise structures of agriculture to allow young people to find that very important and interesting. The second question is, how can adaptation technologies work for young women? And here the focus is on gender. And we will know that when we talk about adaptation, particularly in global south, that women are sort of disproportionately affected and have to suffer much of the risk and the pain of it. So if we are going to look into adaptation technologies, how does that enhance the participation of women in delivering solution, but also how does that help to restore dignity and to help the work they do? Said that they are not in a disadvantage and sort of establish equity and equality in communities. The third question, of course, COVID has put all of us, the whole world, in a very new environment as we are having CBA 14 online, which has planned to be in person. So in different angles, this has affected everyone. In creating new technologies, and I mean, we need to admit that from March 2020 till now, the rise in technology uptake has been tremendous. I mean, Zoom, the platform we are using now has seen significant rise in users. So these things are sort of transforming the way we operate, the way we work, the way we organize. And it's very important to think that as we go through this technology sort of uptake and the green recovery process where governments are talking about, how do we make sure that these new technologies work for young people, present opportunities for young people to engage in adaptation? So these are the three questions. I believe that Naomi and support person have set up the rooms and ready for us to go in. I will give a small glitch for you to be aware that once the rooms are open, you will be disconnected for like three seconds or four seconds. And when that disconnect happens, just stay calm and you'll find yourself in your room. So it's just gonna be a small bit. To break out from what you are assigned to. So we really look forward to your amazing conversations. And when we come back, we allow reporters and facilitators to report back as well as participants and we look at them very much. Naomi, please, the break out for us. So we've got three questions, basically. The first one's around enterprise. Young people engaging in enterprise. I mean, that's very much important. I think that's closely related to finance. And some of you have been talking about finance already. So if anyone would like to open it up, we've had the example from Kenya, young people around the lake basin in Kenya, which is a sort of high potential area. It's not a, you know, it's a, but yet we still see young people leaving the agriculture sector, leaving rural areas. So I mean, how do you get enterprises to work with young people in rural areas? That's a huge challenge. Any thoughts on that, Shail? Hi, since Malish is a more or less agriculture-based and fishery-based country, we do have an idea and precedence towards it, but in the recent years, it has decreased. But what we found out is that there are better newer technologies that are coming out for fisheries that we can do at home, basically. It's called a bio-flocking or basically through isolation flocking, where we take a small tank made of maybe concrete or made of metal, made of maybe concrete or maybe through plastic or PVC. And in there, we allow water to flow and then cultivate fish from there. And it's giving a higher yield of revenue from that. And Jyut are basically the people who have taken an interest towards it. Like basically my friend who currently graduated from our university is taking a step towards it and has made a project of his own. It's like a pilot project right beside his house, a small patch of land that doesn't require much. So I believe that it's coming in if we can give out the information as well as the technological know-how to the youth. And it becomes a bit more lucrative since agriculture is not really seen as something to be frowned upon. It's something to be celebrated in our country. So yeah. So you would actually push back on what Naman said there about young people having a negative perception about agriculture. You're saying there's a lot of agriculture that young people have a positive perception about. Right, yeah. In your country, I think the total opposite. People have a positive perception of it, especially on the biofloc and as well as there is this new kind of goat, I forgot the name. I think in Bangladesh called Goryal. So what they do is that they try and rear them up in a very small area like let's say a garage and then they can be sold off at like high markup prices. And youth who are basically finishing their undergrads are currently the people who are interested in going into that sector. Interesting thing there. The examples you talk about are very intensive. Intensive agriculture is something, some of us agriculturists get very worried about that it's mining nutrients or using fossil fuels. Does anybody else want to come in or, you know, I mean, I'm trying to sort of be a bit provocative here to open up the discussion. Can I add some recent experience in Mozambique? You might be aware of the Climate Launchpad Initiative. Are you? I don't know. I am not, but let's talk. So that's a kind of a competition, a worldwide competition, which was only brought to Africa last year with R&J funding, but it is an EU kind of an initiative. I think it has been running for four or six years. I can't recall exactly how much, but basically it motivates young people to compete with ideas, addressing ideas which would contribute to a greener economy, okay? So, and the majority of those applying that competition have actually been the young generation, not really the older one. So what we are seeing here is that because of the more consciousness that the young generation is in relation to the climate change challenges that the world is facing, they see themselves in the front line to come up with solutions, but that will really bring them some additional income and to start their adult life. So they have been looking at the environment, they have been proposing lots of ideas that during that competition, they go through a series of boot camps to try and develop their business plan to compete. But the ultimate result is actually the exposure that they get and the solidarity among themselves that they build, because the young generation is actually working around those networking kind of approaches. So it has been amazing to see if they are, if they have entry points with ideas to bring out solutions to concrete problems that they are addressing in their own areas of living or intervention, they can quite easily build, have a sort of a catalytic role in terms of bringing them together, a series of other elements for a more complete chain in the business. So I just wanted to share this because I see the young generation really willing to engage on climate change adaptation and meeting more through an enterprise kind of approach, but addressing the greener economy elements. Yeah. What I really like about what you've said is, it's open to innovation and being propositional by young people. So if young people have an idea, they can put it forward and get funding for it. I suppose the challenge is getting the criteria right. You know, the green, the climate resilience in that criteria, so that these businesses are green businesses or resilient businesses. Sounds great. And does anybody else want to contribute on that? We've had about 10 minutes. We could