 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. We are studying the features of the meta-language and we have noted three additional differences. The first one is the meaning of a word, the second one is the meaning of the cases and the third one namely the technique of Pratyahara as to how to form the Pratyahara and we have seen examples when Pratyahara get formed. We have also seen how they are formed. So, we studied how the Pratyahara ach gets formed, the Pratyahara hal gets formed and the Pratyahara hal gets formed. We also studied what these Pratyaharas mean and we stated that it is all the sounds that come in between the first letter, first sound and the marker sound, all the letters in between, they are part of the set which is denoted by the Pratyahara. Of course, the markers that come in between, they are not part of the Pratyahara meaning and also in terms of the consonants, the vowel which is inherently pronounced or written together with the consonants for the sake of clear comprehension is also not part of the said Pratyahara. This is what we have studied so far and we also looked at some examples in which such Pratyaharas would be used by Panini in the Sutras in his own grammar. We also noted that depending on the environment be it the left hand side or the right hand side or be it the substituent, the case will be added to this Pratyahara. We studied the case of ach to which the fifth case as well as the sixth case is added also the seventh case is added. Similarly, we studied the same with reference to Hal and also Ul. So, when we looked at ach and when ach is used in the fifth case, we said that there is a particular grammatical operation that is happening where ach is acting as the left hand side environment which needs to be described. So, Panini formed the Pratyahara ach first and then to indicate the environment which is left hand side added the case fifth case that is Panchani. So, you get the word achaha. When any vowel or all the vowels are becoming the substituents, in a particular grammatical operation which needs to be described Panini formed the Pratyahara ach first and then added the case sixth which indicates the substituent after the Pratyahara ach. Then we also noted that when any vowel is becoming the right hand side environment Panini formed the Pratyahara ach first and then added the seventh case indicating the right hand side environment after the Pratyahara ach and derived the forms achaha for fifth case, achaha for sixth case and achy for the seventh case. We also then studied the detailed meaning of ikoyanachi which we had cited as an example earlier. We also looked at how the Pratyahara's ick, yen and ach get formed. We also looked at what they denote. We also looked at how it is used and we also presented to you an expanded meaning of this sutra saying that when yi u ru lu are followed by any vowel they get substituted by yi u ru lu consonant and then we looked at the expanded meaning. Now in this lecture we shall study some more important Pratyahara's the examples that we are taking here studying here they are already taken in the previous lecture. So it is important for us to revisit those sutras that were mentioned earlier for a limited purpose and get their meaning clarified. When we make the meaning of the Pratyahara clear the meaning of that sutra would also become more clear. So here are some of the more important Pratyahara's that we have already studied for some limited purpose earlier in the earlier lectures. For example, ach we have already studied here is h, h standing for a, o, i and o sutra number 3 and 4 a, o and i out. Then we have the Pratyahara's jhal, jabha, gharadha, jabha, gharadha, kapa, chhathatha, chhathatha, kapa, shahrasa and her. These are all part of the set which are denoted by the Pratyahara's jhal. So jhal can be said to cover sutras 8 to 14 all the sounds that are part of 8 to 14. Remember when we say jhal stands for all the sounds that are stated in sutras 8 to 14 we know that all the markers at the end of let us say sutra 8 to 14 they are not part of this subset. The second point is jha is part of this subset. The third point is all the vowels that are mentioned along with the consonants mentioned in this subset they are not part of this subset. The vowels which are mentioned after the consonants they are only there for the distinct comprehension of these consonants. Now if we compare the Pratyahara's jhal with the sound inventory that we studied earlier we can say that the Pratyahara's jhal stands for the columns 4, 3, 2 and 1 of the sound inventory presented earlier plus shah, shah, sir and her the fricative sounds. So column 4 is in fact represented here by jha, bha, gha, dha, dha sutras 8 and 9. Column 3 is represented by jha, bha, gha, dha, sutra 10. Column 2 and 1 is represented by these two sutras kha, bha, chhata, chhata and kappa that is sutra number 11 and 12 and finally sibilants or fricatives in sutra 13 and 14. Similarly there was a Pratyahara that was used namely jha, sh, jha, sh. This stands for jha, bha, gha, dha, dha that is sutra 8 and 9 which correspond to columns 4 and 3 in the traditional sound inventory presented earlier. Similarly Pratyahara jha, sh was also used earlier this stands for jha, bha, gha, dha that is sutra 9. This Pratyahara denotes consonants mentioned in column 3 in the traditional sound inventory mentioned earlier. So what we do here is now the Pratyaharas that are used we try to first of all obtain the meaning by using the technique of joining the Pratyaharas. Once we get the set of sounds that are meant by the Pratyahara we then correspond them correlate them with the columns and the rows that are present in the traditional sound inventory and compare