 Okay, good afternoon everyone so we will be continuing our discussion about um amino acids and protein. So again good afternoon to each and every one of you. I hope that this morning you were able to really learn um the basic and you were able to review the basic about amino acid and protein. So for this afternoon um we will be continuing our discussion about amino acids and your proteins. So let us just pick it up from where we start uh where we stopped tanina. So moving forward let's go to the different classifications of your proteins. So your proteins can actually be classified according to their function and according to their structure. This time we're not talking about their chemical structure, we're not talking about the primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure of your proteins. Instead we're talking about the structure of your proteins with regards to um being simple or conjugated proteins. On the other hand um a big chunk of this discussion would actually revolve around the different plasma proteins depending on their function. So your proteins are very essential in your body because they actually perform a lot of different things. They can be um an enzyme, they can be a hormone, they can be a transport protein, they can also be an immunoglobulin or an antibody. They can also be structural proteins, they can be storage proteins for your energy, they can also be um energy sources and they also play an important role in the maintenance of your osmotic pressure or your osmotic force. So let's start with the first one which are your enzymes. So your enzymes are proteins that catalyzes your chemical reaction. So much of the enzymology part will actually be discussed further when you reach your clinical chemistry too. But to give you a glimpse there are different classes of enzymes. So these different classes of enzymes perform different actions. So take for example you have your liases. Your liases helps in the breakdown of your um compound without water. So those are liases compared to hydrolases. Hydrolases are also enzymes that promotes breakdown of compounds with with water and as um as the product. So we have different enzymes. So when we say catalyze, they hasten, pinapabilis nila yung particular reaction. And nice thing to write down, makikisulat na lang kung ako makakapanalik sa paniniwala, that your enzymes catalyzes your chemical reaction by lowering down the activation energy. Again, your enzymes lowers down the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place. That's why mas napapabilis nila yung isang chemical reaction. So that is for your enzymes. So makikisulat ako dyan para on your cc2 kaya mo magtabibo. Pag tinanong how does your enzyme catalyzes a particular chemical reaction. Secondly we also have your hormones. Your hormones are chemical messengers that controls the action of a specific cell. And in your endocrinology, we will be talking about your hormones. So your hormones, I believe during your anatomy and physiology, this were all discussed that these hormones perform a specific action as well. They trigger a particular cell to perform a particular action. Malikan na lang natin, wag natayang ilo mayo. Let's go back to your carbohydrates. Your insulin, your glucogon, your epinephrine, your cortisol, your growth hormones, your tyroxine, those are different hormones. Hormones that perform a particular reaction. So take for example for your insulin, they administered the entry of your glucose from the plasma into the cell. So that's an action that only insulin can do. So that is one, which represents your metabolism. We also have hormones that are responsible for growth and development. To name a few, we have growth hormone. Your growth hormone is one that increases bone growth and muscle growth in us. We also have those that I mentioned a while back, metabolism, your insulin, your glucogon, among others. We also have sexual function and reproduction. We have testosterone. We have your testosterone. We have your epinephrine as hormones in general. And we also have here your hormones that affects your behavior. So when I say affects your behavior, your moods, they also are proteins by nature. So those are your hormones. Moving forward, your proteins can also be classified being transport proteins. So there are a lot of transport proteins. What do they transport? So remember this morning we were talking about the solubility of your protein. The solubility of your protein enabled them to really just swim around. Sabihin nyo adon sa commentin nyo. They are being enabled to just swim around and room around your plasma because of their solubility. And