move on from enterprises to young gender and getting young women involved because I think this is a very serious challenge. We all recognize the importance. We all talk about it. We put it in our proposals. We put it even in the monitoring and these sorts of like methodologies sometimes, but is it happening in practice really? Love to hear what you think. Isha Hayal. Hi. I'd like to echo mostly what Mahmoud Amiti talked about, how women are in the forefront of badly-attacking adaptation in terms of climate change because it's usually when it comes to whole, in our country's rural areas, when it comes to home vegetation growing and cultivation, it's usually the women who do it right beside the house, like a small of a pet project from where they can take a bit of crop or produce for the daily domestic usage. And from there, it usually booms a bit. Suppose one person thinks, oh, I can like get, say, let's say 5x vegetable from here. What if I increase it by a bit more? How much would I get? The extra I can sell off. That's one of the aspect and something that I'd want to flag as well. Last year, when we were doing our garbage in a conference, we had this organization, CCDB, Christian Commission for Development in Bangladesh. They had this interesting adaptation technology. It's not mostly on the climate change aspect, but rather in the public health aspect. It's basically for women who are pregnant. And people who lack the knowledge can basically get, let's say, a wristband that gives them weekly or monthly update as to whether or not they should go check a doctor or whether or not they should go for a checkup. It doesn't run on internet. It doesn't run on anything. It just runs on solar and basically radio waves and has a timer in it with a set information for that. And it's very cheap. So I thought that it's a very interesting way of getting women into the, being more aware about their health and as well as how it works. So very good information and communication tool. So we can definitely use digital innovations and technologies for that. What about making, you know, business or delivering enterprises? Do you think there's any opportunity there using technology? Kisilo, can we bring you into the conversation? Have you got any reflections? I'm not sure if they're there. I've got a general point about the city can gender experience if we can't reach Kisilo. I don't think we can. We're not having any luck with Kisilo. I just thought that... Yeah, shame, shame. I'm not sure what's happened there. So with our partners, we're working in rural Nepal on climate smart agriculture. And it turns out that most of the active farmers are women in a lot of the villages because of the prevalence of male out migration, you know, the conditions have become a real struggle in the villages economically. And even before COVID hit, you know, many of the men had migrated to the urban areas or even overseas for work. And so Leigh Bird is the name of the NGO that we've been working with and probably practical action as well, actually. But there's this climate resilient village program throughout Nepal. And initially some of the agricultural technologies being promoted, the climate smart agricultural technologies being promoted were a bit sort of male biased in terms of just like the physiology of the person who was envisioned to be using these different tools and implements. And then I think after a bit of road testing, they realized that you kind of like change the shape and size of, you know, like the threshers and the planters to be more appropriate for women's hands, you know, to operate. And that's kind of taken off now. We've just published a case study, a short case study this week about it. So that's good. And then also, yeah, no, sorry, the next one's a COVID point, I'll save that. Carry on. Okay, all right. Karate, do you want to come in? Yes, maybe just share something that it has always been important to not lose sight when we are working with the rural women as well is the type of activities or technologies that are being introduced to do not remove the social element of women socializing with each other because that's extremely important. At least here in this part of Africa, it is extremely important that activities and technologies do not put the women on a more isolated kind of. So it's the support network that women have. So one, technologies that on one side really do not add on to the time burn that women already have because they are addressing so many activities, et cetera. But secondly, that it still keeps some time together for the social networking supporting systems. Once again, the communication technology, the ICT technology may be able to give them time. Is that your point? Sorry, I didn't get it. That technologies, especially digital and ICT technologies, can enable women to participate without impacting on the multiple burdens they have at the time? Not necessarily. I was not really focusing on the ICTs. I was really focusing more on the more hard kind of technologies on the ground to help them address the essential services that they have to deliver or to assist with livelihoods and all that. So it's not really accessing information and that. But it's just making sure that the climate change adaptation technologies that are being brought to those communities are not isolating like a single household delivering on everything because the social network that they need to do within the community is extremely important for many other social reasons. Really good point, yes. Just on the drudgery, I couldn't agree more. What a good point. So that's one reason why they were dubbed women-friendly agricultural tools, the ones that the climate-smart tools that were being widely adopted in Nepal because the women said it reduces our drudgery. So yes, I can echo that. Yeah, no, that's great. I mean, I think maybe we should... Let's bear in mind when we move to COVID that some of these subjects cross over, actually. But let's consider this now and then think about whether it be the main message we'd once take back to Plenary regarding how technologies can enable young people to thrive. So on the COVID lens, clearly the current situation has changed. Nepal, definitely. So, I mean, the dynamics have changed. But I wonder whether it's now causing an issue that these are young men mainly who are coming back? Is it young men mainly who are coming back from overseas and now back in rural areas for the time being? Or people who've returned to rural areas because the jobs in the towns aren't there or the business isn't there. So the dependent and rural areas now for their, well, their livelihood or probably asking themselves what are they going to do? Have you experienced this? Is it a reality in Bangladesh or Nepal or Mozambique? Yeah, I believe so. But I actually don't have a detailed readout from the partners on the ground about that. I have more information from the Voices from the Frontline project about how young people are using ICTs. And actually this experience was more from India to set up online marketing of grocery provision. I think, Shohail, I think also there may have been Bangladesh example of that. Like using, because the thing is there's lockdown. So there hasn't been, you know, some fresh dissemination smart agricultural tools or something's not possible. This is more like expanding the use of ICT of smartphones and, you know, internet connected devices that people already had before the lockdown and how they are bending it to new