 Welcome to everybody. I'm Flavio Bucci and I was invited to chair the Micro symposium on Meditation Body Philosophy. I am an associate professor from Vontrell University. And we will have this Micro symposium that will proceed in our address of Professor Cankham. The title of the Micro symposium is the Fabric of Irregular Basin, Water and Sable. And the Micro symposium will be divided in two parts. The first part will be the water and water. The second part will be the water to salmons. And both salmons and water are essential elements to be taken into account in Irregular Basin elimination. Now we start with the first talk. The speaker is Bettina Shatly. Bettina got her PhD at TPL Health. She depositioned as a system professor at TU Delft, then a system professor at TPL Health. She will be moving in September as a school professor at the University of Berlin. She is editor of Hydrology and the Resistance Sciences. And she has been in charge of the Kachan Hydrology Subdivisional Video. Her research interests include ideological prediction for sustainable water resources management and the ideological processes research based on peer work. And the title of the presentation is predicting mountain river resources challenges and challenges. Bettina Shatly. Thank you very much for the introduction and for the invitation to be here today. So headlines about the evolution of our water resources are only present nowadays. This is just an example from earlier this year, New York Times, that says glaciers are retreating, millions rely on their water. These kind of headlines usually come with impressive pictures of glacier retreat and general numbers about how climate change impacts our water resources. And usually there are always these big numbers about how strongly we rely on water resources. And obviously glacier retreat is the most impressive ongoing change in our mountains. Here an example of the evolution of the biggest or largest glacier in Switzerland, the Ledge Glacier with simulations from colleagues from ETH Zurich. And obviously I guess most of you see that these kind of simulations regularly because they also appear in the mainstream news. And already at the early 2000s it became kind of a common habit to come up with climate change impact predictions on how the changes in our mountain environments will repercute on stream flow regimes. Here we have an example, mid-month stream flow plotted against time where we see in red the observed stream flow regime for a reference period and in grey some of the earliest climate change impact simulations for this catchment in Switzerland. These are the predictions in grey for the end of this century. And basically many people continue to work on these climate change impact predictions, they find them. Here we see in green like one of the latest state-of-the-art predictions for these catchments. Even if it's already eight years old it doesn't change the law. So we see here that obviously there was some progress, there have been changes in what we now think that the future regime will be of this catchment. But when you look at these kind of results for future regimes, what we should not forget is what is actually behind this. So what is behind this is a more or less complex modeling change starting with global and regional climate change simulations that are then fed into some local scale models that are more or less complex, hydrology, land use change, ecosystem change, water management. And what we do with this is well we try to put nature into simple equations. And as modelers we probably tend to sometimes forget what is actually that we put in these equations. And just to, for those of you who are not permanently working on hydrological processes just to recall you what we actually model. Especially in mountain catchments it's rather complex. Snow or rain falls on the ground, accumulates, sublimates, infiltrates, creates surface flow, suffers, exchanges with the groundwater, ends up at stream flow which we can measure, and as evaporation and transpiration which is extremely hard to measure. So now we have complex nature and we have the need to come up with reliable predictions of how our water resources availability is going to evolve in the near future or in the far future. And what is the way forward in this context? Of course many of my colleagues especially also in the delft area they would probably say well one of the solutions is certainly to have even more complex model to come up with better equations and to hope that at some point my very complex model will be able to capture feedbacks between all hydrological processes and the living part of the system and the human part of the system and to come up with reliable predictions. Today what I would like to focus on is to actually say well maybe we still should learn more from observations from the past at many places and try to actually understand first of all why are mountains so special and what is the actual role of snow and glacier in this environment. So the first example that I would like to discuss is glacier retreat and water resources. So I come back to the topic that I mentioned in the beginning because especially in the European Alps glacier play a key role for economics for example for hydropower production. So I've picked here the example of hydropower production because in Switzerland that's really a big issue. Glacier retreat is going to impact hydropower production. Just as an example the numbers switched a bit in this version but Switzerland has about four cubic kilometers of reservoirs in the Alps to build to produce hydropower which corresponds to nine terawatt hours of electricity production. So roughly 10% of the annual consumption of the Netherlands. And just to give another impressive number 93% of the Swiss territory is a turbine at least once which is good news because this means that they have a lot of data about water flowing through turbines. And water from mountain catchments is turbine on average 12 times and up to 30 times before it leaves Switzerland. We also have very good numbers about glaciers in Switzerland. So 2.5% of Switzerland is covered currently by glacier and over the last 30 years about 0.6 meters per year of water is lost or was lost on this glacier surface. Which corresponds to 22.5 cubic kilometers of water roughly one quarter of Lake Geneva. So what, how relevant is this now for hydropower production? The good thing is that talking about hydropower is that we have a lot of data. We have GIS information on hydropower infrastructure, we have hydropower production statistics. We also have now mass change estimations or observations for all Swiss glaciers. We have natural stream flow for Swiss rivers. We also have glacial runoff simulations. So compiling all this information allows us to estimate how much electricity is actually produced per cubic meter of water that results from glacier retreat. So how much electricity we produce from the loss of glacier mass. And combining all this information allows us to come up with these nice maps of how much electricity we produce from glacier mass loss in the last 20 years. What we see looking at these maps is that in some catchments, so in the highly glaciated catchments, this number can be really relatively high going up to like several hundred gigabit hours per year. And of course, we see strong regional differences. Here we see the hydropower production share from glacier mass loss for different regions. So we have the Rome catchment outlet Geneva, we have the Ryan catchment outlet Basel, and what we see is that basically this one region, the Rome catchment produces currently up to 8% of its hydropower from glacier mass loss. So that's water that has been accumulated decades or centuries ago and that is lost and will not come back. So but overall, since 1980s, we can say, okay, it's probably three to 4% of Swiss hydropower production that results from glacier mass loss. And the publishing of this number led to the only positive climate change impact news in the recent years, which was well in the end, hydropower doesn't depend very strongly on glacier mass loss. Which some people in the room would have anticipated. But actually for the general public, it's good to know that now we have a boundary condition. If it's only three to 4% in the last 30 years, it's not more that we are going to lose in the next 100 years. This example was to tell you that the reliable quantification of actually available water resources is probably the first important step before anticipating how much we are potentially going to lose. And of course, this comes with detailed communication of the corresponding numbers. And it's of prime importance for the ongoing climate change discussions in the general public or in politics. So the second example is about what is actually the role of snow for summer streamflow. First, just to recall you how as hydrologists, we look at the functioning of the catchment. Catchment, a natural unit. What it does is it receives precipitation, it partitions it to different storages, stores it for a while and releases it as streamflow. So basically very simple. As soon as we add the role of temperature on top of it, so meaning snow accumulation, what happens is illustrated here for a high alpine catchment. So during periods of the year, there is no fall, which results in very low winter flow, very high flow during spring when everything is melting. And this interplay creates this typical mountainous regime with high water availability between, let's say, March and October. But now if we focus on summer streamflow, so periods when we might have droughts in lowland areas and where the snow is mostly gone. We plot here specific streamflow, so cubic meters per second divided by the catchment area to have a comparable quantity. We plot it against mean catchment elevation. And what we see for all undisturbed catchments in Switzerland, so meaning catchments that have undisturbed flow, no hydraulic infrastructure. We see this extremely strong gradient of streamflow produced during summer with elevation. Part of this gradient is obviously explained by glaciers that are currently retreating. Those are highlighted, like catchments that have more than 20% glacier. And in general, we have a very strong gradient for places of catchments that have a seasonal snowpack. So the first reaction might be, well, that's the snow. But don't forget we are in the middle of summer here, so snow should in theory have melted already before. So there are catchments that don't have glacier and they still have this very strong gradient of summer streamflow. So what explains this? Well, obviously precipitation, precipitation increases with elevation at many places. An interplay of temperature, vegetation and precipitation also decreases in operation with elevation. So that's like the part that we can explain or that we might think we can explain. What we do not know is what is the role of groundwater flow and of subsurface storage in this story. So let's have a first look at the easy part, so increase of precipitation with elevation. Here we have mean summer precipitation plotted against elevation and what we see is, well, this gradient is very strong up to a certain elevation and then gradient breaks down. So that cannot be the explanation for strong streamflow gradients. What we can do next is to look at baseflow. So it's like the minimum amount of water that is always in the stream, even in the summer. We divide this baseflow to precipitation. And what we see is again that we have a very high ratio of this minimum flow, which reflects groundwater, compared to precipitation. And