them because the traditional sound inventory is part of the curriculum of schools even today it was there at the time of Panini and it is there even today. So it is very well known and that is why we compare the set of sounds that are available to us through these Pratyaharas with the columns and the rows present in the traditional sound inventory. We also practice forming the Pratyahara for example jhal is formed by taking by picking l from the 14 sutra and j from the 8 sutra and we join them together and form this Pratyahara and so on and so forth. Let us look at the meanings of these sutras first let us take 6178 in this H O is 6 slash 1 of H and is 1 slash 3 of there is the word acchi that continues from the previous sutra 6177 and acchi is 7 slash 1 of acchi indicating the right hand side environment. So the meaning of this sutra is immediately before any vowel acchi A O I O which are the meaning of the Pratyahara H A O I O they are substituted by I of I and of respectively. So there are four substituents and four substitutes and there is a principle of correspondence that is applied over here which is also stated by 1.3.10 and so the first substituent A will be related with the substitute I O with our I with I and O with our so A will be substituted by I O will be substituted by our I will be substituted by our and O will be substituted by our. This is what is the meaning of this sutra H O Y Y A O now we understood when we got the meaning of the Pratyahara clear to us. So the expanded meaning is of this kind if A is followed by any vowel A will be substituted by I and the output would be I plus any vowel if you would be i plus any vowel. If you have the situation ow plus any vowel ow is substituted by ow and the output would be ow plus any vowel. This would be the expanded meaning of this sutra and here are the examples. When you have 9 followed by occur and I have skipped some earlier stages of derivation. I am focusing only on the application of H O Y Y Y over here. So we start and we shall study this derivation later on in detail. Right now, let us focus on this stage of derivation 9 followed by occur. So here you have in a nutshell i followed by a vowel o that is any vowel. Now we apply 6 178 and substitute i in place of i. So you get the output i followed by any vowel and so 9 will become 9. 9 followed by any vowel and so the form that will be derived is 9 occur one who leads or a leader. Similarly, in the example pow plus occur we once again omit all earlier stages of derivation which we shall study later on. Right now we focus only on H O Y Y Y and so we have pow plus occur that is ow followed by any vowel. Here it is a. So ow will be substituted by ow and the output would be ow plus any vowel. Therefore, we will have pow plus occur substituted by pow plus occur that is the output and so we will get the word pow occur, one who purifies the fire. Let us now look at the meaning of Jalaam jash jashi. You have already seen how these praktaharas are formed. Now let us come down to the meaning. Jalaam is 6 3 of jhal, jash is 1 1 of jash, jashi is 7 1 of jash. This sutra is 8 453. What the meaning of this sutra is immediately before jash that is jabha gharadha and jabha gharadha substitute jabha gharadha, jabha gharadha, kappa chhatha chhatha, kappa shashah sahar by jabha gharadha. So if you want to convert this into the column information in the traditional sound inventory, we will rewrite this meaning in the following manner. We will say immediately before consonant 4 and 3 substitute consonants in column 4, 3, 2 and 1 plus shashah sahar by consonants in column 3. I repeat immediately before consonants in column 4 and 3 substitute consonants in column 4, 3, 2, 1 plus shashah sahar and her by consonants in column 3. In the form of an equation, we can write the same thing in this fashion namely C 4 3 2 1 plus shashah sahar plus C 4 3 4 and 3 in this situation C 4 3 2 1 plus shashah sahar will be substituted by C 3 and the output would be C 3 plus C 4 and 3. The example is here we have buddha plus dhi. Again we focus on the application of the current relevant sutra therefore we focus on this stage of derivation. So buddha plus dhi which means dha which is part of the fourth column. So here you have C 4 followed by dhi which begins with C 4. So now you have C 4 followed by C 4 which is the environment for the application of this rule which says that substitute this C 4 by C 3. So the output of this would be C 3 plus C 4. So this dha will be now replaced by dha which is C 3 over here. So you have buddha and dhi and when you have choices. So C 3 has 5 choices which one to be selected. There is some scientific principle involved which we shall see when we look at the process of speech production. Right now C 3 is the substitute replacing C 4. So you get dha in place of dha and so you get the word buddhi. This is the outcome of output of the application of this sutra. Let us take a look at some more pratyaharas, some more important pratyaharas. An for example, an stands for a iu always. This is the first sutra and an stands for a iu. Only there is one instance that is 1169 where an an is taken from the sixth sutra and then the pratyahara is formed and then an stands for all vowels plus semivowals as well as her. Otherwise everywhere whenever an occurs it stands for a iu and an u. At stands for all vowels plus semivowals minus l of course and her. So at is from sutra 1 to 5. Am. Am stands for all vowels plus semivowals plus her plus consonants in column 5. Ash stands for all vowels plus semivowals plus her and consonants in column 5, 4 and 3. Itch. Itch stands for all vowels minus her. An. Remember compare an with an. An always is formed with the help of the marker an which