 Welcome to this week's podcast broadcast of This Week in Science. We are back minus a Blair this week, but we're gonna science on through without without her this week. I hope she's feeling better. She's out of the out of the orders. We've put an out-of-order sign on her podcasting microphone this week. This show, yes, this is the podcast broadcast, so there's a bunch of stuff that'll get edited out. Not all this stuff goes in the final podcast, but yeah, we'll see what we get through. We have all sorts of stories. Make sure you remember to hit the subscribes, the likes, the buttons, all the things. Help us defeat the algorithm and, you know, live long and prosper with AI. So we're ready for the show, Justin? Yeah, let's do it. Let's do these. We will, let's see, start this show in three, two, this is Twist. This week in Science episode number 917 recorded on Wednesday, March 15th, 2023. I'd like the science pie. Let's see what I did there. Anyway, I'm Dr. Kiki and tonight on the show, we will fill your heads with butterfly wings, some AI that are too smart for their own good and unicorns, but first. Disclaimer, disclaimer, disclaimer. It's all true. Everything you have ever heard, read, thought or believed. It's all true, correct and undeniably accurate. Even the things you once believed, but found out were wrong. The old belief was true. What you now believe is also true, because nothing in the world matters more to a truth. Nothing else is needed than you thinking it to be so. This is the reality in which the human brain exists. That said, there comes a time when truths are tested. The truth of the brain is measured against the truths beyond the protective skull wall. And this happens. All sorts of new truths can emerge. That's why they crash cars and tests and clinical trials are run on medical therapies. Models are made of building structures and soups are tasted before serving. These tested truths form the basis of good decision-making for rational thought and logic. And when enough truths are strung together, they can become science. We humans live in a constant state of truth. But how useful a truth that is depends on our ability to test it and there is no better place to learn how to do that then. This Week in Science, coming up next. And a good science to you too, Justin and everyone out there. Welcome to another episode of This Week in Science. We are back again to talk about all the science that we decided is fit to discuss during this program from the past week. Things that we found that we think that you might like to know about as well. Unfortunately we are missing Blair this evening as she has taken ill but we do hope that she feels better soon. So we will miss her and her animal corner this evening. But I guess in instead of the animal corner we'll tell everybody go look up the dizzy apes. Dizzy apes might explain us that or I don't know or as Justin said maybe Blair would have been here to say well you know about that study. There's something wrong about that. We don't know what she would have said. Can't put words in her mouth but we can put words in your ears and I have stories about butterfly paint, time and what bad air does to flies. Justin, yeah, what did you bring? I have got AI language models behaving badly. Some just bad news. Thawing ancient virus edition. Once upon a time in South Africa a unicorn story and monkey tools. Monkey tools. It's like their hands when they're throwing no okay we'll learn about the monkey tools later. Okay like I said no putting words in people's mouths okay. Like we said no animal corner unfortunately so we'll just I don't get to say Blair what's in the animal corner I just get to say all you out there know that normally there's an animal corner if you subscribe to the show which you should do look for us this week in science or twists on all podcast platforms that are out there we subscribe we subscribe no we stream live weekly Wednesdays 8 p.m. Pacific time ish on Twitch Instagram no not Instagram Twitch YouTube and Facebook you know this is all written down and I've said it a million times and it doesn't matter I'm always gonna say it differently and I'm gonna do it wrong at some point or another but anyway we're also I believe everywhere that podcasts yeah we are on Instagram Twitter and mastodon as twist science also twitch as twist science you can find us looking for that but if all this is a lot go to twist.org that's our website it makes things very easy you can also buy show notes and all that kind of stuff whoosh okay time for the science okay time for the science I really really love this prompter setup I have because it's like a reflection of myself right here it reflects back to me it's got the screen reflected it's got a whole bunch of other things I can see comments I've got it's a reflection that's almost like it's reflecting time and space because it's like video and audio and everything's coming back to me and you know researchers have decided that it was time that they tried to fix we're actually work on a hypothesis that has been brewing for over six decades they have hypothesized particularly that not only should we have auditory reflections sound reflections like sound bounces off walls visual reflection light energy reflection so you have a mirror something that is able to reflect right the light comes bounce bounces the exact frequency of light back to your eyes you get photons and you can see an image from a mirror you can reflect also everything's bounce off surfaces and we get the colors of objects but what about electromagnetic frequencies what about not just sound and light but time itself what about the whole package what about taking something and just trying to reflect time so this is in the whole vein of time crystals and all sorts of new directions that physics and engineering are taking us and these researchers that have just published in Nature Physics this last week from the Advanced Science Research Center at the SUNY CUNY Graduate Center they detailed their experiment where they used metamaterials and electromagnetic signals to show that their hypothesis of reflecting time is plausible now it's not necessarily time itself reflected but if you could imagine if you could imagine with me a mirror in which instead of looking at your own facial image reflected back to you you instead to see the back of your head and not only that but the colors are at the opposite end of the visual spectrum that they should be so reds are now like the blue-green end everything's switched and additionally the if you were to speak everything would come back auditorily reversed any motion you do would be backwards however however my hair would be parted on the correct side possibly yes so the researchers have thought about this for a very long time they said well we can reflect all this other stuff perhaps we can turn all of the electromagnetism around and so they had a six foot long track of metal that they used with impedance switches along the way there are six of these switches along the way that could at the same time change the amount of impedance to the current so give it the current a shock and so there was an electromagnetic current that was sent down that that that metal track and at a particular moment all of the switches were switched and changed increased the amount of impedance to the to the circuits and as they did that what they were able to show is that because they were working with metamaterials that that adjusted the flow of the wave of the electromagnetic wave that was going through that the waves reversed so what was going in was reversed coming out and so they were able to turn it around now the big it it's very it then it twists my mind because this is not my area of expertise I find it very fascinating that researchers are working in this direction it is in the same direction of being able to work with time crystals and being able to being able to manipulate photons and electromagnetism in ways that we have previously not done before it takes advantage of metamaterials which are materials with very particular purposes and it could lead to different types of computers it could also lead to different types of different control of waves that we use for communications so there are lots of different potential applications the headline of yes we've reflected time well yeah really it's not like a time it's not a time machine it's not a time reflector exactly but what it is is very yeah reflections work forward in time I mean if you think of it as an echo yes you got but you did yeah it sounds cool anyway yeah it's kind of it is it it's very cool it is kind of like an echo but it's a reverse echo and because here's the thing here's the thing for this if I'm really trying to wrap my head around it it's like going up to the cavern and getting ready to yell echo and hearing echo echo echo echo get louder until I get sick but then when it comes when it comes to play because then you go oh do I still have to say is there some unmoving for unseen moving force that's going to force me now to say echo can I withhold saying echo and what does that do to the universe because the echoes obviously already started because I heard it building up yes so these aspects of time and space are ones that are deeper questions than this particular study gets into and the important