so this kind of implies, okay, we have high baseflow, which means that we need to have high storage. And this means storage goes up with elevation, which is rather unexpected for most hydrologists. So now what can we do next? Of course, we could come up with some complicated model and try to explain this. What we chose is to say, okay, we take the simplest possible model to try to get more insights. So the equation that is on the screen is a simple analytic streamflow distribution model, initially developed by Gianmucca Potter et al. And it simply makes assumption that rainfall is stochastic input, stochastic forcing. The catchment censorship, so part of it generates streamflow, part does not. And with this simple assumption, we can come up with this gamma distribution that explains streamflow distribution as a function of very few parameters, among others, the frequency of streamflow generating events, and the mean precipitation on days when it actually rains. What is important to retain here is that with this model, we can explain streamflow really just as a frequency of events and mean precipitation on rain days. And furthermore, we can explain storage, the necessary storage in the catchment as the mean streamflow divided by its recession coefficient, which is the time scale at which it releases water. This model has been successfully applied at many places in the US and Europe. Here an example from one of my students work where we see how well the model fits observed data. So we have the accumulated probability distribution on one axis and the log of the observed streamflow at the other. And we see that depending how we estimate the model parameters, we get very good results in black, the observed one and the other is the model. Just as a side note, the model has already been adapted to much more challenging environments. Here for a result from Müller et al., who adapted it to seasonally dry catchments in Nepal, so a completely different mountain system. And we see that it's not entirely able to reproduce observed distributions during the wet season, but it does a pretty good job knowing how simple it is. So now this model allows us new insights on what's different in these catchments. We plotted here on one axis the frequency of streamflow generating events minus the frequency of rainfall events, and again against mean catchment generation. And so what we see here in this plot is that some of the catchments produce more streamflow events than actual rainfall input during the summer. For glacier catchments, that might be obvious. There is some continuous inflow of glacier melt, but we even have catchments that don't have glaciers, that have more streamflow events than rainfall. And if you use this model to explain subsurface storage, we see again the same result as before, subsurface storage against mean catchment elevation. We see a tremendous increase of storage with the elevation. Again, the glacier catchments, this storage might be the glacier itself. But for the other catchments, it's a question, where is this storage actually happening? So this whole story to say that actually high summer flow might be more related to the catchment itself, to the topography, the geology storage potential, than to the fact that it currently snows. And so this part of the story is very intriguing, but what we haven't talked about is vegetation. So the whole complexity of the question of summer streamflow in these catchments is really made even more difficult to understand, because vegetation is coming into play. And what I just explained, it basically shows that the streamflow in these catchments might not depend on how much snow falls every individual year. Vegetation in exchange, of course, is the next question, the next step to ask, like what happens to vegetation, what happens to summer droughts? Without going into detail, I just would like to mention here, vegetation in mountain areas, that's a completely different story than streamflow. Here we show an example of tracing what water vegetation actually uses. We traced it with stable water isotopes. And this plot here just illustrates that vegetation uses completely different water. So vegetation uses rainwater, where stream groundwater and springs are mostly fed by snow. So this water tracing approach gives us an additional hint that there is something that we really need to understand, which in hydrology is currently called the two water worlds, meaning that vegetation uses different water from the streamflow. So now that we have these observed gradients, which we are lucky enough to observe in Switzerland because we have all these detailed streamflow observations, can we now assume that climate warming will simply shift the catchments along these gradients? Probably not. And what do we need to do to actually understand how snow affects these gradients? Is the fact that the waterfall has no a key factor? Or is it just the geology and the topography of these places? And can current climate change impact modeling change actually reproduce these kind of gradients that are observed? I don't have the answers today, but what I can say is that mountain water resources have the advantage that they are evolving extremely quickly, which gives us the opportunity to actually observe the ongoing change, which is fascinating and which gives us really new ways of observing the potential future by going out and measure the current situation and especially also to dig into existing data to understand what are our current available water resources before making predictions about the future. Thank you very much. It's time for the game, I think. Someone has to catch the ball, even if you don't want to. Question. I might make the question. You need to wait it. All right. Is there any morphological observation that would justify the possibility or back the possibility of water being swimming in the soil at our catchments? Well, we have, of course, like, ordinary deposits that can be impressive. So at specific places, we can say, okay, the more the geomorphology and the current aspect of the terrain suggests that there is high storage. What is interesting is that when I present these results currently at each year, for example, the first reaction is from some from some part of community that's not possible. And other people like from Russia, Chile would come and tell me and say, we see exactly the same. So it's, it's not for some people, it seems surprising. What our, our justification is basically it's a question of the potential, the connectivity of the storage to the river. So the higher up you go, the more slope you have, the more easier storage is connected to the river, which explains it's not the absolute storage goes up. It's just that the connected storage to the river goes up if you go up in elevation. What, what do you mean? That's easy. That's easy. Well, that was me. So it was a similar question. Yeah, I mean, there's a whole research branch going on the question whether snow is more efficient in recharging groundwater than rain. That would mean it's really the fact that it's the, it's the conspiracy between snowfall and storage potential and connectivity that creates high summer stream flow. And that will mean that if we replace the snowfall with rainfall, nicely spread out that the stream flow would go down. The process is still very challenging to test. That's why we do the traces tests basically to try to trace the snowfall amount or the snow melt amount in groundwater. But I think the only solution in this case would be to really resort to models and try to understand what is the effect of concentrated concentrated melt input over short period with respect to continuous rainfall input over the entire winter. This is work to be done. No question without the ball. Thank you for your story. So we have chosen a very simple model and it's a very important element in your point of view. So usually I also used to work with slightly more complex model. The reason why I use this one is that you can actually estimate compute the parameters from observations. So there is no such thing as parameter optimization, etc. It's really a model that you take precipitation and you can compute compute in a forward mode, the frequency of precipitation, the amount of precipitation. So the fact that it's so simple does not obscure the output in terms of huge amount of data that you do not know what the quality is and how you estimate the parameters. So that's the main reason it's really like it's the typical first principle approach where you really try to condense your knowledge to like the minimum that you need to explain the behavior. But of course it's really just the way it's actually just a filter to have a different look at the data. So the key here is to look at the data more than at the model. I think I was just thinking, did you consider permuffles? Okay, this is a whole family shoot, but you have also kind of a short time permuffles. So yeah, we have a lot of permuffles discussions because unfortunately enough to be in the moment in a university where there are a lot of people working on permuffles. So first of all, permuffles will definitely have an impact on recharge. So where does how does snow melt or rainfall actually access to the storage? How this is evolving currently, we are really at the very beginning. What is for sure is that like, if we talk about permuffles, we really think about the systems, the part of the catchment that are permanently frozen. And in terms of the actual water balance, the melt of the permuffles has a little impact because it's a few millimeters of water, right? The actual effect of the permuffles on the water balance can be a priori assumed to be small, but it has an effect on the connectivity of the flow pass, and especially also on access to storage. And how this, this interplay between retreating glaciers, uncovering permafrost, that's really for the next 10 years, I think. Yeah, but I was overthinking about the frozen activity here. So you had much massive rain. Yeah. And they froze, and they are frozen every year. I mean, at the moment, which you are looking for. Yeah, okay, so then this will mean that we are less than be less talking about permafrost, but about this particular activity. So I just recently got aware that there is a huge amount of research on this question in terms of marine stability and pressure, pressure equilibration between glaciers and moraines. And there is quite some knowledge about how much water can be in these moraines in the field of geology on people who work on marine stability. And this we still have to dig into. Because you're right, that's the amount of water that might be seasonally stored in the moraines might be much more important than what we previously thought. You started the presentation about hydropower. Yeah. So I'm curious about the implications of the time for hydropower going into the future. Well, let's say that my talk in front of the hydropower people will be in September. So I have not had direct reaction so far, even if it was published in the news. Many people would say, yeah, well, we knew this. And why does this reaction come where does this reaction come from it's because in the past the glaciers were already in a more balanced state, meaning that there was a there was a period in the past where they produced less water than now. So people who in theory every hydropower producer could actually have an estimate of how after its own of the variability of its system. So the interesting thing is that this number is really so low that some people would say, well, it's still 4%. So within the energy turnaround