uses. So yeah, the Voices from the Frontline was documenting youth led initiatives on online marketing and then delivery of groceries to different households. And also particularly in the Nepal case, mounting campaigns against misinformation. So like we've had so many anecdotes from communities all over the place from CSOs about misinformation with respect to where COVID has come from, what is associated with what behaviors and so forth and who are then, you know, coalescing and organizing campaigns to put out robust information. I'd like to drop in on that as well a bit. On the words of ICT basically, in our country, we specifically did not have a good trust towards online marketing or online websites or marketplaces. But in the recent times due to COVID, people have stopped going to like physical shops and whatnot and the online area has boomed a bit. This is usually where the youth who do a bit of handicraft or basically let's say who do a bit of work with something of their own have used Facebook or social media as like a marketing place sort of. And they preach that I have this product. If you want, I can send it to you. You don't have to come to me. And that's something that's interesting. And the other one that I want to talk to you about is basically Voices from the Frontline is basically it's a story from Africa. The story has not been published yet. It's trailer, sneak peeks sort of. It's basically for the reclamers from Africa and how their government did not give enough information regarding COVID and they took up the opportunity to find basically a place of collaboration where they collaborated with medical staff and people who do social work to spread the knowledge and as well spread the medical awareness between the people. And that's some sort of an opportunity that's not really always present for the youth as youth don't get the voice rights as let's say someone older. And that allowed the youth to basically speak up and tell, guys, look, this is how you should protect yourself against COVID or this is what the social measures you should measure. You should be taking, sorry, a bit of tongue twister. So yeah, I think a few opportunities here and there have been created. May it be an innovative one or may it be something that has already existed but just got extrapolated? That's great. I can imagine, I mean, we've had quite, probably one of these sort of places with the strongest messaging from our country offices of the changing demographic has been Nepal. I think because Nepal had so many overseas workers and that sort of changed the economy, changed the occupation of a lot of people. But I would imagine the people who have come back actually are quite initially, quite resource, well, they'll be well educated. They'll understand technology well. They'll have the tools required to engage with these digital innovations in smartphones and expect to be able to still use them. So maybe that is part of the dynamic. What about the tensions it might cause though, where you've got now suddenly, could there be a conflict over resources? Could there be a conflict over power? I'm not sure. Is it a time to think of new normal in some of these physical locations where you've got people now residing for longer? I'd like to weigh in on the initial bit of your statement. There was a session two days ago on, I believe, overcoming barriers to youth inclusion. And one of the partners spoke about how, we should overcome the idea of mass individualism and consider everyone as a global community. So that like, let's say if one person has more power or access or skills than the other, it will lead to a, how do I put this, a disturbance in the balance. But if we consider everyone as like, basically a piece of the puzzle and supporting one another, it shouldn't lead to that situation and but rather lead to a full streamline area. And that's what I thought was very interesting and could be thought of here as well. So great point. Can we capture that in the notes? When we're mindful of time, we've got five minutes left, but I see Kisula's picture, which is great. Can you, you can hear us, you're smiling. So maybe just introduce yourself. And there's only five minutes left. I want to give you some time to comment on either of these questions. It could be the enterprise, technology is a word for young women or COVID. Would you like to share your own mute at the moment, Kisula? Kis...Kisilu. Yeah, my name is Kisilu Gosia. I'm a climate activist. My experience through farming is, I've come to realize that young farmers or young generations are not that much willing to join in farming. It's all because they think farming is under the job. Now, what I can put as a practice as from today onwards is to standardize the farming so that it can be attractive to the youth. By involving the young generation in farming discoveries, that is, conduct some researches with them so that when they discover anything in farming, they take it as their, you know, solution to the farming. That also we can come down to them and listen to them, to their perspective, what they are thinking about farming so that you can strengthen their understanding, standardize it, and support them, coming to understand what farming means because without farmers or without farming, we wouldn't feed the global community. Kisilu, is it... Last thing, last thing, talking about gender, you know, with some customs, they have different jobs done by different sex, either boys or girls. But this time, we have to understand that if a lady or a boy shows to know something which is not done by a boy or a girl. Sounds like a really good point it was coming. It looks like your connection is getting worse. Do you want to... We have to accept. Kisilu, can you switch off your picture and make that gender point for us, please? So that we, you have good signal. Try switching off your video. I don't know if we can disconnect your video so we can hear your voice. Right, Kisilu, try again. You were making a point about gender. You were just about to make a really exciting point. Yeah, you know, notice that ladies are very much ignored in some communities, but I've come to realize they are talented in one way or another and mostly in farming. So, because they are the majority who are remaining in some communities, they have to be allowed to carry on our practice whatever they feel like doing, regardless of whether custom accepted or not. In our area, farming is mostly supported by ladies and they are feeding our community and they're doing well in the researches, like what we can plant, how we can plant and how we can sustain the farming. Thank you. Thank you, Kisilu. So we have got one minute left. I'm thinking about the points that we'll take back to Plenary. Shohail, are you going to take back to Plenary? Or shall I, or do we have? It doesn't have to be me. I'm not getting you. I was asking Shohail if he was going as rapporteur, having taken notes, he wants to come back to Plenary for us, or do you want me to do it? Anyone is fine, whichever is convenient for you. I took all the notes that's necessary for this so that I can get the details later on. Okay. Well, I mean, the key points that I see that we have we do need to talk about enterprises and the fact that there are green enterprises that young people can engage. This is the idea of getting people to innovate and supporting those green ideas is one way to unlock, I think, that opportunity. We've talked a lot about digital and communication saying how