because of the solubility, our proteins are a perfect example of proteins being transporters of many ions, small molecules, or even macro molecules in the case of your lipids. So they can actually carry your hormones, your vitamins, your lipids, and your minerals. And one thing that all of this have in common is that hormones, vitamins, lipids, minerals that are water insoluble, water insoluble. So anything that cannot pass through or cannot be transported or cannot freely move around your plasma, they need a transport molecule. And that transport molecule is your transport protein. So your hormones that are fat based or lipid based, your vitamins that are fat, we call them fat vitamins, your addict, your vitamin A, D, E, and K. Your vitamin A, D, E, and K, all of those four are your fat soluble vitamins and they cannot freely move around in your plasma. That's why they need your transport protein. Of course, obviously, you already know that lipids are insoluble in water, insoluble in your plasma. That's why they need your lipoproteins. And what do you call the protein part again? What do you call the protein part of a lipoprotein comment down on your, or rather comment beside your chat box? So what do we call the protein portion of your lipoproteins? Okay, five seconds. Okay, correct. That is your apolipoprotein. Those are your apolipoproteins. So moving forward after your transport protein, we also have here your immunoglobulins. Your immunoglobulins are also called your antibodies. So among all of your proteins, it is the only protein not synthesized by your hepatocytes or by your liver. Because they are synthesized by what? Your, correct, plasma cells. And those are type of B cells in your blood. So we have five classes of immunoglobulins. We have immunoglobulin D, M, G, A, and D. So I always want to arrange it in a manner from the most abundant to the least abundant. And that is G, A, M, E, D, game. So that is my palatandaan, if I may say so. So game, G, A, M, E, D, that is the order of immunoglobulins from the most abundant to the least abundant. So what does our antibodies do or what does our antibodies do and your immunoglobulins do in our body? They actually neutralizes your foreign antigens and they can also act as opsonins that hasten your phagocytosis. Again, opsonins that hasten or that amplify, that enhances phagocytosis. So much of that in your immunology next semester. Aside from that, we also have structural proteins. Structural proteins like your collagen, elastin, keratin, and even cell and your cellular and extracellular matrices. So in your muscles, we have your tendons and also in your bone matrix. So those are structural proteins that aid in not durability, but the stability of our structures, our bones inside our cell and even our organs. Moving forward to our storage protein and energy protein. Storage proteins, obviously because they serve as a reserve of metal ions and amino acid. So your storage pool of amino acid are found in your liver and at the same time, your ferritin is an example of a storage protein, which is a storage of what? A storage of your, correct, a storage form of your iron. So in addition to that, your protein can also act as energy proteins. That's correct. Your energy protein is very important, number one in the synthesis of your creatine and the synthesis of your creatine. Creatine is an example of an energy protein. So energy proteins in general are a reserve source of energy for tissues and muscle. So creatine is actually very much found in your muscles because your muscles really do need a lot of energy and ATP for it to work. By simply just doing this, a lot of ATP are being used up, okay? Used up by my muscles. So that one is for your energy proteins. And of course, we also have proteins being regulator of your osmotic force. So osmotic force, why do we say osmotic force? Because the distribution of water throughout your compartments of body, of your body is actually being affected by your protein. So kapag masadong konti yung tubig, okay? Kapag masadong konti yung tubig sa iyong katawan. Meaning to say you have low protein in your body that would affect now the osmalality, the osmotic force in your body now eventually leading to the formation of edema in your limbs or another part of your body, okay? So those are your proteins classified according to their function. So they have a lot of different functions. And later on, we will actually be discussing each of those plasma proteins that we will be talking about today. So moving forward, let's now go to the different types of conjugated proteins, okay? So sir, what do we mean by conjugated proteins? Originally, there