 Okay everybody, Dr. O, in this video we're going to talk about B cells. So B cells are, they're called that because they're bone marrow dependent, that's where they mature into a naive B cell. And then let's just say like this B cell at the top of the image here, it's gone onto the spleen where it's just sitting there waiting to be activated, it needs to be given a target. So you can see that right at the top, the B cell receptor is actually an antibody that might be why you thought it looked familiar. The IGD antibody is a surface receptor on B cells. So here we see a B cell has now come into contact with a bacteria, with an antigen. Then it's going to find a helper T cell that is going to activate it. It's very important to remember that the helper T cells, the CD4 T cells are the ones that actually will activate this B cell. And those B cells, they're going to go through a process of, of clonal selection as you see here. What that means is you're making sure that you're going to be making B cells that are not going to attack cell phantogens. This minimizes, doesn't eliminate, but minimizes the risk of autoimmunity. So the clonal selection process has made sure we've picked the right B cell that's going to target the right antigen, like the one that it sees here on this bacteria. And then now we're going to go through what's called clonal expansion, where you're going to see B cells become plasma cells that will make antibodies. And then some of them are going to become memory B cells. So we'll talk about the memory cells later. But plasma cells are going to be the actual version of a B cell that produces antibodies. All right. They'll begin by producing IgM antibodies, which is why they're the first to show up when you have an infection. But then these, these helper T cells can use chemicals and can direct them to start to make different antibodies. They can switch and start to produce IgG antibodies that are more effective, IgA antibodies that are used on, on body surfaces primarily, and IgE antibodies that play a big role in their immune response. All right. So memory B cells, they're going to be there to make sure that the next time you see the same antigen from this same bacteria, your immune system, we're ready to go. So we've covered that in a separate video, but it has to do with the primary versus secondary immune responses. So as you see here, on the left-hand side, the primary immune response, the, the B cells need to be activated and then become memory cells and plasma cells that make the antibodies. Now that, so that process can take, you know, 10 to four, up to 10 to 14 days. The secondary immune response, these memory cells have, some of these memory ancestral cells have weighted around so they can immediately start to make memory cells and B and plasma cells that make antibodies as soon as they receive that signal. This is why the secondary immune response is much quicker than the primary immune response and also why it's more powerful. So long story short, the first time you're exposed to something, there's a very good likelihood you're actually going to get sick. The second time you should now be immune to it and you should wipe it out before it can cause any problems. Okay. So those are your B cells. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.