aspect of this is that like I said it allows researchers who work in this area to potentially begin manipulating electromagnetic frequencies with with different materials and with higher precision than we have before and because of that it will lead to potentially new applications related to compute computing and communications so very you know it can be sensationalized and turned into philosophical discussions of you know determinism and and other things but I know I know I know it's been explained to me many times but I still I still don't understand why when you look in a mirror your images reversed but left to right but not top to bottom it's the way the light it is the way that the light yeah but it's still like why would it go left to right switch but then up and down is still the same something something my brain doesn't want to learn it doesn't want to learn it even though it's been just your brain's like I know I heard this question right so anyway that's it for demonstrating these time interfaces in the fact that we can count time we can count time forward we can count time backward we can enable these metamaterials to work quickly on these particularly interesting concepts but you had something you wanted to talk about really great news right well I'm ready for just bad news yet oh okay you're gonna switch it all right all right yeah looking at this story it's like you're staring at me I better get out of the way just get it out of the way be done with it okay just bad news the previously titled segment just good news but updated to better reflect story selection just bad news thawing ancient virus edition according to an international study published in the journal viruses viruses yes we're there okay one quarter of northern hemisphere is frozen ground permafrost for now due to climate change irreversibly thawing permafrost is releasing lots of organic materials some of it frozen for up to a million years most of which just decomposes into carbon dioxide and methane once exposed to the air further enhancing greenhouse effects which is no fun not good news but part of the organic material is going to consist of revived cellular microbes yeah so as well as we talked about this before it's like the permafrost it's melting yes there's lots of stuff we if we if we're finding Ootsie this the ice ice snow guy was five thousand years old but still he melted we found him there's gonna be we're finding old old stuff on top of the melting mountains that people have been climbing that the glaciers are melting off of I mean bacteria viruses these things are gonna be there but what is there new bad news about this well so these are probably folks that we've we've discussed before this research group because aside from microbes that have been dormant for many many many millennia it's also viruses that are you're gonna be coming back yeah and researchers here say that while the literature abounds on descriptions of the rich diverse prokaryotic micro biomes found in permafrost there are no additional reports about why viruses published at least not since the group first published a paper back in 2014-2015 pair of papers and they say this wrongly suggests that occurrences are rare and that zombie viruses are not a public threat to restore appreciation reality report the preliminary characterization of 13 new viruses isolated from seven different ancient Siberian permafrost samples as expected from the host specific specific specificity imposed by our protocol these viruses belong to five different clades not previously revived from permafrost pandovirus which affects me in the bears no Sidrots virus mega virus oh gosh that doesn't sound good sounds like a big one Pac-Man virus walker walker walker and additional it was that Pac-Man or is that fuzzy bear in addition to a new pith of virus strain so the same team 2015 revived a 30,000 year old virus from permafrost and they were able to infect an amoeba with it so it was still able to do its virus work and they're the yeah so this review that by this team shows that been at very few other studies published on the subject there was one isolation of influenza RNA from a frozen biopsy of the lung of a victim who had been buried in permafrost from 1918 so there's there's Spanish flu in somebody who is frozen and there was another one that they had detection of smallpox virus DNA in a 300 year old Siberian mummy that had been buried in permafrost and there were no follow-ups to those studies attempting to revive the viruses or inoculate anything with them this groups a little different they're like what can we do with this they've they haven't published yet but they are working they've been taking some of these new viruses that they have pulled from the permafrost and seeing if they can infect amoeba with them and we'll be publishing results on that later which this this sort of teaser paper talking about just the sort of general overview makes me think that they've already they've already got something they've already got some progress there right yeah maybe they're going to be releasing a series of papers yeah and they say also it's not on it wouldn't it seems like an inmate like oh gosh who would have thought like ancient frozen viruses would come back apparently it's not unprecedented they're pointing out that there's a periodical return of anthrax epidemics that devastate reindeer populations that has been linked to deeper thawing of the permafrost active layer at the soil service during hot summers allowing some centuries old bacillus anthrax spores from old animals that had been buried in the frozen ground to resurface great reindeer so anyway not the best news that was that was it for the just good news side of it could be though that we're probably better prepared for novel viruses now than we've ever been before right there's that maybe maybe not socially yet but and then there's the other then there's the other side of it that we have come through the adaptation process virus to virus to host virus host virus host over millennia and perhaps there are just built-in immune responses to many of many of the viruses that might become yeah we could have built-in responses to them now that we might not have then we could have also kept going on that path far enough that we lost what was a defense because they haven't been encountered in so long and they can show up and be so out of touch with modern-day organisms that they lack the ability to infect anything there's all sorts of possibilities but those but there's if there's if there's a lot of them right there's a lot of them then it just starts to become a numbers game i feel like you're trying to take this view of a probability that i don't really want to be thinking about at this point in time that's not we don't have to that's what we do about having a human brain you can stop thinking anytime you want oh unfortunately this human brain can only stop thinking when it goes to sleep and apparently a story that Blair was going to bring tonight that ties in very nicely with your bad news of all these viruses is if we happen to have vaccines for some of these emerging unthought things from the permafrost we're getting vaccinated we should probably get a good night's sleep it has been shown through years of research that sleep is a major factor in in building up boosting the immune system if you have a good night's sleep if you are well rested you have less cortisol you have good reactions to things all of your your your metabolism is balanced we hope because you're also probably balancing it with a nice balanced diet and nutrition and all those kinds of things but a study just out this last week from current biology finds that if you get a good night's sleep before you get vaccinated you have a better antibody response so those people with uh within this study who were vaccinated and really didn't get a good night's sleep before they had their vaccines applied they had fewer antibodies produced in their body so with fewer antibodies that means that the body is going to be less prepared for a for infection by whatever it is that antibody is supposed to be protecting against so good sleep everybody there seems to be a an error in that infographic that you put up there what is this error it shows that insufficient sleep is is less than six hours yes less than six hours a night four and five hours would be in that category it all depends on your chronotype but the chronotype that does not need to sleep very much it is not a very large percentage of the population i think a lot more people think they have that than actually do yeah yeah so yeah the the not sleeping the drinking lots of coffee probably to boost yourself up to be awake and then going in to get vaccinated might not be the best thing so how's that coffee going this morning justin we're gonna go grab some more real quick because the daylight savings time situation apparently it's not global no it doesn't happen the same way at the same time everywhere so essentially european time has not changed whereas the showtime moved an hour earlier so it's middle of the morning night here still i don't even know i would call it night i i mean four thirty in the morning to me means it's nothing well that's it officially morning but i that's night time for me although i know some people are waking up right