 Okay, so first of all, good morning everybody and thank you for the organization for giving me this opportunity. And I'm particularly happy actually to speak right after the previous presentation because I think that the two presentation are related to the topic is very, very close. So basically my presentation is about new strategies that are going on in the last 10 years I would say to manage minor sites in Italy and particularly looking at the case study of the city of Naples in southern Italy because in the last 10 years I would say that they started really to blossom a lot of local organization that started to have the management of what were considered minor sites. So I just think that the city of Naples is very close from Pompeii. So of course there is a huge, let's say it's sad to say it to use this word but that's what it is. There is a huge competition between funds that have to be allocated but also visitors that of course are mainly attracted by the site like Pompeii for example. Let's say, so starting from the last 10 years a lot of space has been given to private to enter the system of heritage management that I would say before in Italy was only completely managed by the public and by the state and this is giving positive results for sure in terms of open reapprobation of public spaces. So sites that were closed and not accessible for years now start to be open again and they start to be once again known by not only by visitors and tourists but very often also by people living in the territory. It is generating cases of creative entrepreneurship and also boosting the requalification of some geographical area just in southern Italy's term of employment and economic situation quite at the press area of Europe but there are a lot of young people that are investing in trying to start creative business also taking management of archeological site and then the idea is also thanks to the help of association, local organization or profit organizations that are very rooted on the territory to try to have better community engagement. So there are really quite a big number of cases from the city of Naples. So there was no time to give you the tail of all of them. I will just briefly tell you something about some of the most relevant cases and that of course if you want I will be more than happy later to give you more details but the thing is that now there is a lot big discussion about these issues in Italy and also in literature, also in academic literature a lot of these cases are presented as best practices because basically the elements that are evaluated that normally are just number of visitors that these places are able to attract. So and the fact that most of these sites were closed and now they're open. So it seems that this is the only thing that matters. So I'm trying to approach the problem of the management of minor sites also looking at the criticality and the problems that are raising actually with these new strategies for the management. So here you have the first three examples. Once again, I will be very brief about them. Probably the San Gennaro Catacombs which is one of the biggest paleo-christian sites in Southern Italy is one of the best example in terms of really effective management because this site is located in one of the poorest part of the city of Naples with a huge problem with local criminality and thanks to the help of an NGO basically a no-profit organization working on the territory they really managed to re-qualify a part of the city thanks to the presence of cultural heritage attracting people from outside that neighborhood inside that neighborhood and especially giving a lot of job opportunities also to the young people living in that area like for example, hiring young students to work in the cafeteria of the site but in this case they had a big support from a very powerful institution in Italy which is the church because the Catacombs are owned not by the state in this case but by the church and so the Archbishop of Naples himself was wanted to be sure that this could be an opportunity for the young people of that area so this helped them a lot to find private investors and donors that are donating money to carry on this project which is perfectly fine because they're really doing a good job and the people working there are old employees and they have regular contracts the other two situations are much more controversial because the first one, the so-called Bourbonic Tunnel it's basically a tunnel of the 1700s is managed again by a local association the problem in this case is that for example to dig this tunnel it was basically an underground passage in the city of Naples dug by the king of Naples in the 1700s no archaeologist was working during the diggings there were just volunteers which of course is good in terms of community engagement but it's a scientific problem as we all know because there was not supervisor and when it happened to me to talk with the manager of the NGO that is not a heritage professional at all which would not be necessarily be a problem but when I asked him was there any archaeologist supervising the work his answer was no but of course if we would have found something we would have called the local officer the problem is that if you're not a professional you may not be able to recognise if you found something the other case which is really the most controversial one because now there is a trial going on is underground Naples this is basically a site where you can visit the first century AD product the city of Naples so it's a very important site now there is a trial going on because the chief of the association managing the site and this is one of the most visited sites in the city if you look at Tripadvisor probably it's the first one among the first one in the list one of the employees had found the courage to basically assume the association saying that they're all working in an illegal way it is unreported work they're all paid the cash in hand basically so the revenues of the site mainly come from the hundreds of visitors that every day could pay more or less five per member correctly ten euro tickets but they have no contract so of course they have a lot of revenues just think that the chief of the NGO has opened in the last year a pizzeria it's a place and a B&B probably with the revenues coming from the heritage site so now of course there is a trial going on so we will see what the judges will say we cannot give answer we have to wait for the judges to do their job but for sure there is a very big controversial problem in this case the other two very very briefly in the case of the Pausili Parkeological Park and Gaiola and the Water Park which are managed by a local onlooker I would say I won't be very long because I would say that the situation is very similar to the situation that was described in the previous cases very much the same situation a very big effort to try to reopen and to give back to the city and it's an important site this