are actually simple proteins and we have your conjugated proteins. When we say simple proteins, these are like your globins, okay? Wala silang kasaman. They are just plain protein, okay? When I say plain protein, wala siyang dag-dag metals, carbohydrates, or lipids, or any sort of thing. It's just a plain, parang virgin na protein. Wala siyang flow, flow sa katawan, okay? But on the other hand, we also have your conjugated protein. So by definition, conjugation, meaning to say, there is already a combination of two compounds. So a protein and an X. What is that X? We'll be discussing that in a short while. So let's proceed to our next discussion, which are your different proteins according to different types of conjugated proteins. And we have here the first one, which are your metalloproteins. Metalloproteins are proteins with metal ions attached to it. So we have your ferritin that has your iron alongside with it. We have your ferritin is a ferric, okay? I want you to remember that. Your ferritin contains your ferric iron. Your ceruloplasmine contains what? Your ceruloplasmine contains your what do you call this? Your copper, your hemoglobin, okay? Your hemoglobin contains your what? Your hemoglobin contains your, your hemoglobin do contain your iron as well. But this time, a different type of iron because, okay? Why? Different types of iron because we are talking about your ferrus iron, okay? We're talking about your ferrus iron. On the other hand, okay? On the other hand, we also have your flava proteins, okay? Your flava proteins, okay? Your flava proteins are what? Proteins that have flavin in it, okay? They have a flavin or riboflavin in it, okay? This is a type of a vitamin, okay? So that is very important for you to remember, okay? So those flavin is also very important, okay? So example of that are your riboflavin, okay? So madali lang tandaan, di ba? Ferritin, ferric iron. Ceruloplasmine, copper, hemoglobin ferrus iron. Your flava protein, we have your flavins. On the other hand, we also have your glycoproteins. Your glycoproteins are proteins that has a carbohydrate subunit attached to its protein. So an example of that is your haptoglobin in your alpha-1 antitrypsine. I will not be talking about their function because in a short while, we will actually be talking about the major plasma proteins inside your body. So moving forward now, okay? Moving forward now, we also have here your mucoproteins, okay? I just want to go back to mucoproteins. So what are mucoproteins? To start with, mucoproteins are proteins that has carbohydrate attached to it. But the thing here is that carbohydrate has greater concentration compared to your proteins. That's why we call them mucoproteins. In short, para itong carbohydrates na may dagdag na protein. Glycoprotein para siyang protein na may nakaka-attach na carbohydrate. I hope it makes sense. So moving forward, you also have your lipoproteins. So your lipoproteins are, okay? Your lipoproteins, okay? So please disregard the definition that is written on the side. So your lipoproteins obviously are carriers of lipids and fats. So we have five major types of lipoproteins. We have your kylo-microns, your VLDL, LDL, HDL, and yeah, we have and your IDL as well. So those are the major and the minor types of lipoproteins. On the other hand, we also have your mucoproteins, okay? So your mucoproteins again, these are fibrosproteins. So these are also fibrosprotein that are essential, okay? That are essential in the structure of your cells and your tissue. I guess this is the definition for your structural protein, okay? But yeah, for your lipoproteins, you have those four major kylo-microns, your VLDL, your LDL, and your HDL. Now we go and we just move forward with your nucleoproteins. What are nucleoproteins? So nucleoproteins are proteins combined with your nucleic acids such as your DNA and your RNA. So an example of this are your histones. Histones, H-I-S-T-O-N-E-S. These are your histones unto which the double stranded, the alpha helix, the double stranded DNA is actually wrapped around those, what do you call this? Those wrapped around those histones. So take for example, I have this. This is my histones, okay? And take for example, this is my DNA. My histones is this one. And my DNA is actually wrapped around the histones. That is how eventually it will form now your chromosome. So those are your nucleoproteins. They are actually combined with your nucleic acid. So maybe some of you will be wondering, sir, bakit pa kailangan ng histones and the DNA? It actually protects or actually stabilizes the structure of your DNA. So moving forward, okay moving