 Hello. I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I'm Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls to be College, University of Allahabad. And in the seas of educational thinkers, today I'm going to discuss Bertrand Russell's views on education or you can say Bertrand Russell's educational philosophy. Okay. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode and it must be useful for various competitive teaching examinations as well as your regular B.A.M.A. and B.A.D.M. at course. Okay. So do subscribe my channel to get my future videos too. Let's start. First of all, Russell on Education, Bertrand Russell had a very great teacher, who had a very great teacher, who was very well-adopted. Okay. So, a polymath, Russell came to be considered one of the greatest minds of the 28th century. It is said that these are the greatest minds of the 28th century. That means, these are the greatest minds of the 28th century. That means, these are the greatest minds of the 28th century. So, in the 1950s, he was a realist in so far as he applied a scientific approach to social issues. Russell believed a more temperate approach to science could help solve such problems as poverty, illness, social problems, easily solved with the help of education. He was a visionary educational philosopher with noble intentions. He wanted humans to be introspective and evaluate the veracity and logic of thought with the help of knowledge and logic. The key role of education is to be interventionist and foster self-development as well as positive and self-development as well as social aim of education as well as individual and social aim of education. I am sorry. I am wrong. Russell elucidated a viable path forward in on-education, on-education, on-education, on-education, on-education, on-education. competent adults are responsible for their own educational journey and development. The wages into both an inner and outer world. They say that from within the learner, its love and light can shine outward others to be shared and disseminated. Before considering how to educate, it is well to be clear as to the sort of result which we wish to achieve. They say that when you are going to learn, when you are going to educate the students, it should be clear that what you want, what the result is. It means that your goal should be clear. You can say that now we are talking about learning objectives. They were doing this and they were saying that first clear your learning objectives, which sort of result you want to achieve. So they said that what they are saying is very important. They said that four characteristics which seem to me jointly to form the basis of an ideal character. Because character formation, they made a main objective of education. And they said that there are four main qualities of the character. Look at how beautiful this is. Who makes the character? According to them, according to Brussels, they say vitality. The strength of life in you. Courage, courage and sensitiveness. See, sympathy comes in sensitiveness. It means support, cognitive sensitiveness, aesthetic sensitiveness and intelligence. These four are the ones who make the character of a person. And they said that the main objective of education is what should be done. That this type of character should be made in humans. What is it? Vitality, courage, sensitiveness. The concept of sensitiveness is very broad. There is sympathy, cognitive sensitiveness. Aesthetic sensitiveness. That means we should be sensitive. We should have a little bit of sensitivity and wisdom. Do you get it? Sorry. Now look at all of them. What is the meaning of vitality, courage, sensitiveness and intelligence? According to Brussels, although vitality is a physical trait, but it largely shapes our mental state and stamina. They are saying that this is a physical trait, but it makes our mental state and stamina very strong. The strength of our life, the thought of our life, the positivity, you can say. And vitality promotes interest in the outside world. It also promotes the power of hard work. Vitality means that we want to achieve something in life, do something, give something to the society. If there is some interest in the outside world, then we will end up in the inner world only. Then, they are saying that there are two parts of courage. What is it? They are saying the first bit Russell called the absence of fear. See, he has talked a lot about the absence of fear in his writings. Meaning, there should be no fear in the mind of the reader. The mind of the reader should be able to wake up, be able to talk, be able to talk about the absence of fear, be able to study, and should not be in the educational institutions. See, how much implication comes out of this. This also comes out of the implication that according to them, what is the discipline? There is no punishment. That is, what is the discipline? It should be the internal discipline. We should not do anything wrong with someone's fear. We should do it so that it is right. Keep our internal mind in control. Okay. And the second aspect of courage is the ability to understand one's own limits. That is, the second part of courage is that you will tell us about your limits and your limits. See, this is such a big thing. That is, if we can accept that this work is not ours. This does not mean that we are afraid of it. This means that we are brave and we have this courage that we can accept that our limits are beyond this work. Okay. This is two very beautiful parts of courage that they have told us. The first is the absence of fear. And the second is to understand one's own limits. We should know how far we can go. How much we can extend it. Okay. Then what is fear? Fear should be compared through vitality and self-respect. They are saying that the fear can be won. How? From vitality and self-respect. The third character is the third element of character formation, sensitiveness. So, Udhari told us that sensitiveness has sympathy, cognitive sensitiveness and aesthetic sensitiveness. They are also saying that education producing sensitiveness to abstract stimuli would wipe out a large proportion of the evils that exist in the modern world today. See, there is so much fear there is so much fear there is so much crime there is so much violence in the society. So, they are saying that in the modern society, all these evils if we produce sensitiveness in the field of education then it can be destroyed. And the fourth element of character formation is intelligence. Intelligence. In the opinion of Russell, intelligence means acquired knowledge and ability to acquire knowledge. They are saying that the knowledge we have acquired and the knowledge that we can acquire besides the above four elements there are other elements conducive to character formation. They are saying that there are some other elements in the character formation like co-operation how much truthfulness we have with our friends how much truthfulness we have how much sharp observation and how much open-mindedness we have how much open-mindedness we have sorry So, according to them the main objective of education is character formation and they have told the character formation in four parts characteristics or elements vitality, courage courage means absence of fear and don't understand one's