appears always in the sixth sutra. So an always stands for all vowels minus a plus semivowals and her. An never stands for iu and an u. Never used in the astadhyay that way. Not explicitly stated by Panini himself but this has been established by the later commentatorial tradition. Later Panini and grammatical tradition. Here are some more pratyaharas. Hush stands for semivowals plus her plus consonants 5, 4 and 3. Hush can also be described as ash minus h. Yer stands for all consonants minus her. I stands for all consonants minus she, she, she and her. Yum stands for semivowals plus consonants in column 5. Val stands for all consonants minus her. Rel stands for all consonants minus her and her. Jher stands for consonants in column 4, 3 to 1 plus she, she, sir. Jhe stands for all consonants in columns 4, 3 to 1. Jhush stands for consonants in column 4. Khar stands for consonants in column c to 1 plus she, she, sir. Khay stands for consonants in column 2 and 1. Char stands for consonants in column 1 plus she, she, sir. Char stands for only she, she and sir and she stands for she, she, she and her. There are some important points that need to be noted in this discussion. They are some questions. Why the sound her comes twice? Once in the fifth sutra and then again in the 14 sutra. Similarly, why the marker in her comes twice? In the first as well as in the fifth sutra. What is the status of vowels stated along with the consonants? Is the vowel part of the pratyahara? We have already stated something about this, but let us revisit this and note the exception. Then what is the purpose of the rearrangement of the traditional sound inventory? Let us look at each one of these points one by one. First of all, so let us look at the question why the sound her comes twice? The sound her comes twice in these 14 sutras mainly because it has to be a part of two pratyaharas namely at and shall. These two pratyaharas stand for two different set of sounds with which in the object language in the usage behavior of her is noted. So, in order to describe this linguistic usage, we need her to be a part of these sets and therefore in order to account for the linguistic usage her comes in the two pratyaharas namely the fifth and the 14th. Let us look at the next question why the marker in her comes twice? To be very frank, there is no real answer. There is no real answer. The marker in her with a always stands for sounds in sutra one. So, if you have an, we have already stated this, if you use the pratyahara an, an always refers to a iu except in 1169 where it stands for all vowels plus semi vowels plus her. That means in 1169 the pratyahara an is formed with the help of an which comes in the fifth sutra and the marker in her with e is always denoting all the vowels minus a plus semi vowels plus her. So, the pratyahara an is formed with the marker in her which is part of sutra five, fifth sutra. So, there is no real satisfactory answer to this question why the marker in her. This is just an explanation provided by the tradition that we must remember. What is the status of vowels stated along with the consonants? To put it differently, is the vowel part of a pratyahara? No, the answer is no, they are not part of that pratyahara. The vowels are uttered along with the consonants for the sake of distinct comprehension of consonants. They are uttered for the convenience sake and as a convention except of course in one case. We have already seen this explanation but this exception we need to pay attention to. The exception is this, the exception is this a in the sixth sutra land. This is however not there only for the sake of distinct comprehension. It is there for that but there is an additional function of a marker assigned to it. So, this a in the sixth sutra which comes in between la consonant and na here this serves the function of a marker as well and so if you take a as a marker then you can also form the pratyahara r in which the beginning sound is r in the fifth sutra and it ends with the marker r in this sutra. What it stands therefore for is the two sounds r and la consonant r and consonant la that is the only exception. Then if we go to the next point what is the purpose of rearrangement of the traditional sound inventory and the answer is the purpose is to account for the linguistic usage in as brief a manner as possible that is the only purpose of this rearrangement and in an exhaustive manner possible that is the answer. To summarize what we have studied in this lecture we can say that the pratyahara technique is a unique feature of the meta language of paninian grammar it allows panini to refer to a big set of sounds in a very brief manner possible panini requires 41 pratyaharas to describe the object language theoretically n number of such pratyaharas are possible to form to describe the linguistic phenomenon where if necessary. So there are certain questions that can be asked over here based on the discussion that we have had how does one know which is the exact substitute of which substituent how does the system decide one of the many substitutes what are the criteria used what is the meta rule which allows sequential application and answer to all these questions will be found when we look at the process of speech production and when we study the properties of sounds this we shall take in the subsequent lectures. Now before closing today's lecture let us follow our practice and look at the mangala charana taken from prakaryakamuni this mangala charana is and I will read it five sutras in today's lecture they are from 2.3 they are I will repeat we will take up the questions mentioned earlier later on and some more related topics in the coming lectures. Thank you for your attention.