forward, let's now go to the different plasma proteins. So we did discuss about amino acids, okay? We did discuss about amino acids. We did discuss about proteins. We did discuss about plasma, okay? We did discuss about plasma proteins. So before we proceed to plasma protein, if in case you have any questions, so since we're doing this asynchronously, if you have any questions, you can actually go back later on to our Google Meet 30 Minutes, around 15 minutes before the end of our discussion and then you can post your questions there. I will also be posting a discussion group, or discussion board rather, on your TLC to entertain questions that might arise when you are studying amino acids and proteins. So now let's go to your plasma protein. So plasma proteins are generally only divided into two, okay? Madaming proteins. Sabing ane, sir, madaming proteins. Sir, yung daming functions, but generally, they're only classified into two, okay? So later, I will say the arguable number three. So we have two, okay? We have two major types of plasma proteins. Those are your albumin and your globin. Your albumin and your globin, okay? Your albumin and your globin. So most frequently analyzed of all proteins are your albumin and your globin. Why are they the most frequently analyzed of all type of protein? Because they are the major classification or major division of your plasma protein. Your albumin and your globin. That's why we have a test called your T-Pag. In your T-Pag, we measure your total protein, your albumin, your globulin, and your albumin-globulin ratio. Much of that when we go to our liver function next meeting, but let me just discuss to you all the major plasma proteins for just the meeting para ready-in-ready na tayo when we go to our liver function next week, okay? So having said that, okay, I'll be elaborating more about the total protein, albumin, globulin, A and G ratio next meeting. So like what I was mentioning a while back, we have two major plasma proteins, your albumin and your globulin. In some cases, you may be coming across other references that would include your pre-albumin. We have your pre-albumin. You have your pre-albumin, your albumin, and your globulin. But routinely, okay? Rottinly, if we're gonna base it in the routine test, the two major lipoproteins are rather proteins are your albumin and your globulin. So your albumin and your globulin. Your albumin is an individual protein on its own. But did you know that when we try to fractionize, okay, when we try to fractionize your protein, your globulin can actually be subdivided into not just one, not just two, but four, okay? We can actually divide them into four major types of globulin, or of globulins, okay? Of globulin. So pardon me if I actually mention it globulin, but it should be albumin and globulin, okay? Albumin and globulin. Again, if I was able to mention it globulin tanina, it should be globulin, okay? Albumin and globulin. Those are the two major types of your proteins. So your albumin is albumin itself. Wala na siyang pakialam, okay? And your globulins, okay, your globulins can be subdivided into four, your alpha one, alpha two, your beta and your gamma globulins. And perhaps you already know why do we call it such because we were able to separate them using your electrophoresis, okay? So using electrophoresis, we can now, you can now see, okay, you can now see that the most abundant plasma protein, so if we're gonna compare albumin and globulin, the most abundant is actually your albumin, okay? Your albumin and then followed by your alpha one, alpha two, your beta, your gamma. So sir, why do we have such different globulin? So your globulins were actually separated according to their electrophoretic mobility, depended sa pinakamabilis, okay? So obviously here, the fastest, okay? The fastest plasma protein or the most anodic, okay? But anodic sir, pinakamma, atracted dun sa anod, anod which is your positively charged, your positively charged electrode. So this albumin is the fastest one that migrated from the point of application to the anod. Pangalawang pinakamabilis is your alpha one, pangalawa, si alpha two, then si beta, then si gamma. So as you can see, when we transverse our diseases in your proteins, you will actually be seeing this electrophoretic pattern again. This is one of my favorite part of your hemoglobin. Rather, very favorite ko na part ng protein, okay? So let's ask now talk about the different proteins. So technically, I will actually be talking about your pre-albumin, your albumin, and then the different types of your globulin. So a total of how many globulins are we talking about today? A