 Welcome back to our meds smarter lecture series where we're taking a smarter approach to preparing future physician Before we get started if you'll take just a quick minute and click that like button and also Subscribe and turn the bell on so that you'll be notified when we post new videos This week we're gonna talk about Clostridia. Clostridia in and of itself is a gram-positive organism and it forms spores You can see those spores here in this picture on the right side as these white Almost egg or seed-like shapes This is Clostridium botulinum here with crystal violet stain along with the fact that it forms spores It is also an obligate anaerobic rod So being in an obligate anaerobic rod means that it cannot be Able to function in the presence of oxygen so it has to undergo anaerobic respiration tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin which are two forms of Clostridia are Proteases here that cleave the snare proteins and those snare proteins are what are involved in Neurotransmission, so let's look further into specific types of Clostridium First we will talk about Clostridium tetanide. Clostridium tetanide is also known as tetanus And it causes a Tetanospasm This is due to an exotoxin that causes what like I said tetanus Tetanospasm here actually blocks the release of GABA and Glycine from the rincial cells in the spinal cord So we are blocking GABA and Glycine Which are inhibitory neurotransmitters, so we're blocking that causing the spasm So an unregulated contraction of the muscles there You can see a picture here on the right and these almost look like tennis racket shapes here with their spores on them That's the Clostridium tetanide forming those spores and the red is the spore there So what are some symptoms of a Clostridium tetanide infection? Well, we have that spastic paralysis So you can think of spastic and Tetanospasm is what is going on here that spastic paralysis is your most classic form of Tetanus we also see Trismus or a lock jaw where their jaw is clenched and they can't move the jaw up and down Rhizis sardonicus is a raised eyebrow Or an open grin that is commonly seen with Clostridium tetanide this word here is a Pistodonus, which is a spasm of the spinal extensors So they will actually look like they're Extending their back pretty strongly and then it will also it can be prevented by the tetanus vaccine That's one factor here associated with tetanus. So if we have a tetanus vaccine That's active that can prevent any type of infection with tetanus and the symptoms associated with it We treat tetanus with antitoxin as well as a vaccine booster So depending upon if you are due for a vaccine we can give a booster there But we also have an antitoxin for tetanus Antibiotics for any potential infection Outside of the Clostridium tetanus that could could be seen here for those muscle spasms that patients can undergo We can use diazepam to help reduce those muscle spasms and then any wounds that may have formed from the Inoculation of Clostridium tetanide will go in and do a wound to bridement and get rid of all any of the necrotic tissue there So one way to help remember Tetanus here is that tetanus is a tetanic paralysis Let's continue on talking about Clostridium botulinum Clostridium botulinum is a heat-labeled toxin that inhibits our acetylcholinesterase release at our neuromuscular junction This is what gives us botulism For adults the disease is actually seen by ingesting that preformed toxin However with babies babies can actually get it from ingesting spores that give us this disease And this is what's called floppy baby syndrome. So where these spores come from you can get them from bad Bottles of food juice, but one of the most common ways that we see it and you'll see this oftentimes tested is with honey All right, honey can have some botulinum spores inside of the honey And this is why we do not give honey to infants less than one year of age because their body would not be able to handle the ingestion of that of those spores You see in this picture over here. This is a picture of a 14 year old that has botulism They're seeing common signs and symptoms here, which we'll talk about in a second But that weakness of those eye muscles and the drooping eyelids is Is one of the main common signs and symptoms there This one thing to note about this patient here. This patient was fully conscious when these photos were taken He just had no ability to open his eyes due to the botulism Infection there. So how do we treat it? First of all, we treat with human botulinum immunoglobulin and Before we treat it. We obviously need to find out what we're dealing with so the symptoms associated with with botulism is going to be the four D's All right, you have Diplopia dysarthria dysphagia and dyspnea Diplopia dysarthria dysphagia and dyspnea now something interesting about Cluster in botulinum is that we actually use this to treat things Okay One of the most common things that you're probably used to hearing this being used for is cosmetic procedures So Botox so that is going to help us reduce wrinkles It's going to inhibit acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. That's going to decrease that contraction of those muscles so decreasing the potential for wrinkles to form But we also use this for focal dystonia hyperhydrosis muscle spasms and Then like we've always said Botox or the cosmetic reduction of wrinkles there if you found this material helpful for your studying Please like and consider subscribing to the channel also share this video so that more people can benefit from it like you have