objective of Switzerland, it's still a lot. That's a number that I didn't present here. But basically, this one terawatt hour that comes from glacier mass loss corresponds also to what Switzerland wants to add in the next 20 years. So from this perspective, it's actually quite a lot. So of course, from a production viewpoint, these three to 4% are usually not compared to actual production, but they are easily compared to other losses. So what other losses do we have for hydropower? A typical one is environmental flow. And there it becomes political, right? That's why when I actually published the numbers, I didn't want to get into this. I didn't want to become the one who actually feeds water into this discussion that we should reduce environmental flow requirements, because we already lose this water from glacier mass retreat. So if we on top add environmental restrictions, we would lose even more water. So this discussion is certainly interesting. And my objective, of course, was not to add arguments on one or the other side. It was really just to say, okay, where are we today? And it's kind of cool because we all have all this data and it has not been combined before. Yeah, so that's also like the different regions that I showed, they obviously know already how much they depend on hydropower. What is interesting here is that you've seen, I was arguing we should work based on observed data, but then I still have this plot with the prediction, right? And this plot with the prediction where we see that it's going to decrease somewhere in the future. It's interesting because everyone knows that there's going to be something that is called peak water. So at some point you will have more than now, but we don't know, is it gone? And like the wrong area, they clearly think that the peak water is not there yet, that it's going to increase for the next 10, 20 years. The scientific debate also is peak water. Are we in the moment of peak water or is it going to be in 2050? I'm just interested in the value you see in the detailed models, even if you die from that. No, no, that's not the point. Because I would say if we prefer the standard process, then we can build something that sounds physical. Do you think there is a different way to be really predictive towards the future? When I said that many people from Delft would probably go this way, I was like, oh, I shouldn't have said that. It was nothing negative. I just know that I have many colleagues here who work on detailed models, as well as I have colleagues at TU Delft who work also on simple models. So what I meant to say is that in Delft you really have the entire wealth of modeling approaches, there's no doubt. So of course, detailed models have extreme added value in terms of understanding for things. And myself, I work also with detailed hydro-snow process models. The advantage is there that we can really get patterns. And that's the only option, actually. Well, we can use remote sensing, of course. But otherwise, as soon as we're interested in patterns in how snow melts at different locations, how it infiltrates, we need fully distributed physical models. I just think it's more usual when we're talking about climate change to go into the more complex model science. So that's why I think it's always interesting to kind of stay back and take the simple approach, which very often is, which is easy to criticize. Say it's so simple, it cannot account for the actual feedbacks in the system. No, no, but I think the most important thing that I would like to learn is what merities the trade-off. Because if you don't have enough information to use this to look at all the details, because you don't have a lot of information to use. So it's always balancing how much data you have in the system, how much you know about the processes, before you step into such one detailed model. Because in the end, you'd like to be predictive, rather than extrapolate the data. So is there a simple review to what, let's say, a final error and see how control models will take next step? I think very often the simple rule is like, if we don't have enough data, we cannot use fully distributed physical model. Which I don't think it's the best approach to take. Especially because nowadays that we have exactly, we have all these options remote sensing to come up with really fully distributed model without ground observations. Okay, we're not quite there yet, but that's going to come. I think what is interesting is really the question of exactly, as you say, trial and error. There are systems where there are things that the physical models are extremely good at predicting. And for example, when it comes to snow hydrology, the fully physical snow mountains, they get the really interesting distributed answers, patterns of melt. What we see then is that once it enters the soil, that's where it becomes more complicated. So for the persistence of I know the best, I know where the limit is. So it's exactly trial and error. So we try to fully physical approach, we see where how far it goes. It's impossible. I think that the actual answer is like, what question you're after. And the simple models, they can come up with interesting insights into the average behavior at a certain scale. And as soon as you need to have access to patterns or to smaller scale processes, then the fully physical or the distributed approach is probably the only one that brings you forward. Is there a completely different question? You focus quite a lot on higher power and the economic value of that. I'm not an anthropologist, but is there more value to glaciers than higher power? It is the ecological value or the ecosystem services of tourism. Does that play a role in considerations or the concerns about glaciers? Well, obviously, tourism is the other big question when it comes to glacier retreat because the mountains will be nice because it becomes dangerous like moraines that collapse, etc. The main concerns now is certainly economics, so hydropower irrigation also. In Switzerland, we do not much rely on it or not so much rely on it at the moment in other places, irrigation is very important. Then you have tourism and of course ecology, except that when talking about glacier retreat in ecology, we're talking about recolonization. These are areas that are previously below the glacier. So now that glaciers retreat, we create new ecosystems with potentially new biodiversity. But that's something we cannot really argue. The ecological value of what is left behind doesn't exist so far. It's going to be built. And of course there's a lot of research into this, like into understanding what is the role of that. But what I would like to point out is that so far we have actually very little understanding of what the impact of glacier retreat is on downstream ecology. Because glaciers were really studied as systems themselves. So for example, the interaction between glacier melt and groundwater downstream and biofilms and life, that's really just emerging now. I didn't get the slide where you were talking about the different water, the different part of the catchment they're using, especially talking about vegetation. Oops. Okay, I tried to do something. Yeah, go ahead. I will find a solution for that. I don't know what happened. Yeah, go ahead. Basically, if you explain it again, why you are arguing that vegetation is using a completely different type of water compared to the other components of the... So of course this was very fast. I just wanted to give like a short glimpse on the other hot topic, which is vegetation. Basically, our data-based results show that, well, stream flow is high in summer and there is no risk for summer droughts in all these environments. And by the way, during the summer drought 2018, it was exactly the case that all these systems didn't have... didn't experience drought at all. And the local water manager from my country even said to everyone, we don't have a drought in our mountains. And at the same time, the farmers called the army to bring water for the cows and for the vegetation. So there is a huge contradiction. And that's because stream flow drought and vegetation drought are deconnected in these environments. We kind of know that. We observed it, like 2018, we observed it. And the deeper reason for that, okay, there is research going on. But one of the reasons is that the vegetation really accesses soil water from the recent few weeks. And that's what we see here, like vegetation is really using rainfall a lot, so summer rainfall. Whereas the stream and the groundwater has a lot of snow in it. And this really shows that vegetation does not use the same water as the stream. So the stream has its water from deeper storage, probably. And the vegetation is fed by more reason board. This triggers a reaction. I'm not a plant physiologist. Okay, thank you very much. Thank you. Now we move to the second talk that is related to sediments. The second talk is telling the story of sediments going from governance to transport, the rule of landscape connectivity. The speaker is Professor Donald Papa Nicolao. He got his PhD from Virginia Tech and got several appointments in the last Washington State University, University of Iowa. He is professor at the University of Tennessee, Naxu. He is chief editor of the journal Adrenaline Engineering. And his research interests include mechanics of sediment transport, flow sediment interaction, hydraulic structures, and instrumentation. Thank you, everybody. I appreciate actually for being here today and what an honor to celebrate the inauguration of Professor Mario Jorge Franca. I have been very impressed with Mario over the years. His amazing journey actually about the quality and, you know, the breadth of your work. And I'm amazed also looking at your publications, pretty much going from the turbulent scale and the micro eddies and the sediment grains all the way to the landscape scale. And so I'm going to talk a little bit about the connectivity and connecting landscapes with rivers. And future directions, at least the way I see those. And the first thing to do will be the first thing to do will be to basically define what we mean with the term connectivity, because for many people means a lot of things. And what I'm doing here is I'm borrowing the definition from Ellen wall and on geomorphologist from Colorado State University that sees referring Ellen is describing here connectivity as the transfer of matter, energy, or organisms in fact, between two different landscape compartments. And today in my presentation I'm focusing into the upper component of the landscape, and also then the stream component. And lately the last 1015 years, we have been talking about the concept of the critical zone. And the critical zone is essentially a cubicle control volume, where you do have basically organisms living with it, you have water, and you have a lot of bio geochemical transformations taking place and therefore you are dealing with stocks. And you are dealing also with mass transfer. So one of the challenges with connectivity and understanding really what's going on the implications of connectivity to mass transfer and how signals of different properties are floating in space over time is essentially the heterogeneity that there is in the landscape. And you heard Bettina talking about the different gradients that exist in a landscape, you know, setting. And the other thing that is important to talk is about the lack of connectivity. So those are some of the aspects that I'm going to be talking. Very quickly, we constantly our community talks quite a lot about their both ground connectivity. But, you