 Thanks, I'm Lalisa Aduguma presenting the work that is done by quite a number of people that you see on the screen and it is specifically about ecosystem-based adaptation as a nature-based solution to climate change and variability because this is more about the practical insight I'll be really delving into most of the on-ground issues. Next please. So very often when we hear about ecosystem-based adaptation we are taken quickly to the agenda of climate change but it is a combination of factors that drive the whole vulnerability of communities and the need for ecosystem-based adaptation is basically driven from two angles. The ecosystem needs to be sustainable in a way it has to produce ecosystem goods and services and the communities that depend on this ecosystem also need to drive livelihood benefits they need to manage the ecosystem and become more resilient and they have to build their adaptive capacity depending on these ecosystems. So there are two critical things here the climatic stressors and the non-climatic stressors. Very often what is happening is actually the climate change and variability impacts are amplified by the effects of the non-climatic stressors. So in EBA we are very briefly what we are looking at is how do we build the both sides of the coin that the ecosystem and the community it is not either or it is both and for this to be achieved there is a strong need for building local capacity for communities for stakeholders and at the same time instilling the good governance principles in the ecosystem so that that holistic resilience could be achieved next. So just to give you an overview of this case study where we are emphasizing on it is being done in the Gambia where we have quite a large degradation of ecosystem in the country. According to one study actually they state that the country has lost almost all of its primary forest and in this country what we are focusing on is trying to rebuild the natural capital so that people who depend on these ecosystems or natural resources can actually be more resilient. We are working with 53 community forests seven community protected areas and over 250 individual farmers including the schools. Just to give you an overview of the degradation extent that is happening in the country you see the one part of the country that we have tried to analyze the land cover change and the forest has gone down by 50% in 20 years, shrub lands have gone down by 17 and riverine vegetation by 22%. What is this telling us land covers that provide multifunctional goods and services or benefits to the communities are actually disappearing so we need action next. So in EVA planning the most important part or even the beginning of the whole process should be understanding the stressors. As I mentioned before we have two streams of stressors the climatic stressors because this is about adaptation and then the non-climatic stressors and we are trying to respond to all of these in the work that we are doing in the Gambia. If you look carefully at the climatic stressors part here we looked at the temperature and the moisture index aspects and the temperature is a very important one because it is changing drastically and this is the projection to 2050 and the red points are actually indicating where we are today in 2050 are the blue points. These are projections done by one of our scientists Roland Kinn and when we come to the non-climatic stressors we have so many factors at play next. And also when we work in landscapes or ecosystems it's not just about the very common stressors that we know of. There are also emerging stressors for instance in the Gambia when there is a sea level rise during some seasonal events the sea water actually pushes into the inland parts of the country and this is resulting in changing vegetation forms in some parts of the country. What is that change? Acacia which are more tolerant to the salinity level of the water are becoming more aggressive in invading lands. Where they invade there are tiny grasses which are replacing the grasses which are most suitable for cotton. So what do these people depending on cotton do? Should they replace cotton with goats and sheep or should they migrate? Next, from a broader perspective just to give you a sense of how we are approaching the whole issue we are doing participatory ecosystem based adaptation planning which is more looking into the community forest areas the community protected areas which are biodiversity conservation spots managed by people or communities degraded agricultural lands, fire management, water management including business developments and all those things. Here what you see on this map is the one that we have done for one single community out of the 53. Why are we concerned about bringing people on board? It is about people it is about the ecosystem it is not either or it is about both. And what we are doing is we are producing these professional maps that will guide intervention implementation. The maps will be validated by communities and they will put it into action. Next. Three minutes left. Thank you sir. So when we look at what should be happening on the ground it is about intervention choice. Intervention choice is about negotiation because there are different factors that affect that negotiation process. Very often we mention about gender because there is male-female issues. There is also there are various social classes which affect what we basically can choose as the most suitable accommodative practice that will be taken on board. Here you see the graphs that we have developed based on the data we have collected. There are some activities highly preferred by men but not by women and vice versa also is there. So it is about negotiation it is about inclusivity it is about onboarding everyone so that we have a compromise or a negotiated intervention. Second. Local ecological knowledge is very important and this is what we are really building on. For instance in the Gambia one of the key things is the fire intensity issues while wind direction where is it coming from how is it the spread of the fire. They know all of these things. They need support to implement what needs to be done to help them adapt. Second in the local ecological knowledge aspect they are helping us to know where wildlings for transplanting are. This is what we call enriching forest with forest where you don't have a nursery this is what you depend on you get locally species that will be transplanted to enrich the forest to provide the ecosystem goods and services. Next. So only one minute so you better conclude. Yes in as much as local knowledge is important knowledge about the future or based on projections what species what intervention could actually be suitable in the future is also critical. Here you see habitat suitability projections done for two species and the reason why we focus on this is because it is about today in as much as it is about tomorrow. Last one. Next please. Yeah. Local capacity development is really fundamental because projects will end when the projects and people need to continue doing what they are doing to adapt to the changes that are coming up. So it is important we build a local capacity for institutions for households for individuals so that they keep on doing what they are doing. Overall this work has taught us a lot of lessons that we are building on in other projects to make an EBA planning more effective inclusive and efficient. Thank you so much.