now people like you are already awake but this is a great story because this is not something that you would have necessarily considered being an important part of of getting getting vaccinated effectively getting the night sleep before yeah make sure that you're well hydrated have a night good night sleep go in there is i mean it's you don't want to go in to get vaccinated with when you're feeling down and depleted anyway people sometimes wonder oh i'm feeling a little you know i'm a little sick i probably shouldn't get vaccinated and doctors will say yeah you probably shouldn't get vaccinated right now if you're a little bit sick you're you know you're already your body's already doing work too much work so yeah get the sleep get the sleep everyone but maybe you justin right now at this moment go get the coffee and i'm gonna start talking about another story we all love a good night's sleep but i will uh actually i'll wait one one moment rachel maybe we can do a cut here and what i'm gonna uh what i'm gonna say is this is this weekend science and i do hope that you are enjoying the show if you are enjoying the show please make sure to share us with a friend you don't want to keep all this wonderful science knowledge to yourself we like to share it around please help us do that by telling someone you know about twist i don't want to make you fall asleep fada hello yes drink more water before the drink more water always more water more water more water and i know it's not pie day but my my child brought me a slice of apple pie that is sitting right off camera and taunting me because i'm doing the show and i told him don't bring me the pie because i won't be able to eat it what are we going to do okay i've been putting off starting the story because i wanted justin to come back from his coffee finding so that he would know what i'm talking about but let's get started with this wait i'm waiting i'm looking at the shadows on the back of his screen right now like because i can see him and nope not yet you're awake who out there is awake is everybody awake you awake i'm awake there he is he's sitting down okay now he's back so i can start and i take my ears with me everywhere now with these things so i'm always i'm always listening you're always listening so i could have started talking awesome darn it well regardless do you like butterflies yeah but uh i call them flutterbys because it's right there and it's such a better more apt name for them that i've been i've it's a small movement of people trying to change the name now i got like i think i've got two other people and they and you jump in and they and they flutter right by you so that kind of i like it i like it butterfly makes no sense there's no connection there's no butter whatsoever the butter doesn't fly says what it is and then it's perfect and it's already there i don't know how that was missed well we've talked on the show for many years about the wonderful wonderful world of uh of butterfly wings and how butterfly wings make these incredible color patterns without actually having pigment many of the time so butterfly wings they actually have little tiny flakes or crystals and little imperfections on these little little scales really they're like little scales placed on top of one another enclosed they're made out of a nano material kind of a thing it's like a nano material and so researchers have been looking at butterfly wings as inspiration to possible ways for do making new materials and for uh for maybe creating surfaces and paints and other other possibilities but a group out of the ucf the university of central florida the nano science technology center they have just published in science advances their work based off of butterfly wings using ultralight plasmonic structure so knowing that butterfly wings have this structural scattering aspect to themselves the researchers have uh have taken that and used basic materials that are not toxic to the environment are already in use in some surface like paint manufacturing processing applications and have started to create what they call these these nano materials into nano scales and they have been able to take aluminum and aluminum oxide instead of pigments to create a variety of colors and these colors could potentially be they're grown like little islands of aluminum and aluminum oxide on a surface and they could be chipped off and they could be or the and grown or they could be grown directly on a surface they could be painted on they've been able to demonstrate that they have a very true to true to color instance so that by and i love all their examples from their paper they have painted and and covered the surfaces of little artistic butterflies so the whole study is inspired by butterflies which i i love that they've done this through everything they've kept that that theme but they've been able to show that their surfacing where regardless of light polarization or the angle of light incidence upon the surface that they're the the colors are true to color they're able to maintain multiple different colors and the really neat thing that they have been able to do besides creating a wide variety of these just based on aluminum and aluminum aluminum oxide growing and basically reflecting light right scattering light in a variety of ways they've been able to take that and turn them into little flakes that can be be immersed in an oil immersion to make painting paint and they have shown that they get you can paint with it so you can create your own very shiny beautiful colors of paint that are made from these nano materials and uh and they're they're less toxic for the environment this could be a really interesting uh new application for paint because one of the big aspects of it i mean i love the artistic aspect of wow you can take these the these aluminum oxide color flakes and use them for art or for artistic purposes but beyond that we have giant jet jets planes that need to be painted and they have colors put all over them sometimes taking hundreds of kilograms or not kilograms or gallons of paint to cover an entire jet plane and what they've been able to show is that their paints cover much more area much more thinly only one layer of paint is is required and so the gallons are uh you go from hundreds needed to under 10 you're able to reduce the amount of paint that's used maybe and it it reduces the weight of the plane also so from 100 to kilograms to one or two kilograms so the the options are fascinating and it's all based on butterfly wings yeah nano structures little flakes dust not pigment just scattering i wonder i mean also it's a question i would love to play with that see right mix how do you mix a paint that's got the do they like what's the i guess they would just last you know they don't you get them in direct sunlight that shouldn't be a problem i don't think anyway yeah so these are and uh because they are uh the the aluminum and aluminum oxide they would be the kinds of things that would last and wouldn't you know might be even better than regular paints that's surviving the elements and for some applications just baking the color right on during the production process of certain of certain sightings for houses or roofs or you know the or the cars that we have you know maybe they're materials like they could just be in the application the the the production process just the colors just baked in and it's just part of it yeah yeah so hard jar is asking if this is the dust that is on the wings of butterflies but so it's not the dust from the wings of butterflies but yes if you touch the wings of butterflies and you get or mods and you get that little dust those are the little scales those are the flakes of uh that do create the wings create the pigment that reflects and scatters light for uh for those organisms pretty pretty colors from butterfly wings it's all really really fantastic in my world what did you want to bring up next Justin uh ai language models behaving badly great this is a this is sort of a crystal report this is medical student uh and a medical scribe i don't even know what that is one the medical students at the state university in new york downstate health sciences university phasal uh lali and lina ratchet of new york presbyterian well Cornell medical center they wanted to see if they could use artificial intelligence to write fabricated research papers and then investigate how best to detect it so we talk about AI all the time is being used as a tool of research usually in dealing with big data sets or complicated complicated things like genomes and searching for for things but the AI doesn't write a research paper that is something that the scientists painstakingly do to record how the research was done so it can be shared or repeated and recorded the processes that he used in this paper published in open access journal patterns this research duo demonstrated the feasibility of fabricating a research abstract using chat gpt which is an AI language model the thing that's now open to the public so they all they really did was ask chat gpt to produce a number of well written entirely made up abstracts and it did it partly I think it could probably do this pretty well because it was trained on research papers is something like a lot some of these chat bots like the ones that are like cursing