important that can be, especially with access to women and empowering them. We've talking about voices from the front line, I think really important that we get this information out. And lastly, I think discoveries, one of the key things I noted there. Young people be able to sort of discover and empower. And I think the last points that was being made was that people need to be supported to research and innovate because they use local knowledge to do that. Those were the three I've captured. Right. Also, I'd like to answer the last point that was made is women are denied in areas where they should not be. And since they provide majority of the farming and as well as the cultivation of crops, they should be allowed to do so because they're good at it and it allows for equality, even if the community does not allow to do so. Yes, welcome back everybody from the breakout session. Oh, that was not so nice for us. We're waiting for others to join us. Josh? Yes. Yeah, I was saying that was not so nice for us because we're in the middle of really something interesting and then we just came back. We just came back here. But anyways, I hope that everyone had a very engaging conversation, setting it for our group. We had very difficult questions to think about. The questions that do not have street answers. So everyone had to scratch their head a little bit and see what they could produce. So that was great. At this point, I'm gonna open up for folks to sort of give a quick feedback from their breakout rooms. So what I'm gonna do is to sort of call the facilitators of the groups and then you can choose to do that or you can as well give the floor to members of the group to give a summary. So I'm gonna start with Christine and Shanda. You were in one group, please. You can either do it yourself or you can allow someone in the group to do that. And you have two minutes to just give really, yeah. So please go ahead, yeah. Yes, Christine, would you like me to still? Yeah, okay. Okay, so hi everyone, I'm Chandler. So we picked out some of our main points for question one was looking at the chicken and manure management systems that Namans talked about and how we can enable youth through bringing online marketing tools and physical marketing tools to them. And we thought ways in which that can be achieved is through mobile technology, through having access to laptops and tablets that can enable them to, for instance, forecast weather. They can monitor their agricultural systems, their crops. They can create analytical systems. That way they can use that to bring to market systems. And that's kind of the main technology that we thought would engage the youth. Moving on to question two. We highlighted some of the systems that are in place already, but like water collection storage systems and really focusing on a handing empowerment to women to take on the leadership roles of these types of systems to become community leaders through creating their own small-scale businesses through adaptation technologies. And so we highlighted a couple of the different types of technologies that are already in place. And Anna had a good point of, for instance, handing over the responsibilities for the indigenous seed banks and being really the community leader to provide the management of that. And we also talked about savings schemes, savings and credit schemes, and how that needs to be handled where men and women can create a dialogue to have an understanding that women will take on this role of this financial role, more so than in the typically is done. And moving on quickly to the last question, we didn't really have much time on that one, unfortunately, but we're thinking that during COVID, we've really seen an uptick in technologies, of course. And we think that we need to basically provide more access to the technology that youth can get online and start using these online means to engage them and to empower them and to help propel them forward. So. Great. Would you want to give like a takeaway action, sort of one thing that people from this meeting can do from your breakout room? Well, I think our biggest takeaway action would be in devising a means to really bring the technology to the people. I think that's one of the biggest things is that the youth, they don't have the access to and kind of harboring in on my last point there. I think that if we can provide, if we can try and come up with plans to provide this means of access to technology, that would be I think the biggest key. Well, thank you very much. Very, very useful. Does anyone in the group want to add anything? Or this is, you are all satisfied with this? All right. I don't see any reaction. So, Shangla, that was awesome. I'll get you a new job at BBC to give. Some very specific conversations. Thanks for that. Quickly, I'll move on to my group where I was there with Sakeb, Finn and Caesar and we managed to do justice to some of the questions. Would want to give the summary of that. Finn, do you want to, Sakeb? If not, I'm also happy to do it. Just let me know. Great. If you'd like to start, then maybe we can pitch in if we think there was any other key points to cover. Perfect. That's okay with me. So, yeah, we had the chance to first look at question one, which was around enabling technologies for young people, looking at the enterprise side, and that quickly moved us to how to access resources to access the technology. First of all, we believe that most of the technologies are in the processing side, not at the food production side itself, but if you don't produce food, you can't process it. You can't render the services that are around the agricultural services, but you need the food first, the agricultural food service office. So there's a need to sort of shift the technological narrative of providing all these tech platforms to deliver food, to create online market for food. All these are great, but if there's no agricultural products, these services will not function. Hence, there is a need to put a lot of effort into increasing technologies for the production phase itself. And there we talked about how difficult it is to access land, how difficult it is to access norms, how difficult it is for young farmers or young agricultural practitioners to access markets. And the challenges are very sort of culturally blended in a way that is not easy to solve. Hence, one of the solutions that came up, of course, very well-known is establishing cooperatives, which is great, but the issue with cooperatives is also that when you have a cooperative, it takes a long time for them to sort of become independent. Hence, there is a need for external funds and external resource to come in, to support in building that the cooperatives up that they are able to access market. Here, there are a few solutions that we came up with. One thing really emphasized on the needs for young people at the community level in the agricultural sector in rural areas to identify key actors, where key actors could be identifying an upcoming policy, a policymaker, someone within the community who have access to government interventions because there's a lot of money locally, but you need to align your work, you need to align your solutions, your projects, the activities you do towards these policies. So, aligning that towards those policies allow you to access funding and access the resources that are available locally. Now, we moved on to sort of a critical barriers, particularly money, assessing credit and how young people can