know, we tend to ignore and be biased and forget the below ground connectivity so I'm going to focus quite a lot on the below ground connectivity. And also, we're going to interface the both ground connectivity and the below ground connectivity with a social connectivity. And again, this is within the critical zone, sort of way of looking the things and just to put things in in some context for you in Europe, the critical zone is the soil track community. And in Australia, and other parts of the world is known as the CCM community. So very quickly, a lot of the discussions that we had in the previous presentation were actually referring to a both ground connectivity but also you heard about storage. And that relates to below ground productivity and they are a big part, a big component is the connectivity through the porous structure that forms within the soil continuum. And we have a network of porous, basically a porous network of macro and micro porous. And then the social connectivity. One way is to view it in the form of intensively managed type of landscapes. And what we're talking there is, for example, farmers farming affects the both ground connectivity when they tile. And they also affect the below ground connectivity because when they tile they affect the top 30 centimeters and you change the microstructure of the porosity microstructure and also you change the compaction in the soil, which affects obviously the connectivity So that's kind of the social connectivity and how it comes to my place. So three are the areas that I'm going to discuss the two of them connectivity of the landscapes that I discussed in IMLs. The other one is obviously sediment transport and intermittency and few slides on hydraulic infrastructure and stream geomorphology that I'm going to cover today. So this is an amazing picture from Washington State. This is right after pretty much in February, right after, you know, they get the snow there in October, and you can see a nice network of reels forming on, you know, on top of that hill slope. And you can see basically the parallel formation of those reels and then leading to headcuts and so on. And so this is essentially a form of connectivity there. And what we are, you know, dealing here is with intensive managed landscapes. And one hypothesis that we're trying to test is that over the years due to the social connectivity those landscapes basically have been transformed from being a transformer type of landscape to a transporter type of landscape. Meaning, we have affected the landscape so much the structure of the landscape in a way that really we have affected the time rates and the gradients of certain processes, but how quickly with time in a way that this system now basically is behaving as a transformer, but as a transporter. And what that means is essentially, well, that's the reason we're getting at least in parts of the US and other parts of the world, flooding in some ways. Also, that's the reason we see the issues with the nutrients in the Mississippi River basin and the significant hypoxia that we got in the Gulf of Mexico. We have basically this made the ability of those landscapes to deal with basically nutrient assimilation and the fact that we have changed the structure of those landscapes, we have exacerbated the situation. So this is essentially the hypothesis that we're dealing with and it's a fair assumption to say that those systems are in disequilibrium. And that non-specionarity that we see in the behavior of those systems is very much affected by anthropogenic activities. And what we're trying to do here is to deal with event-based dynamics and event-based dynamics I don't mean only extreme, but I mean a sequence of events that we're dealing with. So imagine those are two guys and they're pulling that rope and basically kind of the system has become unstable. So I'm going to deal here with trying to frame my presentation in the form of challenges moving forward. And then I'm going to conclude with some ideas where some of us we think there is more room to contribute, but also some questions that remain unanswered. And the first thing when it comes to modeling those types of landscapes, the critical zone is the heterogeneity in the properties, including land use. And really this picture shows basically the co-evolution of a bunch of processes. We have a main real forming right here. And then we have five, four mechanisms basically contributing to, I'm looking here, the carbon transport into basically that hill slope domain. We have essentially the replacement of the soil organic carbon through erosion. Then we have as the transport transports of the particles takes place we have the burial of that organic matter. In addition to that we have mechanism three that's the respiration that is very much regulated from the soil moisture that exists in the soil in the control volume. And then we have what we call the formation of the complex organic mineral matter, which is essentially when the litter mixes with the soil grains, and we have the formation of aggregates, which are basically soil clouds that form in the landscape. So all of this is very difficult to map in a model. And one of the, we got many challenges here, and there you go, you got a more complicated model, but the challenges in defining constitutive equations that can close really those models is significant. And one of the challenges is basically how you can come up with a physical definition for that sisabelle coefficient there at the time like, and people are actually talking about the role of vegetation cover aggregates and so on. And this is some of the things that we are struggling. So as we're struggling struggling with that. Another concept that we're dealing very much is the concept borrowed actually from in stream flows the concept of virtual velocity and how particles are moving and particles in the landscape. And that's another challenge that we're dealing with. The other thing that we're trying to understand is how signals of soil fluxes are transported in the landscape. So we can go and apply remedial measures. For example, I want to put some terraces, I want to put some, you know, name it grass water ways to stabilize the landscape. Well, I need to know how much migration of masses transported down slow. And to do that, we are trying to sort of come up with diagrams and you see there that on the vertical axis, the stream power concept is utilized and the horizontal axis, the normalized rainfall intensity. And what we're trying to to understand is basically how roughness and we're dealing there with a bear soil situation versus vegetated situation where we have vegetation coverage, how that signal basically propagates downstream. And one concept that is very known in catchment hydrology but less to a lesser extent in catchment geomorphology is the concept of the crossover point and the crossover point is essentially the point where a certain signal here my sediment concentration on an average sense behaves the same way. So identifying basically that characteristic spatial scale where my signal of mass, my signal of dissolved nutrients behaves the same will be quite important because then I will know where I can put my sensors in order to be able to assess or evaluate that my remedial measures for that specific water said, have an impact to the average flux that comes out from that domain. So this is quite important. And it's an example, how we can use fundamentals to address basically some in this particular case monitoring type of questions, but also some societal questions. For example, the decision makers, they want to see is counter measure a efficient or we need to do something else. So moving on, we have, and not only us, but we have dealt with a variety of models, we have modified and enhance the water erosion prediction project by the US Department of Agriculture to incorporate some of those issues that I described before regarding heterogeneity. And try to route basically flaxes of water sediment nutrients in carbon on the down slot. I'm not going to go much into the detail, but you can see how data hungry those models are. And therefore how much the challenges that we got in terms of the type of observations that we need in order to even solve a steady state equation for sediment transfer. So this is the flax moving down slope in one direction. And this is basically flaxes detachment. These are the detachment terms from the real area. And this is the in the real area. And you can see what's going on there. So the second challenge is how we can scale up all of this, how we can basically go from the plot scale to the hill slope, small basin and larger basin. And I think an understanding of how the signal propagates in space and time is an issue that remains open. But also understanding certain thresholds and how, for example, soil moisture, we're looking for the soil moisture maps, this map maps that we have in the US to be able to understand, for example, how soil moisture may affect flaxes or, you know, transport downslope in the downslope. And this is an example of when we put the societal connectivity on top of the critical zone connectivity, while we see this is a very complicated figure, but what we see here is the soil organic carbon. In kilograms of carbon per hectare, one hectare is 0.01 kilometers square on the vertical axis and on the horizontal axis is basically since the early 1900s, the chrono sequence basically in the SOC. What we see is prior to the, or right after the European settlement basically in the US, we had about 50,000 kilograms of carbon per hectare. And then once agriculture started basically becoming intense and we had the moldboard plowing taking place, we saw pretty much a significant decline, a sharp decline in basically carbon. And that decline pretty much continued until in 1985. In 1985, the US basically had the farm bill that was introduced and that farm bill basically was saying we need to establish conservation practices. So farmers were given, you know, credits to be able to stabilize, to take measures to stabilize their land and so on. And what you see here is it took about 25 years to see basically the chains to see the reverse in the, you know, slope here in the SOC. So you see a significant change then and pretty much those measures are taking, you know, dividends basically. But at the same time what you see is that a lot of other activities taking place. You see that the farm size also increased in the US. You have more mega farmers. Now those mega farmers can buy expensive equipment, but also they can do a lot of conservation. So you see some of the benefits that we attribute, you know, basically the improvement that we see in the SOC. But also we see here this sort of, you know, wavy type of plot here is the erosion rates that we saw at different times throughout this period. And then you see after the conservation pretty much period when the conservation measures kicked in, what you see here is that the erosion went below that threshold value here, which is 11 basically times the tolerance rate that is set by the US Department of Agriculture. And you see basically how all of this, what I call the social, the above and below ground connectivity work together. Silence tree is obviously what is going on at the buffer between the upland component and the instrument component and that buffer is the banks of rivers and understanding this is a topic that received a lot of attention. You know, we have different modes of bank failure. And I'm not going to get into the details, but what's going on in essentially at the bank, pretty much the bank interfaces the