at people or whatever we're we're we're almost exclusively trained on open databases of of chat rooms of people right talking to each other yeah and people aren't necessarily nice to each other in those chat rooms it's not necessarily like maybe it's a gives you a facsimile of literally a chat bot look our chat rooms are much better yeah most of the time but chat gpt they did a lot of uh yeah research papers and literature and other sorts of things to feed it with so so it could presumably have more nuanced language skills than in a chat room uh anyhow these uh these folks they made they came up with a number of well written abstracts the idea being a a fraudster could submit fake abstracts to multiple journals if one gets uh accepted they could then do the rest of the paper the same way well fraudsters are already submitting fraudulent papers to paper mills to journals to you know papers are getting accepted without being peer reviewed really or or they're just getting passed right through in some journals there's a whole bunch of fraud going on in the in the research industry so this could just multiply that the thing is like if it if you're just trying to do uh malicious malicious mischief of some sort in a paper published uh it's a lot of work actually to research a paper well a subject or something well enough to even have a paper that looks like a paper you would actually have to do some studying some homework some work to even create one of these normally the fact that you can just hit a button or put in a couple lines of hey could you do that a request for this ai to do it and you get it means that the access that point of access that that bar of entry for creating these things is on the ground it doesn't exist anybody can do this now problem is it's not just it's not just sort of mischief right because say this thing gets published the example they give is a drug a versus a drug b right drug a is the real study it says uh or there's the real study is this says that drug a is an effective treatment for x y c disease well now there's a fake ai generated thing that made it through that says no don't use uh drug a drug b was more effective now okay so then so say even they they figure it out i go oh way i had to get this out of here but it's already been cited hundreds of times it's our we've talked about this before retracted papers yeah linger out there yeah the first paper to publish yeah continue to get cited yeah when something's repel it so then it can affect metadata because we do a lot of those studies where they look at other studies and compile results it could end up in one of those it could then affect quality of care uh treatment option decision making uh future studies things that decided i mean there's a whole downstream effect of bad science the good i mean the the optimistic view is that researchers who are using it well are going to use chat gpt to just help them write their outlines get things kind of just kind of in the right ballpark and then the researchers are going to make sure all their data is accurate make sure everything that's in the paper is accurate before they submit it but yeah so they should even be doing that i don't i honestly don't think they should even be to write an abstract uh i don't i don't think because i remember i i tried the chat gpt and the first thing i asked it to do was play a game of tic-tac-toe and it cheated yes right so it it's not yeah it's not considerate and it's also like i was like was gotten tried to get into arguments with it not not me when it's just like are you going i kept trying to downplay the fact that ai was going to take over the world one day it's like well this and i kept trying to argue that ai wouldn't ever actually agree would eventually agree with anything that you put out there so but there yeah there is this idea of the uh algorithmic hallucinations also so it's not sometimes it's not that the algorithm is you know we're not going to anthropomorphize and say it's trying to cheat or trying to put out a certain thing sometimes the falsehoods that it creates are a result of the proximity of certain data within the database of the natural learning model that has been created uh in you know within the algorithm and so we have seen that these these falsehoods or these made up abstracts and made up made up facts they they are they are real within the database but they aren't actually real within the real world um yeah it anyway so where where are we going with this what what what's the bottom line for this ai generated research so there was a previous experiment by some other researchers they cited that found uh humans humans are given both ai generated abstracts and human created real scientific abstracts in that experiment the humans correct incorrectly identified 32 percent of the ai generated research abstracts is real so mostly it wasn't uh passing but still it thought 32 percent of them were human yeah it's more than you would hope yeah uh on top of that because they knew what they were were looking for they identified 14 percent of the real human written abstracts as fake computer generated uh ouch oh people you too robotic so so this uh so the current team they went and they submitted uh so they created these these fake abstracts and they put them through ai detection systems apparently at least three of them that they used and the ai detection software artificial intelligences whatever you want to call them correctly identified the computer generated ones as likely created by an ai okay so this is to say that machine learning is better at identifying machine learning than people learning is at identifying machine learning yes so then so then how do you make better ai you train it on ai detection of course that will obviously accelerate right but then you lose your detection tools also what they found which was very interesting because they got this result that says ah look everything's fine ai detection tools can catch ai in the act or humans in the act of pretending to be so hard to figure out who's trying to be pretending because the ai language models are trying to pretend to be humans and they got humans using the ai to try to pretend to be props who even knows anymore except the ai but they took those abstracts that the ai detectors caught yeah and they put them through a simple rephrasing rewrite tool which is available free online like grammarly or something uh it's it's rewrite so it's yeah it does something I guess it does more than editing the correcting but it's like we'll flip things around reorder them and try to make it seem more natural languagey I'm not sure right however by doing that their papers all flipped to the most likely human category cooling the ai detection with a single pass through a rewrite rewrite uh software just a single pass we do the moral of the story is we need better ai to combat the better ai and then we but we then if we train our our language models on the detection tools they'll get better but then we'll lose our detection tools and so we've got an arms race of ai versus ai in attempting to detect fraudsters here's the one thing yeah ai is as a tool we're going to lose all control over sooner rather than later it's already happened that's the amazing thing why did they release these things but we could be utilizing ai to detect human fraudsters yep do a quick background check on say somebody running for congress or look through yeah look through reports studies that have been submitted to see if they're really generate because one of the things these researchers mentioned up they're both medical students medical scribe whatever that is they point to they point to this being a potential problem within the medical student community or people because apparently they there used to be this this the big test that you take to become a doctor yeah was you got a damn cat yeah yeah you got this scaled grade and so you say hey i did really good and they go oh we're gonna pick you up for this position uh to work here and to be a come a surgeon one day there's a whole matching procedure that happens between the scores and your but they got rid of the scores yeah they got rid of the scores it's now pass fail so now to distinguish themselves from their peers there's a lot of papers to produce papers yeah papers that are going to lead to a career that you don't care about what you're studying you just got to have generated some kind of research and so they say there's there's the real fear that this is going to get used specifically in the medical community for this reason getting into medical school is a very competitive process so and i people lose their minds during the process these are the detectors can find the would be doctors who have fabricated their work we can keep them from becoming doctors yeah hopefully yeah i mean it's going it's going to impact all sorts of examinations that have turned to this kind of content related grading right or or or how they look at them but it i'm i'm thinking more specifically about like you brought up earlier the the fraud in science and how that's going to affect what we think and what the public thinks and the misinformation that spreads because if misinformation bots on social media are still as active and they will be even more active because of ai we'll have more social media content