get credibility. Here, we moved on a bit to the second question around young women, where in general in communities, women themselves, some cases don't even have access to their own money. They don't manage their own funds. This is managed by the husband or by someone else. And in most cases as well in rural areas, you don't have banks so close to you that you can save in a bank and stock up money to be eligible to access sort of credit and loans. And here, we were just getting into that when our call, our break out from was ended. But the general understanding was to come up with a mechanism that built credibility for young people, for young women in the rural context that they will be able to access credit facilities beyond the obvious challenges they face, such as not able to have a bank account, not being able to stock up money at the bank to show that this is how much money I've managed or saved in the past year. So I'm accessible or I should be eligible for this loan. Then I think the last point which I will want to raise is the need for capacity building to sort of train people or train young people on very minor things which doesn't require so much money to train, such as saving their data in a cloud system, getting training on how to computerize their records, as well as different management services which they can easily apply and work with which then sort of link back to what we discussed earlier, increasing the credibility that they're able to show that this is our records for the past five years working in this firm and this also sort of boosts their chances of them being able to access resources to advance technology. And this really links to the third question where we're looking at COVID and most of the COVID technologies that have come up have mainly been on cloud-based, cloud-based and digitalizing things that you would otherwise do manually. So external input or external support funds, resources are needed to build capacity of young people on these basic technology users and digital processes that they are able to advance when it comes to technology in rural areas. This is it. Sake, Cesar, Finn, please throw in if I forgot anything. No, I think that covers pretty much everything. Just to reiterate, I think one of the key ones that we were sort of circling around is, again, going from the problem side, how to move it to the solutions is identifying the partnerships. A lot of the times that's really the crucial bit that a lot of young people are sort of lacking, whether it's for identifying people that can fill in knowledge gaps in capacity building or that can assist them in sort of entrepreneurial interests, et cetera. So I think maybe using some of the key takeaways from our group talk would be to sort of hone in on identifying the partnerships that the young people should focus on. Great. Thank you very much. So yeah, then I will move on and take Chris. Are you here with us? Hi, Shaheel's going to do it for our group. He's very great. Shaheel, please, the floor is yours, yeah. Hello, hi. So we talked about a lot of things in our group, but the majority thing that came up was basically on inclusion for youth and as well as women. We found out that the agricultural aspect for understanding whether or not this is more of a financial aspect rather than a agricultural aspect was more, when we discussed about it, it came up in our country that is in Bangladesh that youth and let's say the people who are finishing the undergrads are people who are very interested in towards making a very small quick buck through let's say agricultural processes such as bio flocking, that's basically in how indoors fish farming or chicken farming indoors. That way, it basically allows or propagates the youth to get interested or involved towards agriculture. And the other topic, the other point that came up was basically to approach it towards that as a greener business rather than agriculture itself and allow the youth to go through research and as well as go through a sort of like a farm discovery so that once you find something that's innovative towards farming, that's yours. You can go on and make a business out of it and we need to allow them to connect to one another and through awareness we can allow youth to basically catapult into agriculture development through the idea of business and how it can allow them to have a bit of earning on the side other than academics. The other thing that we talked about when we came to women is basically how women are usually marginalized during this situation because as you mentioned that it's usually the men who basically bring in the money and I believe one of the topics that came up is in Nepal, the males migrated right before the COVID situation and couldn't come back and it was women who had to go through farming or cultivation and it was found out that the technology that they had was not equipped for women and therefore they had to basically adjust the size or adjust the weight or basically allow for the technology to mold towards a more inclusive manner to allow both the genders to utilize it and we found out that was really interesting as well and one of the other topics that came up was that there's either events called climate launch pad where you're allowed to come up with green ideas and pitch them to an organization and your idea will be if it's selected it will be used for basically incubation purposes and later than can be scaled up into a business and a centric manner which can also include agriculture practices and whatnot. So the idea on youth as a COVID in creating new technologies, what we talked about is rather than looking at a technological aspect we could look at it as an opportunity aspect like let's say in our country, in a third world country like India as well, we rely heavily on e-commerce. Now granted the fact that COVID did not allow people to go out to physical shops and basically buy their requirements the idea of like selling stuff online through like let's say Facebook or other social media has boomed. Let's say a youth decides or someone else decides that I can make something like let's say handicraft and I want to sell it online, that's possible now because there's a larger market base for it. That leads to youth inclusion as well as women inclusion. The other idea is that through opportunities the story came up from Africa is the organization's reclaimers of Africa decided that the information on COVID was not really comprehensive through the government and that they had to step up and basically connected with other organizations and committees and formed the actual information for how you can protect yourself against COVID. This spell, sorry, basically use dispenser, sanitizers and whatnot. And these are ideas and opportunities that has sprung up due to the fact that COVID has come around and new technologies were basically thrust upon. Now the other idea is that the women are denied in areas where they should not be denied at. Basically let's say in Bangladesh, women idea of cultivating their vegetable on the side, it's like a pet project that they start with and then they realize, wait, this provides for my family as well as if I scale it up a bit, I can provide for my family to monitor it as well or save up the money for myself. Now the idea is that the community does not look at it as a good eye. Now the interesting topic, a word that came up was whether or not it is accepted but the community should not matter. As long as it's bringing in inclusivity