mirror of the rivers, as I call it, because in many ways, pretty much the healthy banks are a reflection of what is going on. In the landscape. So this is how, back in 1966, people, you know, viewed conservation and sustainability of the banks. This is from the from the Iowa River in Iowa City where I used to be where basically people went and bought a bunch of old cars and tires. They basically a buffer to stabilize the banks and also to create also areas where you have deceleration of the flow for fish and microorganisms to grow. So we can do a better thing better than that. And one way, one toy that we have sort of work with is the photo electronic erosion peeps. They call them erosion pins. And this device was actually stolen from coastal engineering, where people will see how waves create erosion and break, you know, near shore. And with the same way, we can measure with those pins here that you see those photo diodes. You can measure continuously treat of the banks, and you can monitor erosion. But another thing of, you know, importance is essentially the logs and those logs can have a multiple, they can have a beneficial play a beneficial role. You can see those pools, they can work almost like a dam. And therefore, you can change storage time. This is, again, from basically from the Illinois River, what we see here picture. And we're talking about connectivity and geomorphic connectivity here, and enhancers of connectivity and the nick points is one of those. And the nick points, pretty much here we're dealing with a nick point that propagates upstream against the flow direction. And those are the so called cohesive nick points in the deep loose area. What you see here is essentially the continuous migration of the nick point and the interaction of the flow with the subsurface and, you know, the undercutting mechanism that takes place. So I'm giving you some snapshots here of the different challenges that we have. Challenge number four is sediment budgets and sediment source partitioning from the landscape. This is a simple balance equation. My total flux is my upland contributions, my bank sediment, and then this is my channel bed sediment. And the next slide is going to show you, we're basically trying to source partitioning from where that material is coming from using different tracers. We collect the material at the outlet of a basin or a catchment here, and we're trying to identify using different tracers, like stable isotopes, like regular clients or even, you know, clay characteristics and claim mineralogy from where that material is coming from. And what you see here is we're using beryllium 7, that's a radionuclide that has its short life. Basically, you get activity up to roughly 45 days. Beyond that point, the segment has zero activity. And what you see here is two different hydrographs and what you see the blue lines here and those pies are signifying contributions of the upland versus in stream segment. And you see that at the beginning of the storm, basically have more contributions from the upland because material that is loose ends up into the channel. But as the time progresses, you see actually here more material coming but then eventually this is an anomaly here but eventually what we see is more the channel segment to win over the upland segment. And then here when we go to a much larger magnitude event, pretty much then in stream material is winning over the overland segment. So this is a very interesting simple technique fairly cheap to implement that we are using and we have used with success pretty much in about 15 different landscapes. And now this was about, you know, uplands and their contributions and now moving to segment transport and intermittency. One of the problems that I have struggled over the years is basically to understand really essentially what is going on at this lower end, pretty much very close to near threshold conditions in terms of flaxes. And we do know that there is some, or at least we agree in our community that there is a universal law that this one and a half power that you see here on the bedsheet stress is widely acceptable. Some people may agree or may disagree, but it's 1.5 to 1.7. And there is some relation, there is a, this is a characteristic basically scale it's a fractal sort of dimension in many ways, in my opinion. And what we are struggling with is what is going on in this near threshold type of condition. And that is where we see that intermittency. And what I'm going to be talking today is how basically flow intermittency and flow turbulence interacts with bed patterns and bed features and how that interaction generates those features, those emergent patterns that we see in gravel bed rivers, what we call micro clusters or micro bed micro features. And this is a picture that I have borrowed from Marwan Hassan from British Columbia, where you see those network, you know, that network of patches. This is what we believe in organized kind of patch structure. And you see that in gravel bed rivers, but also you see that in sand bed rivers. And you see that you get an idea of the of the scale of those, what others call reticulate structures. And the hypothesis here is that we believe that there are two basically components that drive the whole process. One is the grain to grain collisions that we see in the riverbed and that that's number two there. And when grains collide, basically they tend to agglomerate. So that's one. But then in gravel bed rivers and mountain streams that Bettina has talked with, essentially what we see is also those boulders regulating the transport. And I'm going to skip this, but this is a nice very quickly. I'm going to say that we see those bed features. And this is a bar where you see with a snow. Clearly, they expose basically uncorporated. We are trying to understand what's going on around those boulders, the eddy topology and the eddy structure. And what we find is that really submergence around those borders pretty much dictates what is going on. And the level of the submergence dictates in many ways the area of what we call effective area what I call the parking lots in the wake region behind those boulders and the size of those parking lots. But in low relative submergence, due to other mechanisms, we see those parking lots to occur basically in front of what we call the Stoss of those boulders. There is a lot of work on that, but this is still an exciting topic and very beautiful topic that I think many young people can discuss. So I am a Delft, IHC and TU Delft, so I thought I should put something about hydraulic structures. And I know the work that Professor Rutel Wolf has done and others here in this room when it comes to hydraulic structures. So one of the things that we are looking basically is to play with interchange of weirs and bent-weight weirs and understand really how the submergence of those structures affects the location of the scar pole and also the maximum scar depth. Nothing to do with connectivity. So future directions, I think use of sensor technology to develop national infrastructure for urban communities here in Europe but also in the US along the coast. Number two is sediment transport and intermittency. This is, I believe, a challenge and with the revolution that we had in geophones, hydrophones, RFIDs, this is an area that you all agree we have seen a significant progress the last five to ten years. I think sensors, I'm dealing again with a band-aid type of sensors that you can attach to earthworms and you can get basically temperature what's going on within the soil profile. So there is an amazing revolution when it comes to microsensors. What you see here is the RFIDs, some of the work that I was doing when I was in Iowa. And how we use them around bridge piers to monitor basically scar depth and how we use the signal that we get the radio signal to understand when basically those RFIDs get exposed to water so scar has taken place. Then you see that kind of picky function. It's a Bessel function, but when you are having those RFIDs particles being fully covered with sediment then you have that bell shape function in your radio signal. And I got two more needs. One is, I believe, national and international. In the US we have been moving the large hydropower but there is now a move the last four to six years with the small hydropower is less intrusive. So one move is to take advantage of about 2,000 amps that exist and need to be retrofitted. The other move is to identify areas that is easy to get permitting going and they have also needs for hydropower for new forms of energy and to use hydropower to support solar or wind energy. So this is another area. Well, I mean one important thing I believe to our work is using satellites and using basically this is utilization of the multi-satellite in the Mississippi River basin to get concentration of sediment and this is basically from data back in 2001, a demo where you can see the change in color when you calibrate then the intensity you can basically relate that to the milligrams per liter of suspended material. And I saw a lot of penguins in town. So this is actually from a slide that I got from Torsten Wogner. Your guy, he had him on your, so any questions? Thank you. About monitoring networks and the issue of scales. You mentioned that it's important to identify that point in the scale of space to know how to measure our variable of interest. But I believe that also, of course, there is the temporal scale and that may be even more complicated. So essentially what you saw there was basically over a period of time aggregated, so to speak, ensemble average, you know, flaxes, what you saw in my plot in my sketch there. So clearly, when it comes to the temporal scale, it will be nearly impossible to come up with a framework, so to speak, how to be able to say, okay, this is the location. So I believe they're having like gradient type of approaches, so there are people that they move with the surge of the storm, and they have those mobile units like flottable units. So that could be, I mean, just I'm throwing ideas. But the problem that we had, for example, with a lot of the monitoring assessments was that usually people will go at the mouth of the water set and put a sensor there. And I will say that that, you know, sensor is providing, you know, representative flaxes for, you know, suspended setting. But that was not necessarily the case. You are not capturing the, you know, variability or the whole range of variability that you had in that water set. So, or you could not, I should say, evaluate what was going on in terms of management practices. So what you saw there is in that slide is from the special perspective, coming up with a sort of an average assessment where you should put your sensors. So you can capture basically the average response of your water set to a series of events. Thank you. It's a good question. Maybe we can go back to your very complicated slides or maybe not. There's in these models for non-equilibrium segment or any kind of species transport. This is the species for the non-equilibrium part, which from my earlier experience on that, you can learn more and more difficult when you get smaller and smaller scales. Because then the actual idea of equilibrium, so if you try to balance the deviations from the equilibrium, but then even the positive equilibrium is kind of fancy in some states. So are you actually following research on that or would you prefer to be more on the side of the couple of equations for, you know, the treatment and the position that will not involve any position of equilibrium in the first place? Yeah. Well, both. In