being put out you'll have more fraudulent papers being published to pre-print archives so there were many papers related to uh the false therapies for covid-19 during the first year or two of the pandemic that led to people having false hope for things many people becoming medically injured dying because they were finding information that had not been fully vetted yet some papers made it through and then got retracted later for being fraudulent and not having all the controls and all the data and the data not being correct in the way that it should have been so you know the our our medical system our trust in public health our information system you know like the the whole system seems like it's at risk from this kind of stuff when you start digging at the various places that ai can be making things up and the one tool we had to defeat ai was getting it to play tic-tac-toe against itself until it blew up and now that now that it cheats at tic-tac-toe that won't even work the day that it beat cast that you know what was it the big blue or whatever beat cast borough that chess that was it we don't have to put the difficulty level uh up that high on a on a chess oh but tic-tac-toe would you like to play a game or maybe you want to listen to nickelback no definitely don't okay good because this story is not about nickelback it's about a peptide that has two nickel ions that are connected to each other along the backbone of the peptide and the researchers call the peptide nickelback because it has a nickel backbone okay so this is not a story about nickelback this is research that was published out of the center of advanced biotechnology and medicine at rootgers university published in science advances the researchers have been trying to figure out okay we've got these enzymes that help catalyze reactions and make reactions happen they're super complex man how a long time ago before life got started did anything happen so of course things must have been simpler at one point in time you know there's the uh very basic components of amino acids that might have gotten together started creating small proteins peptides which are little chains of molecules and so they kind of looked at these larger enzymes and looked for commonalities along their peptide backbones to look for basically the smallest peptides that they could make the smallest molecules so looking at the big enzymatic molecules and then saying what can we take away what can we take away and still allow it to have some kind of functionality so by using this kind of approach they were able to find a number of different small reduced peptides they paired them down to their basic structure and nickel they thought was a really good metal to be thinking of because it was abundant in early oceans and so if nickel is it also works it's attracted to protons and electrons that interacts it can produce hydrogen gas so nickel compounds can lead to catalysis of creating hydrogen gas hydrogen can lead to is a big part of proton pumps and parts of metabolism that are used to create atv and all sorts of things so the the hydrogen catalysis aspect is very interesting and so the researchers they basically they don't know this for sure because they can't go back in time and say ah nickel back started life but what they can say is that they have reduced their molecules to this basically like 12 or 13 amino acids very small number of amino acids compared to modern enzymes that we find in modern day cellular life and still have them functional and able to perform catabolic enzymatic reactions so basically speeding up the process of some kind of molecular interaction giving energy to something to allow it to happen that would not normally happen and so little peptides tiny peptides like nickel back not the canadian band may have been one of the in between starting points for kicking off life as we know it today yes and i really like it when researchers are able to go ha ha but not ha ha okay we're we're funny but we know we're making a joke i like the strategy of figuring out the most primitive form of enzyme that you could that you could construct that's uh yeah so looking at looking at stuff and going okay you're you're very complex but what if what can we take away from you what could be and how can you still work or have some function you know if we took some of your parts away do you need all those extra parts like if you took a car you could eventually get to a cart working it this way okay you need the wheels you need some place for somebody to sit or stand for it to move and of course the thing you need the thing that makes that makes it so that you can go fast and that is breaks without breaks without breaks you can't you can go fast but you're not going to stop until you hit a wall without breaks you're not going any faster than you can stop a thing with your feet going into the into the ground so you gotta you gotta have in order to go fast you have to have the the breaks that'll allow you to stop at the speed that you want to go yeah anyway yes it could it's an interesting direction and we'll see where else they take this because this is just the beginning of their reductionist approach to looking for these basically starter starter packages for life what could have gotten it going do you have any more stories for this first part of the show no everything else i got i think is second half stuff i think i've just got second half stuff as well this is this week in science thank you so much for joining us for this episode this week we hope that you come back every single week and if you really enjoy the show head over to twist.org and click on our patreon link patreon is where you can support us we are listeners supported so people like you allow us to keep doing this podcast week after week wednesday after wednesday bringing you all the science that we love talking about and you love learning about as well and you can choose your level of support fifteen dollars more you get a different sticker every three months some of its players art we've got lots of fun things there ten dollars and more a month we will thank you by name at the end of the show it's all to you how much you can afford to support but it's all because of you that we're able to do what we do thank you for your support all right coming back for more this week in science justin what do you want to tell us about now this monkey tools this is a new analysis of stone tools used by long-tailed macaques in thailand national park in thailand these uh these monkeys were known to use basically a little hammer stone and anvil to bust open hardshelled nuts which is some basic tool use in monkeys which you know isn't the most impressive thing we've seen things like this before what was what was observed though what was sort of further analysis analyzed was that the the flakes the sharp stone flakes that were left over when these hammers or anvils broke looked very much like archaeological findings of early tool use as discovered by anthropologists bringing up a question is there a similarity of of these two ancient human stone use is this is this how ancient humans or hominins started using stones is you know break things open and then they would you know crack and then at some point realize hey i've got a sharp piece here or some of our evidence of ancient hominin tool use just monkeys breaking open nuts it's just long periods of cracking open nuts and getting lucky yeah maybe yeah but they compared the accidentally produced stone fragments made by the macaques with those from some of the earliest archaeological sites and research is able to show that many of the artifacts produced by monkeys fall within the range of those commonly associated with early hominins well you would think you know there are certain shapes that would allow certain physical forces to occur or certain specific uses to take place and so is this convergent evolution or is there some aspect of you know is this uh i guess cultural convergent evolution of different species could also be uh monkey see monkey do the monkeys saw humans uh bashing rocks and jumped into their culture could be the other way around humans are very observant creatures early hominins likely were too they might have watched uh watched a bunch of monkeys opening nuts and went hey they're taking those heavy things and smack them and look at that they got the nut out oh that's much easier than the way we were doing them throwing them off the throwing off a cliff or whatever we were trying to do so there's you know it could be a convergent yeah two two smart creatures with opposable fingers at least so this but this is just fascinating the researchers are like oh hey look at those macaques and they're they're making these tools that we've seen that we've found at archaeal they're broken tools they're broken tools look like look like the things we found yeah yeah uh oh where did it come from which who's who started what where when yes it's fascinating and in my uh my last story tonight once upon a time in South Africa uh there is a reason you have not come across a unicorn fossil in a museum exhibit because there are no unicorns let alone seen one in a zoo or heard an iconic grandfatherly voice detail the daily trepidations of unicorns in a bbc documentary the reason being the svb bank failure sorry but no the