and as long as it's bringing in allowing them to have a business-centric idea, it should be allowed nonetheless. The other idea that came up was mass individualism should be foregone. Let's say if someone is good at something or has a good scale or is a bit more adept than others, that will cause disparity. If that person thinks of himself or herself as that person is better than the others, if they all think of each other as a global community, it allows for everyone to be in a streamlined manner. So I think that's a lot of information that it's you but that's a roundabout idea of what we talked about. Chris, if you wanna add something to that or if I miss something. That's very good. I like the phrase encourage young people to make farming discoveries so they own it. That was the phrase used by one of our participants. Really grabbed me. Great. That should certainly be one of the key outcomes of today's session. Great. Thanks for that. So that was really impressive. Quite a lot of different things to look at. Jennifer and Mamouda, please go ahead. Okay. It's nice to see some of the points that we discussed are also discussed in other groups. So I'm getting that we are just one big global family that facing the same challenges and maybe looking for solutions that might work. So in our group with the first question, how can adaptation technology enable young people to engage in rural agriculture and enterprise? So what we found out that there aren't enough opportunity for young people in the ICT and technical technology sector. For example, that in the rural areas, especially in the least developed countries, there aren't enough technical devices available. And even they have technical devices, there aren't enough internet connection. So that also hampers if somebody wants to get access to any information on rural agriculture or climate change adaptation. So that is one point. And also one of the point that came out under this question is that just like I think in the second group, they talked about identifying key actors. So identifying key actors and bringing them all together to discuss what opportunities are already available. Maybe they're, because we know that people have amazing ideas about climate change adaptation in the rural areas or in the urban areas. But when we come together and discuss have more information that might enable young people to look for solutions because there might be local solutions already available, but we don't know about it. And using ICT and online forums to have that discussion can really help in the food production supply chain and market value at the same time. So when we discussed about how can adaptation technology work for young women or looking at the gender lens, a few points that came out. We had a good discussion on a bit of comparative discussion between Bangladesh and Kenya. So that was really interesting. But I think it's the same even in Bangladesh and in Kenya that women are encouraged to have household income schemes. For example, if they can start a poultry farming and they can also use that waste of poultry and livestock and use that to compost in a vegetable gardening at the back of the houses. And it can also start at a low cost. And at the same time, it can generate some income from women because we're still struggling to involve women in the agricultural sector in the LDCs. So these might be a beginning and maybe we should think about more to explore more opportunities for young women to get involved in the agricultural sector. One of the key highlight that we found or talked about is that maybe women are more eager to get involved with the solution, trying to find solution, which we also find in Bangladesh in the rural areas. But there's a social stigma that hampers their active participation in the adaptation technology or agricultural sector that they're discouraged to go out or they're discouraged to maybe take part in the discussions that involves only men. So if we can overcome that, maybe we can have more, we can create more opportunity to get a women involved, especially the young women. And maybe we also need to change our outlook at how we look at women getting involved in the farming. So the third question was, how has COVID created new technologies related opportunities for young people to engage in adaptation? So a few information that we have is that, just like anybody else in the rural areas, women are also seeking more technological devices, especially the poor and disadvantaged community who do not have access to money or if we know that women have a tendency to spend more money for the family's need and not enough for themselves. So how can we create that financial opportunity so they can actively access information and technical devices to keep their work going and to initiate new green projects? At the same time, what we found out that shrimp and crab farming in Bangladesh has been suffering a lot, especially where women are involved in the coastal regions. So they faced a big loss in the crab market because export has stopped for now. So this is one part where adaptation technology can help out the women farmers. And at the same time, one of the examples from Kenya was that enterprises are more customer focused now. So they're more to the neighbors, to the community people, instead of going big in the export one or export business. So small farmers are unable to access market. So if we think about any solution to bring them all together, maybe they won't lose their business and they will be able to more adapt to the changes due to the COVID crisis. So we have three takeaway or action points. One is we need to enhance the opportunity and access to ICT and communication technology for young people. I think every group has that point. And at the same time, we need to, number two, we need to reduce cost to begin a green business or agricultural business for young people. Or maybe we need to have a different financial scheme. We know that we had a session on innovative financing. Maybe we can really can find some solution if we merge those findings together. And lastly, we need to change our mindset on how we look at women who want to work and support in the agricultural sector. So yeah, that's the full report from group four. If I missed anything, I would request anyone from our group to just add new points. Thank you. Awesome, awesome. That was a very detailed one. Thanks for that. Thank you. If anyone wants to add, I see claps all over the screen. So that is fine. I guess we are good. Great. So I'm going to take the next group. And here I'm looking at Naman and Robert. So whoever wants to speak on that, please unmute and go ahead. Naman, Robert will present our... Yes, thanks Naman. Please do jump in. And it's very difficult to go after the very, very elaborate reports so we're going to be much shorter. So for the first question on how can adaptation technology enable young people to engage in rural agriculture, we thought that the main thing is that the adaptation technology allows a young person to have a good living so that it open up this opportunity. So it needs to be income generating and it needs to have potential to be income generating. Moreover, it should be innovative because young people like innovative things. So it can make their involvement easier. Technologies also need to be understandable to the youth. They should not be complicated and they should be benefiting the youth. Very important, it should allow the youth to connect with the