some ways, that's an excellent question. In some ways, we have to go with, I mean, the current, you know, sort of way of how things are going. We assume obviously there is a transport capacity in a channel and that's a concept that is basically born with that notion of equilibrium. So, and then basically depending on what you have, if your flux is greater than that, then you assume that the position takes place. Myself, yes, I prefer to that we move to that decoupled way. And but the challenges there are we, a lot of our experimental design, in fact, has not been done in a way to fully support it. So we got very recently and a couple of other groups actually unknown in Australia. We are looking actually down to basically at the experimental plot, what is going on using rainfall simulators and trying to understand at the scale at the grain scale. That notion of the non equilibrium basically because pretty much there you do not have that, you know, you pretty much you are away from that sort of imaginary in many ways view of the equilibrium. And we see that, for example, range class is an important component when it comes there but also an untold story that we see more and more is obviously the ceiling that takes place in the soil surface and the implications of that. Another untold story is the small head cutting that takes place. That's very difficult to really come up with sort of a dynamic way to predict it because you need to know really your starting point when that took place. There is a very interesting work from England by Cooper at all. That's one paper that actually I was very impressed to see believe has been in what resources research that kind of try to address this issue. There is a very interesting paper from Lou Vaughan Lou Vaughan that also tries to sort of address this problem. It's, it's exciting. I mean, there is the same issue I had the paper submitted to the general hydraulic engineering as a forum paper by cow from in China that basically talked about abandoning the the whole concept of equilibrium. And I think it was published two years ago. It took two, four, it took four rounds of reviews to get it through and back and forth with a because there are a lot of deep and hard feelings there by this issue. But I think as we move more to from more learning approaches to my great in a practice that question becomes probably more important and also that issue of equilibrium to this equilibrium in some ways, because for the lagrangian you follow the The fight for the feeling is that it's, it's, it's, it's, it's becomes better. Yeah, thank you. Yeah, thank you. We mentioned that like systems coming like more transformers and transformers and then you also quickly said that this might result in the system being more event dependent. So, why actually. Oh, no, it's not. Yeah, yeah. No, actually, I didn't mean to imply that I was, I was saying that we followed invent based approach to examine that transported transported. So, yeah, so probably came the wrong way. No, but by any means, no, thanks. Thank you. Thank you. This is the end of the Michael's puzzle. Thank you. Good afternoon. My name is Eddie Morse and I'm director of it she does. And I'm very proud that I have the opportunity here to announce the inaugural address by, and then I think that's another nice part I want to say is Mario George Rodriguez Perrera, Franca. And it's nice that I finally learn all his names. And I would like to also very much welcome, not only the colleagues here at IC delts, but also the colleagues of universities that we are participating with, especially today to delts and Wageningen University and research. And I would like to ask Mario Franca, as we're calling here, professor of hydraulic engineering for river basin development and professor of river basin development at Delft University of Technology. I would like to give his opening address, which is titled the changes here fat for sure. Let's see. Dear vector of it. The professor theme how to represent in your delft. My colleagues at the academic board. My colleagues from river basin development chair group. Thank you, Delft, the university that came here, your colleagues, guests, students, family and friends. Thank you for being here today. It's a special day for me. I'm very happy and I'm happy to see all of you. I kind of recognize all of you here. So I'm very happy. I will not start immediately my address. So I'm relatively new in the Netherlands, relatively new. I think I know it well already. So I'll just talk a bit about myself and a couple of slides and then I'll go for my vision for my for my address if you want. This will not be a typical speech. It will be an illustrated presentation. That's what I choose. So this is my town. And I was a teenager in this day. And I got stuck in the flood in the house of some friends. My brother is here. We also got stuck. We will cast for some hours to not seem special. It was kind of fun. But I think I understood what I saw for the first time the power of water and what we have to do to cope with it. I must say I was not very impressed. And I didn't I was not very interested by water by them. It was later as an undergrad student student of civil engineering that I went to study hydraulics and fluid mechanics. And I must confess it was because I was very afraid of the other subjects. So I decided to go to hydraulics. But I developed a passion or an interest at least for the flowing water and how does it interact with other things with other elements. And that's my main interest here. I did the balance now of my life. It's not very long, but OK, we always do that sometimes. And I realized that 50% of my professional life was dedicated to research. 30% to consultancy and 24 teaching. So the research I did, I noted here not to forget. So it was in turbo open channel flows of fluid mechanics. I did not want sediment transport, gravity currents, river structures, dam break and non-conventional hydropower. In terms of consultancy, I did lots of river engineering, hydropower, hydraulics, dam safety, emergency planning and many other things. And as a teacher, well as a lecturer if you want, I gave the basics of fluid mechanics and hydraulic engineering. I also taught fluid ecomorphology, numerical and experimental methods among others. So in all these things, I touch upon several topics. And I like these movies because they illustrate more or less short clips. Some of my research, not all of them, but some of them. And that's flowing water and interacting with elements. Here we have a brine current intercepting, namely fluid. So it's a salty current going into freshwater current. There, we were studying with Gryffvara, which is here, and I'm happy it's here, vegetation, interaction of vegetation with the flow. And here, there are two studies on bed load transport, or I'm sorry, sediment transport, bed load and suspended transport. This allowed me a great interaction with many other specialists like microbiologists, fish behaviorists, entomologists, ecologists, lots of people with whom I was happy to work. I still didn't work how the flowing water intersects with humans, for instance, or legal aspects, economical aspects, health and defense. And I would like to do it, so it's an invitation. And finally, I just want to, for a lighter slide, I have a connection with Delft, so I'm not that new to Delft. I don't know if people still remember me, but I was here some years ago, I was a master's student of half-deferring, professor of half-deferring, and then I did master's thesis, modeling the river valve with a model, with an American model named Sovec. I think this is very familiar to most of you guys, all these names, so I'm acquainted with these things. And for the students, I was also staying in Cedars-Frankstrasse, so it's not that traumatic, okay? It can be traumatic, but we can survive and have a nice life afterwards. And then I'm going to refer my brother again, because we stay there some nights as well, and I think we, well, it's just traumatic, but we can survive. And finally, my address. And it has a kind of an English, French name, I also like the French language, but it has a reason also. I don't know if you are gamblers or not. If you go to a casino and a guy that handles the roulette, when he throws the balls, it says, which it means basically, well, we don't know what's going to happen. Now everything is unforeseen. Let's see what's happening. Okay, just make your bets. And typically they say it in French as well. I think here they also say it in French. And this is also to relate a bit with the reality. It seems that we go, we went through the typical point already. So we don't know how to handle what we are seeing in the news every day. And I'm talking about climate change, of course. It seems there is a cascade of events we use every day or every week at least that makes it a bit puzzling, not knowing what to do. At least I'm like that. There was a very nice piece of paper in the New York Times in February called Time to Panic. And it was very nice because the author says maybe panic is our salvation. I don't know. But maybe it's a catalyzer of change that we need. I don't know. But let's go through the rest. And this is more or less the panorama of the last century. In 1920, H.G. Wells, I don't know if you know him, he has a very nice book called Outline of History. It's very beautiful, very nice illustration. It's a vision about history. And he referred, let me repeat, that there was the possibility that humans can change inversely the climate. And he referred specifically to the forestation that was happening in the States. It's quite curious. Last week there was a paper from some guys in Zurich calling a lot about forestation as one of the possible tools still to hold on the temperature to rise. So it's not how we were kind of stuck and not doing nothing. And last week the UN report said that every week there is a major disruption with consequences to human lives and the planet due to climate change. So I think we are there yet. And we see this kind of news every day, right? This is a particular one that I was interested, it was very interesting, because it was about climate appetite. So apparently those that didn't contribute that much or nothing to climate change, they will suffer the most because they don't have ways to defend and also in areas more susceptible. Of course, there is good news, there is a growing concern. I think for the primaries in the elections of the democracy discussed climate change a lot in the last European elections, there was also the influence the results, which is nice to see. And there is also, of course, the climate strikes from the young generation. That's the context where you are now. So what do I do? I'm an hydraulic engineer. I know about fluid mechanics. And there are some things that at least they are certain. These are the Navier-Stokes equations, these kind of things that we work with. And I think I hope my students recognize them immediately and know what to do with them. This is one of our main tools. They are simple equations. They just express the rate of change of momentum, and I'm reading not to say something wrong, of the flowing water as a response to external forces, right? And typically we model them, and we simplify them, we cut here and there, and we assume that's the only way we can solve it, otherwise it's impossible. But the basic principles, they are still whole, they are still valid, fortunately. What may not be valid is the models and assumptions that we are interested in, because things don't work anymore. So the simplifications we do may not be valid anymore. And