 All right, okay, so this, this, this presentation really wouldn't have been possible without some of my colleagues, Associate Professor Joe Hurley, Chainson, Kave Delami and Andrew Butt who are all located at RMIT University in Melbourne. The website for the project is down at the bottom left and some of the funding came from the Australian Government's Department of Infrastructure Transport, regional development and communications under their smart cities and suburbs programme. We were, we were really fortunate in getting this grant in 2017 and our original proposal basically was quite similar to the app that Makoto described, Professor Yoko Hari described in his keynote presentation, which enables people to find a cool route going from A to B. And so this presentation is just to talk a little bit about the context of our own challenges that we're facing in Australia and how we design that digital interface. I think the, the basic sort of introduction and the sort of plan for the talk is really three main points is that firstly heat is going up and greenery is going down in Australian cities. You'll see in a minute that we're facing quite a significant challenge. At the same time, I think we have all of the tools available to us, lots of different lots of different increasingly detailed data sets, especially around heat and about green space. A lot of that data is becoming increasingly real time. And so there is an urgent need to actually design that information in such a way that it can be used by people on a daily basis and can be used perhaps even in an emergency situation, for example. And then the third point is just to describe a little bit about the case study from Bendigo in Victoria. So just for those of you that aren't familiar with Australian geography, I'm talking about the far southeastern corner of Australia that's in Victoria. And Bendigo, you can see on the map on the left hand side is located about an hour and a half drive around about 120 kilometres northwest of Melbourne, so in an inland area. The first point I was making is that heat is going up in urban Australia and it's coming to become a really serious natural disaster in its own self. It's well known, for example, that Australia is particularly affected by wildfires or bushfires on a regular basis. And one of the most well known ones in recent years is the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, which affected the outskirts of Melbourne in February 2009. And in the course of a day killed 173 people who were unfortunately killed directly through the fire. But the actual heat itself during that heat event that caused the fire, in fact epidemiologically speaking, killed 374 people. And you can see why when you look at the graph on the right hand side. This is work produced by some colleagues led by Steph Jacobs at the University of Monash. And what's really interesting about this graph is that it shows that during that single day in February 2009, what was considered thermally comfortable was pretty much dominating the day from 8am right through to 8pm. So pretty much a 12 hour straight period of very challenging heat circumstances. But what you can see in the graph as well is that the apparent temperature was quite low because typically bushfire days, especially the really dangerous bushfire days, were characterized by very, very high hot winds. So not only is it in the high 30s or the low 40s, but also extremely windy. And that would say, well, that's great, because of course the wind helps you to cool your body. But in this paper, they actually calculate that you need to be cooling your body at the rate of around two litres per hour of drinking, which is about the same amount of drinking rate as a marathon runner. So obviously that's very challenging for aged people and for children, and for those without access to air conditioning. And of course, heat has a very serious productivity loss in 2015. It's being calculated to have a loss of six billion US dollars. And yet at the same time, sadly, because a huge amount of development occurs in Australian suburbs without needing to go through any kind of planning permission or any kind of regulation at all. Canopy cover is actually being lost in Australian suburbs. So you can see on this little picture here, which is in Western Australia, typical quarter acre block, relatively small house size of about 120 square metres, with a big backyard has been replaced largely by swimming pools and by hard surfaces. You could almost say that the situation has gone from one where the garden was big enough once to be able to play tennis in. And then the garden has been reduced to the size where it's barely big enough to play ping pong. The left hand side shows that this we did a review of all local government areas led by my colleague Joe Hurley and actually Steve in his, Steve lives Lee yesterday in his keynote presentation mentioned this work, how the great majority of local governments actually saw a decline in canopy cover. You can see the blue on the left hand side, and only a few actually see a rise in canopy cover between 2013 and 2020. And of course, the red lines there show various increases in hard surfaces. But increasingly, we have more and more detailed information, but I think such as this one for heat, and this one on the right hand side for heat vulnerability. But the trick I think for us as planners and by academics is how to introduce that information into people's