markets. This technology should be also replicable. They should make the work in agriculture more simpler. Also very important point that we discussed is that the technology should be easily communicated and synchronized with the local knowledge available because that will then increase the adoption but also it will help in closing the intergenerational gap in the use of local knowledge. In terms of the second question of how can adaptation technologies work for young women? Well, one of the aspects that was discussed that really came out strongly is that adaptation technologies need to... Like the role of women in many societies are related in rural areas are related to the household chores. So adaptation technology needs to give them time to participate in income generating activities while also participating in this households. Very important is that these technologies are locally available as well. And then one point that we discussed as well was that the question of access to technology and access of women to technology, it's important that these adaptation technologies sometimes challenge cultural norms. So we mentioned of examples for instance where women, due to their cultural expectations were not... Although they would be getting a flood early warning system information, they would not be able to act on it. In terms of the third question, well, our discussion was much more about... Was much more about general about COVID than the role of technology in COVID. So there were some interesting examples from Kenya where the families would come with... Given the rules for social distancing, washing hands and there was a lot of water consumption at household level. There were interesting examples of how people came up with these innovative... Like they were innovating at household level and they would be reusing the water from washing the hands to water the vegetables in the gardens. There were also other example given for instance, the youth in Tanzania because the youth is technology sassy and then they would be... They've seen that sometimes COVID was an income generating opportunity for them because what they would be doing is they would be helping in the neighborhood by going to the markets and bringing the stuff to the vulnerable, COVID vulnerable groups, et cetera. So yeah, that was it in short. Thank you very much. That was... I really like the bit on synchronizing technology with local knowledge. Really, really important. So I'm happy to hear that. I think we have one last group to go and then we will bring everything to one end. So we have Harrison and Jim. Do we have Harrison and Jim? Did you have a... Do you know who the person? Great. Yeah, Jim here for Harrison's group. The problem with coming last is that most of the things have been said or what you've been saying, just be repeating. So without repeating anything that has really been said, I'll be a bit brief. Harrison, if I miss anything, you can add later. So under question one, we saw that the youth are very key partners in adaptation technology and we say that this is because they have the tools for negotiation. They are exposed to ICT, they're exposed to internet. They know some of the most new market approaches. So for them to do well in this, then they had to be linked to... They had to be given a platform to exercise leadership on the same and this can be done by linking them to the older generation who already have the knowledge and can transfer it to the young people. So... On the second one, we saw that women, especially those ones in the rural areas, are faced with a lot of barriers to adapting technologies that require land, for example. And with the introduction of these, then it makes it easier to understand, to identify and to understand some of the issues that they're facing, like the pressure technology. And if some things were done, especially education, then it would be easier for them to adapt some of this. So we got an example from Bangladesh where women were facing a lot of issue with movement, access to law enforcement and access to exposure. And if such were availed to them, then it would be easier for them to adapt the technologies and even have them break out of the poverty cycles that they're usually in. And we found that women are most adaptive in the society and with COVID, it made it easy for them to have access to some of this because as somebody has already mentioned, they are a big part in contributing to the family income. On the last question, some of it have already been said, but without repeating, we said the advent of COVID, there's a lot of reverse cycles in terms of migration, especially from the urban areas to the rural areas. And with this, it enabled a lot of different adaptational technologies in terms of ICT. And since the youth are really attracted to digital technology, it has led to a lot of development in technology like online marketing, development or small videos that can be sold or can be used in enhancing technologies in the rural areas. So there was also a case of youth taking up enterprises in the rural areas and the areas of adaptive technology like rearing of Italian redworms that doesn't require a lot of space or a lot of startup capital and rearing the same and selling it to poultry farmers or the feed manufacturers or the feed blenders and in that way we can have almost a daily, I mean a weekly income. So all the same technology we saw like in Bangladesh also how young men who are mostly fishermen are now adapting technology on marketing, marketing their fish and mainly been using the Facebook app. So that's mainly it. That's great, thank you very much. So Harrison, if there's anything you can add. No, nothing to add, Jim. Great, thanks for that. Yeah, I already get some cross cutting teams and I would like to get to that because we ran out of time. There was one more group left. So that was not the last. So I'm gonna give the floor quickly to Jacob to report back from the seventh group. And if there's anything that I've been said you can skip that if there's something else that we have to hear, please share with us, thanks. Yes, thank you. I'll give Maria this opportunity to give the key summaries for our group. What's up Maria? Maria, please go ahead. Thank you, Jacob, the report from... Maria, your line is... Thank you. From group seven, we're echoing some of what has already been shared. So I won't take a lot of time but on the innovative ideas under group one, we had one good example of aquaponics which... Okay, can you hear me now? Yes, yes, please go ahead, yeah. Is it better now? Yes, you can go ahead, yeah. Hello? Yes. Can you hear me now, Joshua? Okay. So under the innovative technologies there's an example of aquaponics which got the youth excited in the money approach. And still under question one, I was as strong as usually. Okay, there was a strong feeling that there's need for us to... It's better now. Okay. Hello, there is... I think it'd be better if Jacob reported back, Maria. You're dropping in and out too much. Jacob, do you mind doing this quickly? Yeah. I'll drop a message to Maria first. So our key summaries on question one was... I know it is already mentioned is about... We talked about the online marketing platforms as one of the key technologies for young people to venture into agribusiness and enterprise. And so here we're looking at young people coming together and putting all their enterprises in a platform so that they're able to make a gainful income from different enterprise. So