total of 17. A total of 17 globulins. Diba, sabi ko nga sa inyo, you don't need to memorize the amino acids, but you have to memorize and familiarize yourself with all of this plasma protein. So let's get started. So the first one is your pre-albumin. Your pre-albumin is also known as your transtyretin, okay? Later, i-dedicode natin baka siya tinatawag na transtyretin. So your pre-albumin, ladies and gentlemen, are transport protein for your thyroid hormone and your retinol. Kaya siya tinawag na transtyretin. Sir, hindi ko pa rin nagigets. Let me do this for you. Transtyretin or your pre-albumin in transports your thyroid hormone and your retinol or your vitamin A. Okay? Your vitamin A or your retinol. So make sense now? So your pre-albumin are also known as your transtyretin, transport your thyroid hormone and your retinol or your vitamin A. At the same time, these are acute phase reactant proteins. Okay? So they have a two days short half-life. Okay? They only have a short half-life. And take note, everyone, this is the best marker for poor nutritional status. Okay? Poor nutritional status. So you can actually see a decrease of this type of protein and hepatic damage in tissue necrosis in your acute. They are also decreased in your inflammation. So meaning to say, they are negative acute phase reactant. Sir, patalastas langot are acute phase reactant. Acute phase reactant are proteins that respond when there is a particular inflammation in your body. So there are two types of APR or acute phase reactant or acute phase proteins. We have your positive APRs. I guess the O3 already know this. The positive APR and the negative APR. So a positive acute phase reactant increases kapag may inflammation. A negative acute phase reactant decreases if there is a case of inflammation. Your prealbumin is a type of a negative acute phase reactant. Sir, madami din po ba ito? Ito yung technique ko sa inyo. Just write down the negative acute phase reactant because there are only a few proteins that are negative acute phase reactant. Meaning to say, bumababa kapag may inflammation. The rest, almost, they all increase. Lahat tumataas, kakaunti lang yung bumababa. So ngayon sinasulap mo na dapat sa iyong papel o sa kahit ano man, may mga paperless, mother earth friendly, they are using their iPad. So you should write down there on the side. D what? Prealbumin is a negative acute phase reactant. So moving forward, we can also expect increase of prealbumin in steroid treatment, alcoholism, and chronic kidney failure. Okay, chronic kidney failure. So moving forward, let's go now to your albumin. So madami damay itong yung pagusapan natin but what I want you to remember is most importantly, the function of the protein. The function of the protein para saan siya protein. Ano yung unique sa protein na ito at saan siya tumataas at bumababa? In short, lahat ang nandito sa PowerPoint, you need to really study this. And of course, alongside, of course, with your bishop and your henry. So your albumin contains 585 amino acids. So they have a total of 20 days as na half-life. So 20 days na half-life. So in your seru, they have the highest concentration in your plasma. They have a highest concentration in your plasma. So this thing here, your CF that is your conversion factor for your albumin is 10, actually. So they have the highest concentration in your plasma. So albumin is the most abundant, the highest concentration of all your major plasma protein. So they are, they usually have systemic efflux, especially in transcapillary, they have a transcapillary escape rate of 80%, okay, 80% in your intravascular fluid. They can also act as a pH buffer. And another thing about your albumin pangalawan na ito, it is a type of a negative acute-phatriactin which is opposed to that it's normal. So kapag normal, kapag normal na situation matasi albumin. But in cases of inflammation or disease state, they tend to go down and down and down. So your albumin, I would call your albumin as the general transport protein, okay? It is the general transport protein because a lot of the things that cannot be transported freely or cannot transport freely in your plasma, si albumin yan. Mamaya pag-usapan natin, di ba? Pag-usapan natin si transferin, hemopexin, lahat yun, specific, may kanya-kanya silang molecule na sinusundo sa plasma. But for albumin, wala siyang pinipile. Ito yung parang libreng pasakay ng gobierno natin, di ba? Libreng pasakay ng gobierno. So yun lang kaya ng gobierno natin. Libreng pasakay. So kidding aside, moving forward to the transport protein. So with regards to transport protein, your albumin is a general transport protein so they can