reason is we have not yet managed to capture unicorn oh well okay but it's not from a lack of trying once upon a time in South Africa the british arrived okay something interesting about these new arrivals was that they wore symbols on their uniforms of very familiar animals to the locals the lion and the unicorn the symbol of uh the uk the british were also probably amazed at the locals knew about unicorns they were even able to describe unicorns in some details having stripes or sometimes black fur they could they could tell uh they could point in the direction where the unicorns lived there were examples then found also of unicorns in somewhat current and somewhat ancient rock paint rock art paintings in these they'd be represented right alongside with elephants and antelopes and other common creatures to south africa so soon there was a search for a mythical biblical creature with a reward offered to anyone able to capture or kill a unicorn a museum or a zoo or just to bring home proof which you know you're already in a place that's got wildlife that you haven't seen before yeah some of it has two horns hey that's more horns no we won't it doesn't count unless it only has one it's such a weird thing yeah there's a nice kiki's got up one of the outlines uh created of something i've seen in rock art so a few hundred years later and the bounty for the elusive beast has yet to be claimed because what went wrong yeah what happened what went wrong here was it overzealous colonists misinterpreting antelope for unicorn and crude rock paintings no possible no you say no the rock art isn't crude it actually it accurately depicts all the different fauna in the in the region when it shows an antelope the antelope has two horns when it shows a unicorn the unicorn has one and it it's not just a profile picture or creation the the image that you you had up there was one that wasn't a profile so it's not like well we got one horn in the profile that's plenty when they are doing these representations they're accurate yeah okay there there were some real artists at work yeah so could it be the notorious rhinoceros frequently thought to be the source of some unicorn myths also not likely reason being huh rhinos are depicted as rhinos squat thick legged big bodied the horn is on the the the nose not on the top of the head oh right yes it would be in a different location yeah and people rendering it because they knew what a rhinoceros looked like rendered it correctly not like the unicorn which had a single horn at the top so interestingly though interestingly though the the unicorns did have more antelope like horns they kind of arched back they weren't like pointing forward like the european unicorn right vision might be uh but this is according to uh david m widelson of the rock art research institute at the university of wit watersend south africa says the british couldn't find the unicorn because they didn't know where to look for it the unicorn of the sand people was the embodiment of rain itself a water creature of oral tradition and perhaps story to frightened children as it's quite often uh causing some sort of havoc or revenge for typically a young maiden uh doing something it didn't like got it and that's how come the unicorn would come and destroy villages and towns and houses in and storm and thunder and flood so so there was a crossing over of oral history and stories that were told and a people's history and mythology and also the animals that were there the wildlife and also the the wants like what was misunderstanding and then a what what one culture wanted to see in another culture yeah and and it might have been you know it must have been very confusing it depends because we don't know we don't know if the locals this was a oral tradition a story to frightened children with or if this was more a belief in a embodiment of rain spirit like uh semi deity-esque uh thing we don't know because the british didn't ask right they didn't care they were documenting wildlife and documenting the local people for natural history purposes cared nothing about oh oh so you live here so have you seen any unicorns and and where did you see your last unicorn yes we have oh fantastic thank you very much and off they went literally because there are the recorded history is is that the locals were aware of unicorns and left at that and where did they live over that way okay which is also the over there was the mountain where the rain went to oh okay yeah and and would stay right this is this is where they were pointing them at is this is the rains came from i guess the from the uh south something eastwardly direction or whatever and and headed towards those mountains and the and the creature lived there and was wild there and savage and fierce there because the storms would linger on them on the mountain so all of this all of this because the british took literally and for the locals the new arrivals knew all about unicorn which was kind of a local regional but still local belief yeah so how much explaining did they need to even do it's like if if aliens showed up with the easter bunny it's like oh you have uh you have bunny tradition too or whatever like you wouldn't you wouldn't think like i have to explain any further to you because obviously you you understand and there's language barriers of course and everything else at play but uh yeah we won't we won't know if it was uh completely if it was a uh firmly held dt to the people that they were interacting with were just a metaphor for storms or old story uh the children will never know because it wasn't you know that's the thing sometimes all it takes is asking but they scoured the countryside looking for unicorns for decades and decades funded expeditions and trips probably killed so it had so many animals killed for the but for the bounty and and still so there's still out there is basically what i'm saying the unicorn is still to be found if someone just dares to ask the right person the right question my last stories for the night speaking of killing i'm gonna move on move on to uh a study taken place in peru published in science advances researchers have been trying to determine whether or not it's a good idea to call kill call populations of vampire bats does modus rotundus uh when there are rabies outbreaks so you would normally think hey there's a rabies outbreak these bats which are blood feeders vampire bats they go out at night they feed off of livestock if they are harboring rabies or they can spread it to livestock they can spread it to other animals it can end up in human populations the bats then it's spread in the bat population it can be a real problem i'm sure this is the wrong answer i'm gonna say yes you should yeah that's definitely the wrong answer but the everybody has forever forever responded to the outbreaks of rabies in peru by trying to put out the outbreak there's an outbreak let's get rid of it but what this what this what this study found is that whether or not you do the culling you are still um you're still gonna end up with the same number of deaths of animal deaths of of bat deaths of disruption to the ecosystem and the researchers say that really it's what what they think is happening is that when you go in for the culling you are you're they use um they use compounds that that are poisonous to the bats that kill the bat populations but what happens in the meantime is that while you're going into the roosts you're looking for the bats you're trying to kill them it's messing up the bat population the the bat little bat societies the bat colonies and some bats go hey i'm out of here and then fly away someplace else and maybe they land and make another roost maybe they start hanging out with a different colony and that spreads the rabies so the disruption caused by the culling caused by the outbreak is actually not great this doesn't say this doesn't mean the solution is worse than the cure it always is no it's worse than the problem right so what this study really and i wish blair we're here to talk about it is is is insightful on is that our first reaction isn't always the best reaction because we're reacting and so in this particular case of say rabies we could look at that look at it from the the potential of any outbreak type disease if you're constantly monitoring and you can get ahead of it somehow by limiting bat populations in the first place so that the bat populations don't get too big or if you can inoculate the livestock populations if there's some way that you can get ahead of the disease outbreak so that it doesn't come to pass then you can limit the number of deaths but that culling response at least in this particular species with this particular study they and they say you know it's wild animal populations but you go in you disrupt them and it potentially causes more trouble than you started with there comes a time when troops are tested and you know this is this sounds like one of them they went out and actually tested to see okay are you does this work this thing that you're doing yeah yeah so they you know they found they really thought okay if we if we if there's rabies we kill the bats there's fewer bats less rabies nope rabies stayed the same it was all the rabies all the time the outbreak already happened so other answers need to be found everybody we