was the seaside villa of the Emperor Augustus so I mean it's weird to think that it is considered a minor site but this is how it is with underwater heritage that you can see simply by swimming in this case the problem is that the NGO working in this area since 10 years is left completely by itself they are not the real manager authority but they have to fight every day with fishermen that want to illegally fish in the underwater park damaging of course with nets and both underwater structures and they are completely by themselves fighting a war that should not be fought by an NGO or at least if it was the real manager authority it would have been possible because they would have the means but they cannot for example keep fine to people that or you know they cannot make any kind of punishment to people that try to legally enter the only thing they can do is to try to call the police or someone to enter but they are completely left by themselves also in terms of maintenance of the archaeological area they have to take care of cleaning the area of keeping cleaning the area cutting the grass in the online part of the site completely by themselves so of course they have to rely a lot on volunteers which are a lot but it's a very difficult situation similar to the one we saw before and that the church of the Saint Philippine Jacomo in the city centre of Naples this is another interesting case because this is a site that also this site has an old an old, this is a 16th century 1600 church but also with in the so-called Terra Santa so in the underground part of the church there is also an archaeological area and this place is run by a group of very young students well actually they're not students anymore but very young professionals they have just finished this study and they have a lot of enthusiasm but the problem is that also in this case they are very aware, they were very honest in telling me that they are managing to get some donations and some money to restore the church that was closed since many, many years they're doing a lot of job to a very good job in communicating this place to the community and also in engaging school children from the area but they are very, very honest in saying we cannot live on that basically this is something that now we can do because we're very young we don't have our own family yet but we are really facing the problem to think what, so also in this case they're completely by themselves doing this job and they're seriously thinking whether in the next years they will be able to continue doing this job so I just wanted very briefly to present you these cases because I think that in presenting this so-called better map approach when you hire and you call local association to work and to collaborate with the Ministry of Culture for the management of the so-called minor side which is true are really under evaluated and really under supported in Italy in this moment so in talking about these cases I think that very often the problem is that the discussion is only about the results in terms of visitors and in terms of accessibility it's true now these places are accessible there are people going but there is not discussion about the real economic sustainability of these places because for example if professionals that are editors professionals are forced to work without being paid that case shall we really consider that they are working or are they volunteers and so is it fair that a volunteer a volunteer should be someone that does another profession decide to give some of its free time to support and not a professional that is doing his job without being paying for doing that and of course this is a very question but is it unreported and cash in had job a real job of course it is not it's illegal first of all so it is not so first of all of course the big challenge now it's also the competition because just think that all the site I just presented to you are in the urban area of the same city so they are very close one from the other so another thing that now is missing is the network between all these associations working on the territory to try to work together to look for grants and to look for sponsors and donors and support this is something that is happening but again what is missing is probably the institutional support to do this like creating roundtables and meetings to help them to work together and then the question is what is the responsibility of the public manager authority because if I am the state and I am the owner of of course of an heritage site and I give that heritage site I entrust someone else to take out that heritage site I should control if the workers in that place are working in legal working conditions I should control and I should monitor whether archeological works are going on with the presence of a qualified archeologist I think this is responsibility still it is the responsibility of the manager authority so for sure in Italy but not just in Italy in Europe in the heritage field everywhere there was a very big need for community engagement because as it was raised in some of the previous presentations of course public and especially citizens awareness on the importance of heritage is the first thing we need for conservation and for promoting our heritage but first of all for its preservation and also for its meaning no one would consider heritage heritage is not heritage anymore and for sure there was a need to reopen abandoned space and to let them be accessible for people again and definitely especially in Italy we need to find new strategies to manage the minor sites since most of the funds are attracted by the big sites everyone knows that of course they need to be managed and so very little is left to the minor site but I think so this is let's say my take away after the presentation is that what is really needed and probably is missing right now are the real sustainability studies because also around the call for NGO that want to take care of a site or want to have the management of a site before to give them the possibility to manage a site so they should be asked to give real sustainability studies on the financial possibility but also what can be do and what can the manager authority do to support the organization then of course need for constant monitoring which is of course this is a problem because the Ministry of Culture as it was said has always less funds so of course also to control what happens on the territory becomes more and more difficult constant monitoring is definitely necessary and the public manager should really still continue to play his role because what I think is that in the end to untrust someone else doesn't mean to abandon that site and to abandon the ownership and the management completely of that site so at least as an institutional support that should be it has to continue to be present if we want to keep using these strategies of entrusting local and territorial NGO to support and to manage manager sites so thank you very much