hands in a way that they find as useful as possible. So it becomes a question really about the urgent need is one about adaptation. It's about providing that information in a way that's very useful to people. And we actually assisted the city of Greater Bendigo. You can see the picture here on the right hand side to design an app that was suitable for their needs. And it wasn't just about the app, it was also about the data production process that we went through that I want to emphasize now. So for those of you that aren't familiar with Bendigo, it's a population of around 100,000. It gets very hot in the summer. It's very, very dry. Only annual precipitation of around 512 millimeters per year. So typical continental and Mediterranean type of climate. We conducted a review of different kinds of apps that are used for route planning and for adaptation to heat. I'll provide you with the reference to the paper in a minute here. But you can see how it's certainly not a unique idea. There are different organizations from Longereve City in Milan. There's a Paris app, which I'll talk about in a minute. There's various private providers, Walkonomics and Walkspan, for example, that are trying to achieve the same thing. The European Union, for example, has funded the Extreme app, which enables users to adapt to heat using their phones. Similarly, the City of Paris has provided this map and app service on the right-hand side that enables users to identify where there are cool islands, as opposed to heat islands in the city. And the Singapore government provides a park connector network website as well that tries to achieve something similar. What we were trying to do was to get people to think about their local environment and to say, wouldn't you rather be walking along the street, such as this, which has lots of green canopy, as Makoto was talking about, rather than a street like this, which has much less. And we approached this from both, from different levels, kind of a quantitative as well as a qualitative perspective, because following Professor Yokohari's talk, we recognized that heat is not just purely something of measurement alone, but it's also very much embodied, it's psychological, it's also even cultural. And so we tried to capture that as much as possible by examining what is the meaning of shade and how we can best capture that information. So we did various qualitative interviews and focus groups. We explored the different types of shade that exist in Bendigo. Basically, we're trying to look for different groups of people and how they understand heat and shading, according to different age groups and different vulnerability levels. In fact, we engaged specifically as part of the design process for the app with walking groups and with school children. We produced the composite map initially from two-dimensional GIS, but then we realized that that wasn't going to be enough. And so we used, we downloaded all of the street view images for the city. It's more than 100,000 street view images every 10 meters. And we generated a sky view factor for that. So you can see here on the top right of the slide, as Google Street View Image basically looks like that, like a big ribbon really of image. If you wrap it around in a circle, then it produces a hemisphere. And using machine learning, we were able to identify the green areas as opposed to the sky areas, and then was able to automatically calculate how much sky you could see at every individual location throughout the city. And the city was able to use that information to be able to say, oh, well, look at this. There's hardly any trees in this neighborhood. It's where people are particularly vulnerable. There's a large proportion of people who live on their own who are older than 65. We need to plant more trees there. So that's been one good outcome. But we also worked very closely with a small local company based in Victoria called POSIC who provide a public GIS system for the city. And they were able to overlay existing information and to produce this route mapping algorithm that shows you on the one hand, the shortest route in red, and the cooler route, but which is slightly longer in the middle. And what was good in Professor Yokohori's talk earlier was that someone asked, well, how many people use it? And actually we, this is not really an app. So it's not a question of downloading the app. You can just view it very easily through a browser on the phone. And you can see that when it was launched in December 2019, there's been consistent use, but especially during the summer. And in fact, we anticipate the way the app is designed is that people will have maybe their daily walk that they will use. And perhaps maybe a walk to school or walk to the shops or a dog walk. And there'll be interested just to maybe use it once or twice, just to sort of visualize where the coolness might be. So it's not going, we don't anticipate that something like this would be used like Google Maps as frequently as that. And it would be very difficult to actually design an app to sort of try to replace people's use of something like Google Maps, but it's more like an adjunct to Google Maps. We published the work. Summarized within a couple of minutes or so? Yes, I'm just coming to the ending now. So yeah, there's more information here in these papers. You can just look them up very easily if you wish. And that's it from me. So over to the other presenters. Thanks very much.