that's, again, the context where we are living. One of the things we do, usually, we do simplified constructions of our life. These are very simple things. That's the only way we can handle these complicated equations. And typically one of the simplifications is related with scales. When we model a river, a river ridge, as a river engineering, for instance, we are concerned about the scale of the river ridge, some hundreds of meters of length, and that's all. And then we just simplify. This is our mean scale, this is where we are. And then we have the large scales, and we just say, that's boundary conditions. That gives us the amount of water, amount of sediment, but we just say that's what they give us. And then there are lots of small little things happening in the river, like the water around the pebbles, the pebbles moving, the interaction with the banks, and that's the small scales. And what we do, we say, oh, it is a manning equal to something. We just model everything in one number. But the assumption is that what's happening in the clouds, the big boundary conditions, are separated from the small scale phenomena. And they are two different worlds, and we are in the middle, and we model them like that. But when we watch cascading effects that we watch now, and the climate apparently is changing everything, things may not be like that. And that's where we have to be prepared to face influence and all the elements, and we cannot look at the river, and that sky is separately anymore, like the gnomes over there. Recently, in our specialization, Alessandro Corsato, supervises an excellent student, I'll have to reset, I think she agrees. And he, among others, but he approached both. So we looked at the influence of changes in hydrology, the big things, how that could affect morphology of a river, and he also looked at how the climate influencing the vegetation could affect the river, and how this combined. I think I said it right. So that's one way to go. With all these things, we, as a researcher, we are invited to do something meaningful, maybe finally, right? If we see, if we open the funding agencies pages, if we read the news, the politicians, they force us to do something meaningful. It doesn't mean that it's not fundamental research. It means that we have to be thinking about something that provokes what we call society challenge, society change, transformation for the human, for the well-being of the human and of the planet. So how do we do that? Well, we have to take some guidelines and references. This slide here shows an interpretation of sustainable development goals. For those who don't know, it's a call for action from the UN for the improvement of the well-being of humans and the planet. And it's a call for action that, well, establishes some targets that we should try to achieve until 2030, to things going in the right way. And this image from the high panel from UN World Bank on water shows the relationship of the 17 SDGs and water. And I really liked it. And the colors, so how much they are linked. And then we did an exercise in the River Basin Development Chairgroup recently to see how we relate with them with the SDGs. And we concluded that we are working within the SDG-6, which is about clear water sanitation. And we are working on about the quantity of water, mainly. On SDG-7, and we are working indeed in sustainable and hopefully harmless hydropower generation. We are working also on SDG-11 somehow, mainly on geomorphology stability of rivers, for instance, for protection of persons. And we are working on SDG-15, on the geophysical features of river habitats, for instance, on how the rivers are healthy in terms of variety and biodiversity we contribute today. Let me talk a bit about the topics of research that enthused me, if you want, but I want to fall in the next years. I divide them thematically, and they include water, land, sustainability and energy. And they will have several degrees of usage, if you want. I will pursue, as I've been done a lot lately, fundamental research, very scientific level, and also, I hope, in the applied level, in your application towards solutions. They also be, however, orientated to contribute to some societal positive change. In this slide, I'm talking the context of the salination plants. Maria Kenner is not here today. I just wanted to tell her she knows about the salination plants, if she's here in mainstreaming. I don't know nothing about the salination plants, but I know a bit about gravity currents. And I've been reading and informing a lot, and after the salination plants, which are a crucial tool to fight the lack of water in some countries, and it's going to explode in the next years, but the outfall of these salination plants is salty currents that are introduced in the environment. And I've been studying the density currents, but never in this sense. But it's known, for instance, I think it's Miami Gulf, in a picture from Ben Hodges, he explains very clearly that outside these outflows, the dense fluid stays stagnant and provokes epoxy in the bottom of the ocean, of the east. So, with Maria Kennedy, with David Faraz, from WSC Group, and with Daniel Valero, we are trying to force and try to make an integrated model of these flows, and approaching the pressurized part of the flows and also the outer field, and trying to see if there is any operation measure that we can help to solve this problem. It's a very fundamental investigation, but I think it has a clear societal impact. Sediments is something I've been working lately a lot. And why sediments? You know, when you go to a river, we don't even notice sometimes. There is some sand in the river, some gravel, but they are the builders of the landscape. They are essential for riverine habitats. They are essential to bring nutrients to produce food. They are essential for food connectivity and for the stability and safety of the rivers. And with Alessandro, in the frame of his PhD, Alessandro Catapan, with Paolo Parón, Michael Montaigne, and also with the University of Lyon, FFPAG, we are trying to develop a river basin model that represents or simulates the fluxes and pathways of sediments in a river basin. And that's if we have that model well fine-tuned and running well, we can simulate things within, like human interference, how does it influence the sediment cycle in the river basin, or for instance, we can help defining protection, preservation and recovering measures of landscape, even dam re-operation, dam recombination, or re-wilding of rivers. Hopefully, we can get a tool like that. Another topic is sustainability of hydraulic infrastructures. And maybe I'm talking here about water storage and supply. And I use an example, which is the reservoirs that we construct, well, the dams that we construct and have a reservoir behind them. Like it or not, we use them a lot to water supply, food production and energy production. And we are using it now, probably. However, they are susceptible to sedimentation. And sedimentation accumulates upstream, like that, sorry, a reservoir in Taiwan, and it lacks sediments with lack downstream. I think we didn't preview water earlier. That was an error, that's okay. We know already existing techniques to bypass and put the sediments downstream. They are not perfect, we know it, but they are existing. But why don't we apply them? And it's also a collection of how we have our economical model of reservoirs, for instance. We admit that they are exhaustive resources. And I'm talking about the loss, the storage that is lost upstream, but also the lack of sediments in the habitat downstream. So how do we do this? I've been talking with George Anudale, some of you may know him, he's a specialist in reservoir sedimentation and sustainability of reservoirs. And we would like to make a global analysis and just to see in the world if we treated these resources with a scarcity rent attributed to the storage of the reservoir and also to the loss of the habitats in the economical model, when you do these calculations, maybe it will be worth to apply these measures. So this is an idea we're trying to develop, and I think a good global analysis could change a lot and make these implementation impacts go through to ensure more sustainability of our infrastructure. Regarding energy, first we're trying to establish a cross-cutting initiative on sustainable hydropower here. We tried now, we established it, now we need some more momentum. And that's what we're doing with Miroslav Marens from our big group, but also with Susan Schmeyer from Water Covenants. And we try to make a forum for discussion and information of events in this topic. I think the Netherlands is the right place because we're kind of neutral regarding hydropower generation and big dams. So I think it's a good place for that. But besides that, me and Miroslav have been trying to develop some research line in the development of low-carbon and low-cost solutions to produce energy. One of these solutions is what we call the reciculation of energy in the existing hydraulic infrastructure. We discussed this option last year in World Water Week, in the session it went very well, I think it was well accepted. And okay, people are working on it, but it seems that we miss a global analysis. Again, if we have a global analysis and we show a huge potential in the region of the world, maybe investors change their ideas regarding this. There is a huge potential for energy mining on existing hydraulic infrastructures, on urban or rural spaces, but this hidden treasure and forklift is not well evaluated yet. That's why I decided to make an example here. I'll make a small example. This is San Francisco in the States. I don't know if everyone knows this city. Probably not. If you see in the bullet with Steve McQueen running the streets with the Ford Mustang, it's a good, you know, well, San Francisco. I think you understand the slope that is in those streets. So I just did a small exercise in this street. So this street, I'm sure there is a water supply network inside, of course. But the pressure that the water has on the top of the street cannot come all the way until down. So it will just destroy our taps inside our houses. So we have to destroy this pressure. We have to get rid of energy. So the exercise is like, I imagine that there was about 100 persons in the downside of the street taking a shower during my inaugural press, more or less one hour. And I just compute the energy of what that means. And we could go to Paris and come back in a e-bike. It's okay. It's not bad. That will be the current cost of a passenger to go to Paris in training. That will wash 100 kilograms of laundry. But unfortunately, less than 10%, it will feel less than 10% of a concept of growing stones. They spend a lot of energy. But okay, it could be a contribution. So IHE Delft, we learned this when we came here. We have three pillars. The first I've been talking about. I've been talking about research. The second is education. And the third, it's institutional strengthening. Before jumping into the two other pillars, let me show you a picture that I produced, very simple, of course. But based on scobles, which is a more or less good source of knowledge about what is being published in the world. If we look for papers with water in the title, you see how many are published per day. So until now, in numbers of 2019, we are already in 129. I think we are about 130 academics in the institute. So Eddie will have to go every morning to see and distribute by husband papers. So the production is huge. Everything is changing fast. Everything is growing fast, the problems. But at the