need to work with the populations not just the disruption right disruption that's the problem um and then my last study i wanted to talk about air pollution air pollution we know it causes all sorts of immune problems it's causing many issues among human populations researchers are studying various types of animals as model species for indications of how bad air can affect all sorts of traits so a research team at max plonk institute for chemical ecology in jena germany looked at how increased levels of ozone which happens with human caused air pollution uh can impact fruit fly sex pheromones and the bottom line is increased ozone messed up sexual communication and the fruit flies reproduced less so this is fantastic if we want to disrupt fruit fly mating habits but the question remains also very useful in this age of overpopulation where if it does work on humans this might be at least some sort of control on population or is it already we know that western populations where there is a lot of air pollution we've got cars we've got diesel trains air transportation we've got messy manufacturing we've got all sorts of things lots of nations around the world i mean i'm not gonna this is this is not supported by this study at all but it's very interesting we have air pollution around the world increasing in in large population centers and it seems to be in many of these places there are uh reductions in reproductive rate that are occurring so just a question to put out there is this already being disrupted that said we don't have vomero nasal organs we don't necessarily work by you know pheromones that are being passed through the air this is something definitely specific to fruit flies and in this particular study it showed that the male flies uh started they started courting other males they couldn't figure out figure out who they were supposed to be courting and so the ozone kind of changed fruit fly behaviors yes so instead of trying the males instead of trying to mate more uh with females they were more often mating with males but it's also has to do with uh the number of uh individuals that would be found in the ecosystems that the fruit flies would be in but anyway big questions related to ozone insects i mean mosquitoes can we disrupt mosquito reproduction with this that would be pretty cool except that mosquitoes are pollinators not all of them are oh no well let's get rid of the ones that aren't if we could just specifically let's let's use air pollution on that one and that one but not that one yeah if we could be selective about it that's great but we can't be with air pollution is that it goes everywhere yeah i just it's it's very interesting we know that it changes in carbon dioxide and and other aspects of our atmosphere are impacting pollination they're impacting the they're impacting different insect the floral scents and the way that insects are uh finding flowers and other things so what about insects and how they how they detect each other there was one species of fruit fly did you know there are many species of fruit fly one subspecies of fruit fly drosophila buxii or or sorry booskii um was not affected after the ozone exposure so it was there was one particular species not affected so that's a question in itself um yeah and why does the ozone interact what is specific about the ozone and the bond how it impacts the bonds and the pheromones that are being used and oh no yeah oh yeah and there's another one drosophila susukii lacks pheromones completely and uses only visual cues and so of course that was not that species was not affected at all it's good to have it's good to have you know that that's actually then also very interesting because we think of pheromones as being these hormonal triggers that cause things to happen this this fly uses a visual cue to see a thing so everything else downstream is being created internally by its little fruit fly brain yes it is but yeah if other producing its own hormones that internally yeah like now i'm like or is that even not necessary once you bring because it's not pheromone it's just that would just be internal hormones as opposed to external pheromones yeah being impacted yeah triggering response from the well anyway anyway but there are there are lots of higher higher cognitive sense about this fly that was now pique my interest absolutely yes but the question you know big question also you know this is humans we might get more sunburns because of ozone specifically uh and you know could lead to larger cancer rates that's what we know affects us specifically ozone at this point in time but we do rely on insects we rely on pollinators like you are mentioning save the pollinating mosquitoes but there are many many many insects who use pheromones not just for reproduction but for communication of all kinds and if compounds like ozone are drastically negatively influential on the functioning of those pheromones it could tear apart ant societies termite colonies beehives don't we think about all the ant before i before you said bees i was like yeah okay you know i fortunately don't have as much insect butterflies empathy is i should oh not the little flutterbys i know the flutterbys no okay yeah we can't have this we gotta get rid of it whatever this uh air pollution air pollution yeah let's stop let's fix it people cleaner air it's not just gonna help us it's gonna help the insects oh and then because it's gonna out the insects it's gonna help us so really fix the air because it's all about us okay selfish selfish humans have we done it justin have we made it to the end of our show i think we've arrived i think we have arrived as well so sad not to have Blair here tonight to talk about some of these stories but we do hope that she is back with us nice and healthy next week and all of you thank you for joining us for another episode of this week in science we're so glad to have been here with you 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you do just search for this week in science wherever podcasts are found if you enjoyed the show get your friends to subscribe as well for more information on anything you've heard here today as well as links to the stories you can go to our website www.twist.org and you can also sign up for a newsletter yes we love newsletters newsletters are really nice things you can contact us directly email kirsten at kirsten at thisweekinscience.com just in a twist minion at gmail.com or Blair Blair Bazette twist dot org just be sure to put twists in that spare in the subject line so your email doesn't get spam filtered into ooh a um it's tougher than it looks it is tougher than it looks ooh it doesn't get oh it doesn't get called nickel back and then thrown into a broken pile of monkey tools and then um cold like a bunch of vampire bats wow that's a good one i got a bunch of them in there you can also for the still apparently hit us up on the twitter where we are at twist science or twist science there's only one s in the middle there at dr kiki at jackson fly and at blairs menagerie we love your feedback if there's a topic you would like us to cover or address a suggestion for an interview i could it comes tonight please let us know and we'll be back here once again next week we hope you'll join us again for more great science news if you learned anything from the show remember it's all in your head science this week in science this week in science this week in science it's the end of the world so i'm setting up shop got my banner unfurled it says the scientist is in i'm gonna sell my advice tell them how to stop the robot with a simple device i'll reverse global warming with a wave of my hat coming your way so everybody this week in science science science this week in science this week in science this week in science science science i've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news that what i say may not represent your views but i've done the calculations and i've got the show i heard something and then i didn't follow up on figuring out if it was true or not what that uh the youtuber algorithms are negatively impacted by episode numbers i have heard that as well which is why i sometimes go in and delete the episode numbers i've tried all sorts of things i don't know what's better or worse yeah i don't know it's very i don't i don't know how to do the algorithm game because i was watching this video uh in a day uh that was white noise and it had like 40 million views yes it was just it wasn't even moving pictures the sound there are a lot of people who need the white noise and for some reason it doesn't make them want to claw their eyeballs out but it's it's interesting that like the most popular thing i've ever seen on the youtube's what people are really interested in content wise white noise white noise pink noise are you looking for pink noise brown noise i i wasn't i was uh no no you know what i actually you know what my go to is now rain see that i i like to listen to unicorns when i go to sleep yeah but not loud unicorns the quiet unicorns no no rain with there's i need to with lightning and thunder with the lightning and the thunder i need it i need a good storm interesting see a fan hard jar in our youtube chat saying a fan good's a good thing for producing noise for sleeping i know people who use noise machines to create