own limits and sensitiveness and intelligence. There is something else like co-operation and open-mindedness and observation. Russell said Russell presents a more acceptable scheme of education in which children grow and use their creativity potentiality Russell says he wants to set forth the goal of education which could create such qualities in men and women which could make them excellent in their lives. I mean we are not educated but we don't have any qualities we don't have any character in us we don't have any kind of good or bad which means that education hasn't played its role okay sorry sorry sorry sorry so he said Russell founded this theory of education on the basis of psychology the case there is philosophy, there is philosophy there is a psychologist he is giving his theory based on child psychology he is saying that the first six years are important in child's life in any child's life the first six years are very important for the teaching of children so two things should be important first to create and develop curiosity in children the curiosity in the child he wants to know the curiosity in the child he wants to know the curiosity in the child he wants to know everything in the world which is essential for intellectual development it is necessary to make such a conversation that the first time second it is the duty of the teacher to provide the stimuli to the children which can awake them able to the level so that they can satisfy their curiosity see how beautiful it is the first thing he is saying is that develop curiosity in the child the second thing he should give so much stimuli so much awareness that he can calm his curiosity and in any case suppress the curiosity so that the child can flourish some other qualities are necessary in the pursuit of knowledge which is again the same thing open-mindedness, patience, concentration see what we are saying these days we are not concentrating on these things faith in acquisition of knowledge exactness and perseverance all there is a saying that if one comes in our life we will be educated in the right way Russell's aim is to make useful learning society he wanted our society to be educated and for him education is a learning process for good life and he used to say that what is education there is nothing but a good life it is the practice of the majority okay if we want to know their philosophy then you know philosophy if we want to read any philosophy if we want to know the logic if we want to know the etics then we need to know the philosophy here we are going to read the philosophy that metaphysics, knowledge and logic and logic so what is metaphysics Russell's unlike idealist and naturopist i.e. he is not even an idealist he is not even a naturalist according to because he is a realist he says that the universe it is experience by senses it has no fundamental unity and there is no regularity in it as well i.e. there is no change there is no injustice it is unpredictable and according to epistemology he said that Russell has divided knowledge into two forms according to Russell the knowledge can be divided into two parts the first is direct knowledge and the second is description knowledge direct knowledge is what we get directly from our senses the knowledge got by senses from experience i.e. from experiences from the knowledge we are getting that is direct knowledge and the knowledge that is obtained by others description and guess is called description knowledge for example the knowledge of sense data is direct knowledge and the knowledge of history got by reading or listening is description knowledge it is evident that according to Russell there are only two means of getting knowledge since and what so what does it mean according to Russell knowledge can be obtained in two ways first is the knowledge from the Hindus so the knowledge from the Hindus is direct knowledge and the second is description knowledge and what is the exeology according to Russell what is his philosophy Russell did not believe in religious and moral values he did not believe in religious and moral values he favoured social morality he showed social morality he considered love, forbearance cooperation, freedom peace and creativity as the values of human life love, forbearance love, forbearance peace and creativity as the values of human life peace and creativity as the values of human life these are all the things that he said that is necessary for human life in development of all these attributes in human being can be done only in a democratic environment he was a great supporter of democracy that is to say in a democratic environment he can flourish all these qualities and he was a great supporter of democracy okay then if we look at the aims of education then no doubt they have talked about character building they have told us 4 components they are talking about intellectual development because they are saying that make your kids curious they can satisfy their curiosity development of scientific attitude why they were realists it is about individuality it is about citizenship it is about individual aim it is about social aim it is about social morality it is not that our country is good other countries are bad they are wrong it is about nationality this is what Tagore says in his philosophy okay and sorry before most aim of education is to develop pupils intellect and character if we want to say it in one line then their aim is to develop the character, character and intellect of a person education is conscious and superior type of individual he is saying that only through education we can make a better individual who is conscious according to Russell education makes pupils unable to think enables them to choose intelligently between 2 views which they want to accept he is saying that through education we can make a person capable of thinking that intellect can choose one of the 2 views which they want to accept education should have this capability according to Russell okay so this means it was very balanced and it was a very advanced philosophy and they did not tell us what education can do so if we want to conclude Russell's views then by saying our own words there is no living writer with who I am acquainted whose work and philosophy seems to me more original and valuable than that of Mr. Russell he is saying that no one is such a living writer whose views are considered to be more genetic and logical than Russell so this means that it is very valuable work then for them Mr. Russell is respected by opponents and followers of those who have come for themselves one of the genuinely philosophical minds that means how much he had his thoughts, his mind, his mind and Will Durant in his book the story of philosophy says that Bertrand Russell the youngest and most virile of European thinkers of our generation they are saying that he was the youngest and the best in the European thinkers of this century who is Bertrand Russell so thank you finally I have covered Bertrand Russell it took so much time to get covered by Bertrand Russell because before that we had read D.V. or D.V. V.V. Kannan and Tagore Russell was left Ghandi and Radhakushnan so I will cover him very soon I was so busy last days so thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe and let's do our exhibition ok done from my side