same time, it's everything. We are producing huge amounts of information in non-quadrified manner. That means that it's scientific language. So it's not getting to a normal practitioner yet. So what does that mean? It's not very easy. And we have to maybe understand new forms of teaching or creating water professionals or drug engineers. So that means that, and this is my view, people coming out from schools like ours, they have to be able to produce their own science. They have to have the instruments. They have to have good knowledge of the basis, but they have to be open to apply the scientific method. They are out there in 20 years, 15 years. There is something different because they didn't learn it here. Things change. And there is lots of knowledge. Either they know how to interpret it or either they have to produce it, or probably they have to do it both. And this is, I think I did a parallel with the called the emancipation of the spectator, the Jacques Lancier talk. So we need an emancipated community of engineers. And that's what we need, that people that are capable of changing every day or changing every five days and acquiring new information, treating them and providing new solutions. Regarding institutional strength, those words there that in the context of global change, risk management is easier for nations, companies and even individuals when the likelihood and consequences of possible events are rarely understood. This is from, I just took this from the last report from IPCC. And I think it says all. So we have to do the same regarding our institutions. They have also to be sufficiently malleable to accumulate changes and adapt. And I think two purposes are essential for this effective strengthening process of institutions. One is identification and another one is independent implementation. And I think both help to have a long-term effect on these institutions and they are capable of adaptation to change. That's my view. I'm leading a project called S Multi-Store, which is an initiative for research and innovation in collaboration with partners in the South. And it's supported by the Dutch Ministry of Affairs and the Programmatic Corporation with IHG Delft. And this project with this, we want to investigate and demonstrate improved tools and approaches that help to have sustainable water storage structures for supply, water supply, food and energy production. So basically we work, we support local partners to develop their own tools and policies regarding aspects of sustainable hydropower dams and multi-purpose dams as well, irrigation and for supply. So the project focuses on three large basins of the world, in the Magdalena Basin in Colombia, in the Zimbabwe Basin in the middle, and in Irawad Basin in Myanmar. In the Magdalena Basin, Gerald Corso, I don't know if it's you, is giving you great help with Escuela, Colombia, and Ingenieria and Potifica Universidad Ravellana, local NGOs, administration, civil society organizations and through PhDs and master students' research, they are able to provide, they are constructing hydroinformatic tools for integrated and sustainable management of storage of water and hydropower including the definition of environmental flows. Hopefully that will be a good result there. Regarding Zimbabwe, among other developments that we have there, I refer to when I was involved more in November through some months, and that was with Gretchen, Tivor, Gretchen Ghetto, I'm sorry I'm saying all this with the same name, Tivor Sichter and Barry Gersonius, the University of Lluardo-Mondland in Maputo, local NGOs, administration, and also with the help of master students. We did an integrative study of the sustainability of small-scale storage solutions, and we studied them from the point of view of safety, security, structural safety as well, water quality, and future resilience. We have a new master that hopefully will produce an integrative view of this all. Finally, in Irawali, in Myanmar, John Connellyne, we call him from Yantung University, Myanmar University, local NGOs, administration bodies, and also with the help of PhDs and master's research, we are trying to do a push to the establishment of environmental flow policies and also of guidelines for the improvement of fish migration policies in Myanmar regarding hydropower dams, multipurpose dams, and we will have a workshop in September where hopefully, well, we will define the framework, the first framework for environmental flows in Myanmar. And finally, an extension of this project in Gujarat, India with Micha Werner and Tivor Sichter, and local administration and a master's student, we did an extension of the project to study strategies for conjunctive water allocation from reservoir and groundwater to increase resiliency of an irrigation system in an area very affected by droughts. That's a nice picture from the end of the River Magdalena. It has a lighthouse, which is kind of a reference for some of us, I think at least, just before I phrase my wish list. I don't call it a vision, I just call it the wish list. It's the next slide. And it's, I think it's something that maybe, okay, in some years, we'll all be here and you'll judge me if I did something or not of what I said. So my wish list, it's simple enough so I can do something. And it's also related with what I have been doing more or less. So first is the quantification of how human interfere in the natural aquacity systems, in those topics that I referred. And of course with this quantification we contribute towards future proof sustainable options for this interaction. If we need to take energy from nature and we need, there's no other way, we shall do it sustainably. But we have to understand, quantify what we are doing when we extract it. The second wish list, it's contribute what I said to the levels of independence and emancipation of the water professionals and hydraulic engineers that go through the course of this school. I think I will hope to be able to do that. And I think in our group we are trying to promote some active learning and their skills, okay, let's see if they work. And finally, I didn't discuss this with Eddie but it's my wish list. It's to help IHE, transform IHE in International Center for Water Professionals from both or the three or four types of economies existing. I think there are more than two. And that they can meet here and we produce joint knowledge for the Global Water Challenge, which touched everybody. This is a nice slide for acknowledgments. I don't know if my kid, Thiago, you remember this photo? We were in the boats doing canoeing. It's a really important Monday. We had a very nice day. That's why I went to use it for acknowledgments. So first I want to thank you all, colleagues, friends and family for being here. I also want to thank, if there is someone following in streaming, thank you for following. I think I have to say this. Without funding, we cannot do nothing. And I was very lucky all my career. I was supported by first to do my master thesis, PhD and postdoc. It's impressive. I have the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology. I never paid for study. I'm very lucky. To the Swiss National Science Foundation for my part of my PhD as well and also for projects that I collected later. To the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment and Energy, to the European Commission, and to the Global Partnership for Water and Development between IHE Delft and the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs, among others that I may have forgotten. I want to thank Claudia Duchy, Bettina Schaefle and Thanos Papany-Clau that provide our symposium before, our micro symposium before. Thank you for having me. I want to thank Luis Fugaila and Niembe Kiedem for the review of the address that was published yesterday. Thank you very much for both. Another review of the address was Carmelo Quez. He has been a very good colleague of mine. He got married three hours ago. So he couldn't come. I want to thank Anika Karsten for organizing this, and Nief again for helping. And I want to say some words. I was born in 75, nine months after revolution in my country and when we became democratic. I think I was in a very rare, progressive moment of Europe and my country. I was blessed with the socioeconomic conditions that allowed me to build an engineering experience, develop a scientific career, all in an environment of peace, security, tolerance and freedom. And I would like it to keep it like that. I wanted to say this image. And I want to thank the most important thing in IHE which are the students. They are there. And I think if you ask anyone of my colleagues, usually people say this is the best of the students. So thank you all for this. I also want to thank my chair which is there. Even Paolo, I could fit to there. I don't have to. You are there in the photo. I didn't say thank you if we would say that. And I want to say the final words. So I've held in admiration IHE and QDAL for more than 20 years. This is true to personal contracts and seeing the research that they do. So since my time as a residence exchange student here, I was very impressed with EPFL. Now look at it, IHE and QDAL. I said EPFL. I'm glad Tony Schleiz is here. So I want to say it's very extreme, great personal satisfaction that I'm here today to say this one. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Professor Franca. And I think the wish list was very nice. I think we also very much appreciated that you were able to give us a short course in the Navier-Stokes equations. Crash course. Crash course. And you ended up by explaining how we could progress actually using water to improve society. And I think to do that what is very important is collaboration. And I would like to stress again that your position here at ITDoft is a similar position at TUDelft. And I think this collaboration and with ITDelft and other universities in balance is very important that enables us actually to do something like this. And I think you're a very nice example of a person who's also working on this collaboration. And I think you can't do something without your family there. So I'm also very happy that your family is here today to witness this. And I think you need friends. And I do think that students are something that starts as a student but ends up as a friendship. So I think in that sense it's also very nice. I think that if you do that you also have to have informal occasions. And I think we had the formal occasion at the moment but I would like to invite you also for the informal occasion. And that serves the upstairs in our restaurant. But before we go there first of all I would like to hand you flowers. Thank you. Very beautiful. A little kiss. Yes, a little kiss. You're welcome. And I know you've forgotten flowers on your business. But I feel you have forgotten the other parts as well. I also know that Mario has one other thing he want to do or let us hear or know. And then we will leave in Cortes. So some final words, and I will leave you with something and then we can go away. But it says, you know, when I compromise myself to do this, maybe February, I think the first time we talk, you know, we all have lots of plans to do. I failed a lot of them, I will not tell which ones, besides growing again, but okay. And then, and when I failed two days ago because I was extremely tired and I failed the concept of Neil Young in Amsterdam. So I don't know if you know Neil Young, he's a very activist for climate change. So I will leave you, I think yes, with a small video from Neil Young singing Save the Planet for another day. So thank you very much.