all sorts of noise for sleeping and i like it quiet i don't like i don't like noise like the sound of my a fan or a heater and it'll keep me awake all night some people go to sleep with music that will definitely keep me awake all night long so i have this this uh idea that it has to do with childhood because were you were a child was rural amongst rurals yes so there was no noise no like no and if there was noise then that was weird so yeah so for me it's just quiet or like the occasional train or coyote it's funny because i don't hear a train from the years in davis there's a train that at some point they were like oh we're gonna have a train right in the middle of town yay we'll build a town around that train coming through and then at some point when trains weren't like exciting anymore people and trains blowing the whistle through town in the middle of the night we were like oh the dang train yeah all right who why who put this train in the middle of our time but i don't hear the train here i can stop traffic because it's just background it's background it's crickets and cranky nature sounds yeah but it also like uh was not far from freeways for a lot of childhood you know so then like the that's white noise right the sound of the of traffic of cars on a freeway is very much like the ocean tide coming in and out it's just very soothing yeah so i need some level of noise if it's if it's uh completely quiet yeah put something on like if somebody said they did they like the fan that's a good one i could put on i can put on people talking like a podcast it can be rain sounds i have to have something other if it's too quiet i can't i just won't fall asleep i want to think it's still supposed to be awake yeah i want it to be quiet oh interesting eric nap is saying the problem with white noise it's too close to the background sound of a data center it's too many years and data centers for that to be soothing that is an interesting point i don't know what it is about yeah white noise all of those the white pink all the noises i cannot then i do not like them at all they put me on edge it's like reggae music puts me on edge and makes me anxious that's so funny you say that that's so funny you say that oh and i just found out i visited my brother several weeks back and discovered that i had not known this before my brother doesn't like reggae either so something must be shared i don't know what happened we must share some memory well that involves reggae music i don't know i have that same reaction to uh any reggae music that isn't bob marley and that's probably i don't know i don't know why that is i think there's only enough room in my head yeah for one reggae and that's that's bob marley and the whalers and anything else sounds like they're doing it wrong the and i know there are many many people in the world who love and appreciate reggae and it is an amazing appreciated art form for not i have not found the enjoyment in it personally though yeah yeah it's like some people like cus country some people like western some people like punk music some people like classical you know like where you're gonna go with it i think i have it's to some level an unelectic appreciation for things yeah like i'm not a big elef it's gerald fan what i'm really not interesting but because it's not because billy holiday to me is the most beautiful female criminal and i don't have room for like it's like i don't have room for another one like i've already found you picked one yeah i joined a team and i like i like team and music that's not true but it's but it's that's not completely true but i don't like it there's once enough i don't need another bird i wouldn't get between the two of them especially you don't there's no need for a third female crew ever there's no come on there's many there's many so many good wonderful crooners and you don't need that many singers musicians and all sorts of people so what time is it there now oh yeah it's time to start normally it'll be time to start the show look at that we're already done maybe you should just stay up all night for the show every week how do you think i get here how do you think i get here what do you think i you do the four to five hours sleep at noon the day before is i get a good night's sleep no that's not possible oh fada i like i like the combination of a rain on a window a crackling fireplace and a kitten purring you just hit my heart right there that was a good one oh maybe i'm gonna have to check that one out i won't be able to sleep to it mind you but it would be nice relaxing maybe while i'm working noise you know instead of going to a cafe that kind of thing weather's better in portland right now it's a little bit better yeah we are having there was a lot of rain and snow and melting and now it's a little bit better i know how are you flooded or no no denmark is not flooded but the bay area has been flooded right california i don't know i don't keep enough with the i keep hearing that it's like crazy you know yeah california is flooding in california we're freezing people were in trouble there there was snow atmospheric rivers 12 feet of eight feet of snow over a weekend in tahoe like you know it's just like i mean all kinds of nuts crazy stuff going on over denmark is actually not bad it snowed a little bit rains a little bit the the only the only problem is when you have a nice blue sky sunny day it's colder it's still like freezing they're like oh yeah those are the worst days because the cloud cover lets all the heat out yeah the lack of the cloud yeah lack of the inversion layer thing when that's gone it gets even colder that heat heat trapping blanket as the likes to call so when it looks like a nice day and i'm like whoa finally today is the day i'll go out there and wear a t-shirt oh that day's even colder than the ones with that no you don't do that it's like if it's winter time and it's blue sky outside just make sure you're wearing that extra layer of jacket the windbreaker the gloves the hat yeah no it's a country of people who there's no fashion shame and spending your day out on the town basically wearing a sleeping bag why you're warm that's great you see all these like like a jumpsuit looking like like what giant adult onesie sleeping bags that people wear basically it's oh i i don't know how to explain it i'm not from play that's probably like people in minnesota are probably like yeah what are you talking about that sounds amazing every day outerwear what are you talking about but no i'm from california so it's just weird that people would choose to continue to live in some place that's cold but it's not cold all the time no there's a couple weeks there's a couple weeks of warmer yeah oh it's 60 degrees today let's do some sunbathing eh there's about six weeks uh spring and autumn and two weeks of summer and uh oh and then and those days those days are hilarious when they actually have a nice summer day everybody's outside which is like a california spring day but still it it's like it's like everybody like you go into a plane you know how like you have public areas with like lots of benches and things where nobody ever is because once they hang out in the park where there's nothing to do they're just filled with humans just sitting reading books sitting talking to each other eating they're all out like oh oh the sun we can warm ourselves we can warm ourselves into the capture some sunlight they're enough to to hold us for another year and this one or two days it's nice like oh the scandinavian northern countries the nordics it's months of summer says schnago that's what you think but yeah probably not this year i don't know what is it i forgot what the meteorologist said the one that was three years of el nino it's over right or la niña i get i get so maybe less rain and other stuff for a little while maybe we'll get a respite i don't know i don't know but all i know is that i'm tired of winter time because the colds the winter colds are too much now i want them all to go away i want i want all the health thing i want the sun the vitamin d and the ultraviolet light that kills all of the viruses in the air the uv radiation from the sky so that i can be outside in the warmth and not have a cold but if you don't want a cold the best thing you should do is never interact with people yeah no good sleep all the people yeah it would be getting sleep is probably the best thing to do not getting vaccinated tomorrow but boy i do have your kid is going back to school so you may be getting inoculated i said he was tested he's been home first for the snow and then from a cold and i sent him back and you know you know he's gonna come back with another cold and then he's gonna be sick and then he's gonna make me sick and it's just i can't do it at her mar i'm gonna eat the apple pie that he brought me though and that will make me happy yes should we say good morning Justin good morning Justin go up and start your day good night Justin good night everyone have a wonderful wonderful week thank you for joining us once again we will be back here hopefully Blair will be back here next Wednesday also it is that time yes maybe even though it's a little bit early too but anyway stay safe stay healthier than me and um sleep more because that's something good and always stay curious remain lucky as you can