transport any molecules, any drugs that cannot be transported freely in your plasma. Aside from that, they also are affected by half-life of drugs, okay? They are affected by the half-life of drugs and nice thing to know your glycosylated albumin. What is glycosylated hemoglobin, everyone? So chat box, chat box or glycosylated hemoglobin is a short-term test, okay? It is a test for a short-term hyperglycemic control usually two to three weeks or approximately one month, okay? One month. And of course, we do measure it using your affinity chromatographic method with your boronic acid. So your glycosylated albumin is also known as your what? Chat box, everyone? Your glycosylated hemoglobin is also known as five, four, three, two, one. Your glycosylated hemoglobin, your glycosylated albumin, albumin rather is also known as your fructosamine, correct? Your fructosamine. So what other instances that your albumin is decreased? Madaming pagkakatao na bumababa si albumin, okay? Example, this is skin loss due to burns or exfoliative dermatitis, okay? Malnutrition and malabsorption, gaya ng anang sagot kanina nila, gaya ng anang sagot kanina during our discussion nila JM, nila Velasco, nila Montero at Velasco because your protein, okay, your amino acid are being used up as energy or on the other hand, you don't have enough amino acid to actually make up now your albumin or your protein in general. You can also have your protein losing enteropathy of your gastrointestinal loss. So instead of actually absorbing, you are flashing them out. So we also have liver disease. Sir, bakit liver disease? Of course, obviously, your protein are secreted or are produced mainly by your hepatocytes in your liver. That's why any disease in your liver will also affect the synthesis of your albumin. Much of those in your liver function next week. So we also have kidney loss in your nephrotic syndrome. So I think you all know this that your glomerulus, okay? Your glomerulus are tightly fenestrated. So kapag lumawag na ang mga fenestra sa ating capillaris, luluwag, lalabas, hindi niya nang pag-fulter ang ating mga proteins. That's why your proteins, specifically your albumin, which is a very small, a very small protein with respect to other proteins, mas mabilis silang lumabas sa ating urine. So speaking of proteinuria, did you know that there is actually a more sensitive test for the presence of protein in your urine? And that is your microalbuminuria. Microalbumin. The presence of your microalbumin in your urine is called your microalbuminuria. So that is also part of your carbohydrates last time, correct? So aside from that, it also is decreased in hypothyroidism, delusion dahil polydip siya, inumka ng inum ng water, cheers tayo siya. Inumka ng inum ng water, na dilute na yung blood mo, again, a function of your oncotic pressure, kaya di ba yung protein mo, it maintains your oncotic pressure. In addition to that, they also decrease, ayan, in acute disease state, so like inflammation, ganyan. So mutation, ayyan, meron kang analbuminuria, so analbuminuria, albiuminemia, analbuminemia, meaning to say, wala ka ng, wala ka ng albiumin. We also have your bis albiuminemia. Your bis albiuminemia, I'll be discussing that further when we discuss the diseases because your bis albiuminemia extra band in your electrophoretic pattern. Ayan, similarly to delusion, your chemo delusion, ayyan, and also sepsis because it shifts your fluid. And ito ng tatandaan ninyo, sa lahat ng bagay, madaming bagay, yung magpapababa sa albiumin. Magpapababa sa albiumin, correct. But there are only two reasons why will it increase. Number one is dehydration. What about dehydration? Yung big sabihin wala ng tubig sa katawan, so obrang taas ng onkotic pressure mo sa onkotic force, your osmotic force, yung onkotic pressure, na tatandaan. So dahil magtaas yan, hindi siya diluted, but rather, kung wala ng water inside your body, that's why majority of your, in your plasma are just protein. Aside from that, ano pa yung pwede yung mag-increase sa kanya is your excessive albiumin and fusion. So excessive albiumin and fusion. So that is also one that increases your albiumin. So I hope everybody, everything is clear. So kung hindi, wag magalala, we'll be having a Q&A portion by the end of my discussion. So moving forward, let's now go to your globulins. So again, sabi ko nga, we will be talking about 17 types of globulins. So what are those 17 types of globulins? So number one is your alpha one, your alpha two, your beta and your gamma. To start with, your globulins are actually not directly measured in the laboratory. The only two things that are measured in the laboratory