 Hello everyone welcome back to another session in dentistry and more today's topic in conservative dentistry is tooth separators. So separation of teeth may be necessary in order to improve the convenience form of dentist or to prevent damage to teeth and supporting tissues and also to achieve functional contacts, contours and occlusion during the restorations. So it is defined as the process of separating the involved teeth slightly away from each other or bringing them closer to each other or changing their spatial position in one or more dimensions. So that is nothing but if you have a very close tooth so we apply something here between and we are changing this to a very slight gap that is a creation of very slight gap between the teeth. So this gap between the teeth for ease of treatment or contour and restoration process. So that is a separation of tooth. So it is basically helps the dentist for diagnosis of initial proximal caries which is not seen on radiograph and for adequate access in class 2 and class 3 cavity preparation for the placement of matrix band and also polishing the proximal surfaces in class 3 and class 4 restoration and removal of any foreign objects. So we have basically two types of separation that is a slow separation and rapid separation. So slow is also known as delayed separation, rapid is immediate separation. So slow or delayed separation it causes very slow moment of teeth over a period of several days or weeks. So it is indicated when there is tilted, drifted or rotated tooth in which rapid movement is not possible. So the best advantage is there is no periodontal damage but the disadvantage as we know the time consuming and require many visits. So we have many methods in slow tooth separation that is separating using the rubber rings or bands then using rubber damp sheets then using ligature wire or copper wire, copper wire then using the gattapachua sticks then using oversized temporary crowns and finally the fixed orthodontic appliances. So the first one rubber rings or bands it used in as we all know it is the first step in orthodontic treatment. So it is stretched and placed into approximately between two teeth to achieve the separation. It may take two to three days or maybe one week. So the second one is rubber damp sheets. So again it is stretched and placed into approximately between the teeth. Usually heavy or extra heavy type is preferred. Usually the time of separation is 1 hour to 24 hours. So in case of pain or swelling a floors may be used to remove the sheet. Next one is ligature wire or copper wire. So wire is placed beneath the contact area to form a loop then tightening done by twisting two ends together. So this causes increase in separation. It takes two to three days. Next we have the gattapachua sticks. So it is softened with heat and packed into proximal area. So usually it is indicated in posterior teeth. So tooth separation usually takes one to two weeks. So oversized temporary crowns. So if you have a crown preparation here this is a prepared crown. So what we do is we place a oversized crown over here to get the separation of teeth. So temporary crowns are made, oversized in mesiodiscell dimension and periodically resin is added to the contact area to increase the amount of separation. So last one is fixed orthodontic appliances indicated only one extensive repositioning of tooth required. So most predictable and effective method. So that is about the slow or delayed separation. Now let's move on to the rapid one. So in rapid one the tooth movement achieved very rapidly or a very short period of time. It is achieved by basically two methods. The first one is wedge principle and then the traction principle. So the wedge principle a pointed wedge shaped device is inserted between teeth to produce a desired amount of separation. The most common one is alien separators and wedges. So the alien separators which is also known as crab claw, crab claw separator because of its design. So a mechanical device consists of a bow, two holding jaws, then a tightening screw. So the clockwise rotation. So if you do clockwise rotation of tightening screw it moves the contacting teeth apart. So these two will be engaging on the teeth. So if you do clockwise rotation so this will move the contacting teeth apart. So two holding jaws are positioned ginger well to the contact area without damaging the inter proximal. So if you have the tooth here so these two will engage here beneath the contact area without damaging the inter proximal surface. So separation should not be more than thickness of periodontal ligament that is 0.2 to 0.5 mm. So maximum separation should be between 0.2 to 0.5 mm used for examination and polishing of final restoration. Okay so that is the alien separators. Now we have the wedges. Okay wedges we already discussed in detail. You can check the previous video where I explain in detail about the types of wedge, its application and various wedging techniques. So you can explore that video to know more about wedges. Okay now let's move on to the traction principle. So interaction principle so this is a traction principle working device that is Ferrier's double bow separators. Okay so Ferrier's double bow because it has got two bows. So this employs a mechanical device to engage the proximal surfaces of contacting teeth and bodily moves them apart to bring about separation. So Ferrier's double bow is used. So it has two bows. So the jaws of each bow. So this is the jaws of each bow which engages the emperature of the contacting teeth, gingival to contact area. So a wrench is used to turn the thread bars slowly to create the adequate separation. So we have the wrench which is used to turn the threaded bars. So the threaded bars here. So slowly it creates adequate separation. So impression compound is used to stabilize the bows on the teeth. So separation is achieved at the expense of both the contacting tooth rather than one tooth. So tooth preparation, finishing and polishing of class 3 direct gold restoration all can be performed by using Ferrier's double bow traction that is a tool separation. So next we have the mattresses so that I will be dealing in my next video. So this was about two separators. We have slow separators and rapid separators. So slow separators we learned various rubber dam, rubber sheets and various wires, copper wires, ligature bands and the perturbation points, the temporary crowns. So rapid one we have wedge principle and traction principle. In wedge principle commonly used is alien separators and wedges is also known as crab claw because of its design. So this is double bow separator comes in the traction principle Ferrier's double bow separator. So it uses two teeth to get the separation. Okay so that's all about tool separation. So next video will be about the mattresses. So wedge details you can see in the previous videos that I explained in detail about the types of wedges and wedge techniques. So I'll come up in next session with mattresses. Thank you.