 Our second speaker is Michael Craig, whose title for the three-minute thesis competition is Keeping the Lights On, Power Systems, Water and Climate Change. Welcome Michael. I'd like to begin my presentation by pointing out something that I think a lot of people overlook every day, and that's electricity. I mean, it's absolutely incredible that when you walk into a room every second of every day and you flip that switch, that electricity is there to meet that demand. And when you wake up in the morning, you turn your coffee pot on, it's ready to make that coffee, and you can imagine what the world would feel like without coffee. It would be like absolutely anarchy in the streets. And so what we call that in the power system world is power system reliability, that when you need that electricity, it's there to provide it. And that's the focus of my research. Specifically, I work on power system reliability under climate change and under water impacts of climate change. So to get to that point, I'm going to walk you through two lines of background research, the first of which begins with this picture behind me. So this is Brigham Island, a nuclear power plant in Central Pennsylvania. And you'll notice that it's located on the mighty Suswell-Hannah River. And that's because that power plant needs water for cooling. If that river ran dry tomorrow, that power plant will not be able to generate power. And in fact, that's true for all thermal power plants, which includes coal, gas, and nuclear plants. And those plants together produce over 90% of electricity in the United States. And so without those plants, we don't have power system reliability. And that means that without that water, we don't have power system reliability. And in fact, we've already seen water constraints on the power system causing blackouts and brownouts. And the southeast, which is where I work, a few summers ago, there were two little water levels and that caused turbulent blackouts and brownouts in the area. And yet this problem is going to get even worse in the climate change because not only does climate change make things warmer, but across much of the United States, including in the southeast, it decreases precipitation and it increases the severity and frequency of droughts. So you're probably thinking climate change, tons of people work on that. The power system is also a pretty big field of research. So how do people not answer this problem already? Why is this not for researchers? Well, there has been work done in this area, but the work that's been done so far has been on the plant level. So people have taken, you know, drawn a brain around a plant and used an engineering model and they either selected one plant or ten plants or even a hundred plants and they've asked how does climate change affect generation from those plants. But the power system is a system and what we really care about is how that system operates as a whole. And what determines power system liability is how the system operates. And that's where my research comes in. I'll be the first to apply a power system model called the NICMEM model to the question of power system liability under climate change. That model tells me over a hundred or a thousand or ten thousand plants in a fleet, how many power plants generate when on an hourly basis, and we're working with a team of climatologists and hydrologists at the University of Washington. And so they'll be revitalized with water and temperature data and combined with my operational data and with their climate and water data, I'll be able to determine whether there are certain areas or certain time periods in which you might have water sources that reduce power system liability. And this is more than just an academic matter because planners really care about this issue. We're talking about big infrastructure decisions that take 10, 20, 30, 40 years to build and so planners need to start planning now for the future 40 years or now under climate change. And so our research will be able to help guide them to citing plants as well as to choosing certain pheotypes in regions. Thank you very much.