is your total protein and your albiumin. Total protein and your albiumin. Sir pa ano po yung globulin? Similarly to your LDL, we compute it. So as you can see, total protein minus albiumin is equal to your globulin. Total protein minus albiumin is equal to your globulin. Similarly to your LDL, this is derived. So your globulins have different fractions, different fractions of different proteins that functions differently and all of them has their own clinical importance. So this thing will actually be changing because there are different cases or different conditions that would actually have your proteins, your globulins be increased and decreased. So let's just start along. So as you can see on your screen right now, we have here your antitripsi, alpha-1 antitripsin, your haptoglobin in your A2, your transferin, in your immunoglobulin. So let's start and do talk about the different types of globulin. So kumaki kita nyo din. This is the electrophoretic pattern. So this one is your albumin, your alpha-1, your alpha-2, alpha-3, and your globulins. So let's start with the first one which is your alpha-1 antitripsin or your AAT. Your alpha-1 antitripsin is your aglaicoprotein and an acute phase reactant, a positive acute phase reactant. So a positive acute phase reactant, it is an anti-protease neutrophil elastase. So this is very important because it neutralizes or inhibits the neutrophil elastase. Your neutrophil elastase kasi is also good in the body. It actually fights infection. But in severe cases na sobrang taas ni neutrophil elastase, it can now destroy your alveoli. And if your alveoli is destroyed, okay, uncontrolled action of your neutrophil elastase, alveoli will be destroyed causing now your M5 sema. Okay? Your M5 sema. So there are deficiency in your alpha-1 antitripsin, namely your Serpina-1 gene, which can be one of the mutation. You can also have a ZZ mutation that has a risk of liver and lung disease. So abnormal form, um, there can, um, abnormal form of your, your, uh, what do you call this? Alpha-1 antitripsin can accumulate in your liver seen in your cirrhosis. So your alpha-1 antitripsin is increased in inflammation because it's a positive, acute phase reactant. We have also your pregnancy and your contraceptive use. Anong gustong tandaan, anong gusto, gusto ni Serganding na tandaan ng bawat isa, the name of the, the name of the protein saan siyang globulin bilang, so alpha-1, um, ano yung action niya at ano yung diseases associated sa kanya. Moving forward to another alpha-1 globulin, which is your fito protein or your AFP and I guess you, you've heard this already if you've discussed your amniotic fluid in your clinic, in your AUBF. So your, um, your alpha-1 fito protein is actually synthesized in developing embryo. So it can also be seen in the parenchymo cells of your liver if you're already an adult. So your, your alpha-1 fito protein protects your fitus from immunologic attack by the mother o di ba, parang exena lang so what do you mean by immunologic attack? So there are, um, in some cases your antibody can actually migrate into your, into your, um, fitus. It can, um, it can pass through the placenta and it can now affect your fitus. So your alpha-1 fito protein protects your, um, it protects your, um, it, they actually protects your, um, they actually protect your fitus and at the same time the mother. Okay, the mother as well. So in the electrophoresis it migrates between your albumin and your alpha-1 globulin. So, um, what is the use of alpha-1 fito protein? Screening test sa screening test for the gestational age, gestational age of the baby. Okay, so as you can see I hope you still remember this from your AUBF. It, your alpha-1 fito protein is increased in your spinabithida, in your neural tube defect, in your abdominal wall defect, in your anencephaly, in your general fetal distress syndrome, in, in the presence of a twin and also it, at this decrease, okay, mababa pagdating sa, um, trisomy 18 and sa down syndrome. Okay, down syndrome and your trisomy 18. So, in addition to that, okay, so, the levels of your alpha-1 fito protein is affected by maternal weight, your erase, and even, um, diabetes, um, or the, the, the diabetes MOM or the multiples of media. So, you have to compute for the, um, if you're gonna compute for the, um, for the MOM, okay, or the gestational age, you can compute it this way. So, again, your alpha-1 fito protein in adult naman, so yun yung gamit niya pag mga fitos, pag baby, pag pregnancy, matut about the adult. In adult, your al, your, your, your alpha-1, okay, your alpha-1 fito protein is actually a tumor marker. A tumor marker meaning to say, it