the second technology we looked at was about encouraging youth to venture into value addition. So we gave an example of the agriculture industries. There are many opportunities for value addition and youth can be actively involved and earn some gainful income once they're involved in value addition. So I want to be going into the details of value addition but we know there are different forms of value additions or every particular maybe value chain. The other aspect to talk about... We talked about was about experienced people in the enterprise doing sort of mentorship to youth to be able to venture into agribusiness and enterprise. So here we're looking at people to support even the youth. So if maybe you are experienced in a particular enterprise you're able to give advice or any possible material support. So here we're looking at SMEs and we're looking at startups and maybe even SMEs can be able to mentor the startups to be able to come up to some certain level. So we thought that that is also an important aspect of technology. So that is in summary about the first question. And so we moved to question three about COVID. And so about COVID, we looked at how COVID has enabled the youth to adapt to the prevailing conditions in terms of creating income and growth of the enterprise. And so here we related this to the issue of online marketing platforms. So here they are able to instead of doing the manual marketing they were doing before they are ventured into online marketing platforms. And from our discussions we've seen that the online marketing platforms are even cheaper. And if the youth can be able to access them and one of the issues we discussed about youth in rural areas is about access to technology. How can the youth access to these facilities that enable them get connected into these platforms? For example, access to smartphones, access to internet. How is this? So if youth have this, they should be able to venture actively into online marketing platforms. Like we have seen some of them are doing as a result of the challenges posed by COVID. So in summary, Joshua, that is what we had for our group. Maybe Marie, do you have anything to add? I don't think she's here actually. I think her line dropped. But yes, thank you very much for the inputs. I'm very mindful of time and also mindful of people having to sort of step up to other meetings. So this is what I'm gonna do now. I'm gonna sort of talk about cross cutting elements of the different report backs. So we see the centralizing challenges and solutions that we can think of when we leave this meeting. And I'll start on the gender topic because that was very principled to everything that each and every group reported back. And there are two elements I want to talk about. One is that in the context of adaptation and the need to drive adaptation solutions, we see that women are more keen to drive solutions. And I think this is very, very important to note in our key communication from this session that women are key to drive solutions, but and they hear that but is on different elements, but there's a social cultural barriers that limits their engagement. I think that is one, two, ownership and accessibility to enabling tools that will enable them to drive these solutions even much further. And hence our work should look at providing sort of resources and key materials or projects that can help them to, first of all, overcome this cultural barrier, but also be able to access resources. Part of that is at the one of the groups reporting on education and access to capacity building for women. And here we will know that in rural context, the likelihood of getting women to show up in meetings which are more generalized or training for farmers is very low because you have all the family heads which are mostly men or all the land owners which are mostly men showing up for such meetings. So very important when it comes to women that increase access to education, access to knowledge and capacity building, but also really putting much effort into sort of structures that allow to become cultural barriers that sort of stigmatize the engagement of women in delivering solutions. Then secondly, I will talk about what some, Chris, your group talked about a discovery and I wrote down sort of a learning journey. And I think this is very important because jumping the gun to quickly develop solutions sometimes faces sort of either you're losing the money at some point because the solution doesn't fit or you don't understand the sector so well that you end up losing money. And hence I really like the idea of combining research, young people who are into research, going to the academia to go through a learning journey to discover the real gaps within the sector sort of context specific gaps and be able to provide solutions to this through an enterprise approach. And then this also links back to what my group also talked about in terms of enterprise and sort of putting the economic returns to solutions that people are able to, young people are able to access sort of economic opportunities while delivering these solutions. Now, the third point I will talk about which was also cross cutting and very key to mention is that yes, the COVID situation now and the uptake of digitalizing and digitalized systems is opening up the market beyond what rural youth would have access to. And this is an opportunity that we have to tap into. So for community based young people working on, working in the agricultural sector, this is an opportunity if they have their skills much in place, if they have the capacity building, if they are trained on how to use digital systems, if they are trained on how to store the information in the cloud systems, this is an opportunity to really tap into. And I like the example given by facial men and women who sell fish being able to post on Facebook to access a higher market than they would do given sort of 2019. So this is an opportunity for us to be able to increase accessibility to market for young people in the rural sector on agriculture. So that is the third and then the last thing I will mention also cross cutting is how adaptation technologies could be localized to take advantage of local knowledge. And I think this is also very important that in our work, in our projects, in the way we deliver adaptation for communities and as actors on our own, we need to think around how when we are bringing the technology on board, how that is localized or how that integrate with local knowledge or how that is synchronized such that there's a higher uptake of such a technology and it doesn't face sort of a various locally because people do not understand the context of people does not see that as culturally correct or morally right, whatever that technology might be. So these are cross cutting things I want to talk about and highlight. Thank you everyone. I'm going to allow Christine to sort of give final remarks and we are out of here. Thank you very much for your patience with us on the time. Yeah. Okay. Thank you so much, Josh for moderating the session and thank you everyone for participating. You brought in critical issues and key messages that we shall be putting up to the CBA platform and this will be disseminated widely. So just to thank you so much, I want to go back into the key messages because these have already been highlighted. So at this point, I guess we can close the meeting and wish you a good afternoon and a good evening and a good morning to everyone. Thank you.