increases my chronic liver disease. So, um, in cases of chronic liver disease, okay, um, your AFP in the form of your L3 will be increased. What, it is a screening test for chronic liver disease and even in your HCC. What is HCC? That is your hepatocellular carcinoma. Your al, your hepatocellular carcinoma, you can observe an increased level there of your alpha-1 fito protein. Okay. So, let's just try to end the, um, alpha-1, the alpha-1 proteins before we take a quick, quick break. So, your alpha-1 fito protein, okay, your alpha-1 fito protein, aside from that, we also have your alpha-1 acid glycoprotein or your AAG. Also known as your acid gly, your acid glycoprotein also known as your orosco. Ayan, also known as your orosomucoid. Okay. So, your orosomucoid is a negative acute phase reactant. Is a negatively charged, rather, a negatively charged and is a positive acute phase reactant. Ayan, it is a positive acute phase reactant. So, it has a similar amino acid sequence as of your immunoglobulin. Kay, kitandaan niyang part na yan. So, it is important in drug, action, distribution and this position. So, it is very important in your drug metabolism. Okay. So, your orosomucoid is increased in cases of stress, inflammation, tissue damage, acute myocardial infarction, trauma, pregnancy, cancer, pneumonia, rheumatic arthritis and even surgery. So, your alpha-1 acid glycoprotein or your orosomucoid can increase in cases of those situation. And, it can also be used for the diagnosis of neonatal bacterial infection. Okay. Neonatal bacterial infection. Okay. Neonatal bacterial infection. So, moving forward to the last few, to the last few alpha-1, we have here your alpha-1 antikymotrypsin. Okay. Your alpha-1 antikymotrypsin is an alpha-globulin glycoprotein, which is acute phase reactant, a positive acute phase reactant, which is a serine protease inhibitor or a serpin inhibitor. So, they inhibit enzyme activity. So, they cleave your ketapsin G, your pancreatic elastase, your muscle chymates and your chymotrypsin. So, in short, they are actually maintaining the they are maintaining the activity of your enzyme. So, they inhibit it para in case konwari na makaroon ng abrupt na increase lang yung mga yung mga protein yung mga enzymes na natin ay mapprevent natin. So, your alpha-1 antikymotrypsin is increase in your inflammation, decrease in your liver disease and at the same time, your your alpha-1 antikymotrypsin is also related is also related is also seen in your your Parkinson's disease and your COPD. In your COPD. In your Parkinson's and your COPD. And in your Alzheimer's disease, it is also a component of your amyloid deposits. So, para sa mga nagingisip na ng tesis next year. So, you can actually measure the level of alpha-1 antikymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's. So, patients with Alzheimer's have a component of alpha-1 antikymotrypsin in their amyloid deposit. So, we go to our next one. We go to our next one. So, hindi ko makita. We go to our next one, your inter-alpha inhibitor. So, it is a serine protease inhibitor as well. So, it has a light chain, your bicutin. Okay, your bicutin. So, it is a positive acute phase reactant that increases in your inflammatory disorder and also in the presence of your carcinogens. Okay? Your carcinogens. So, I'll just be discussing one last before we go. Have a quick, quick break. So, we also have here your GC globulin or your group-specific component, which is a binding protein for your vitamin D. Okay? Your GC globulin or your group-specific component, globulin, rather, is a vitamin D carrier. So, vitamin D carrier. Bakit kailangan ng vitamin D ng carrier because fat-soluble siya alongside with vitamin A, D, E, and K. Okay? Asan na si A? Siyong nagbuhat kay K? Siy, pre-albumin. Siy, trans-ty-retin. Siya siy, retin, retinol, vitamin A. So, your GC globulin is important in bone formation, immune system, chemotaxis, chemotaxis of neutrophil and monocyte during inflammation. So, your GC globulin are increased in the third trimester of pregnancy, increased also with oral estrogen as a contraceptives, and decreased in severe liver disease and protein losing, protein losing syndrome. So, those are the first half of our major protein. So, hopefully you learned a lot. So, before we continue on our discussion, we will be taking a quick 10-minute break. So, let us all have a quick 10, let us all have not 10 pa lang masyadong mahaba. 5-minute break, okay? Everybody just take a 5-minute break before you continue watching our video. So, that would be all for the first, for the second part of protein and I'll see you guys in a short, short while. Thank you so much.