 I will try to not speak about darkness, but I will speak about Saint-Denis. Saint-Denis is a town located in the surrounding of Paris. It's a very urbanized environment. Now it's impossible to get an idea of what was the ancient topography. This is the name Century Modes, which is quite famous because it is written in a written sources, that it was built by Charles Lechaud, the little son of Charles Magnus. The only information about the environment we have is from ancient maps from the army. It's an environment with a lot of river, marshy places. The geological map says that there is quaternary on the old deposits, tertiary, moorland sand, and the soils belong to the complex de la Seine, which is a very big thing with a lot of things in it, so it's quite difficult to understand. On the contrary, the urban development is quite known because there is a lot of excavations since 1970. The town developed because of the sanctuaries of the tombs of the Frankish kings, since the mirror of the ancient period. There is a great fair since the 7th century, the evolution, and archaeology permitted to discover crafting activity in coinage and so on. There is a strong artificialization of the hydro-system, even if we don't know what kind of environment there were before this. In the written sources, we know that the crude river was canalized since the 9th century, by 7 km long, and that this water was used to fill this big moat and the ditches in Sandini. This is an urban-type stratification, of course, and there is a strong relation between tone and river. What are the geo-archeological questions? Of course, there is global issues such as interaction between society and environment, and the co-construction of the strata. But a more practical question deals with three points, first is what is the geological substrate and what are the types of soils we have before and during the occupation, because the archaeologists speak about the chamois soil, because of its color. How are used and filled the river, the ditches and the moat? How is artificialized the Martian environment? We know that with the written sources that the moat was sitting up since the 10th, so it's quite rapid, and what about the artificialization between these moats? And about the building material, there is a lot of archaeological feature, but it's excavated once, and there are very few remains before the 12th century, and the stone foundation is only used since the 13th century, even if we have traces of gypsum used in Watto reaming. So I took three excavations, A, B, C, located inside the medieval town, in the trace of the moat and outside the town. I chose them between a five-year survey, and for the three points I got six points to deal with the soil and substrates, four points to deal with the channels, two channels before the Charles Lechor modes, the big modes of Charles Lechor and Eleventh Century ditch. And concerning the building material, we have two floors, between the 10th and the Eleventh Century, then you can see here. So methods are quite common in gyroclogy. I use a documentation in the national maps, for example, where the drainage canisterry is used in some places you will see, and of course strata examination and micro morphology. So concerning the substrate, the mall substrate is ubiquitous, but it's very below the stratigraphy, and on top of it we have up to one meter of alveolar sand or one or two meters of city sand or sandy sand. So it is the mall, and you see you have a different example of the sites. And there are gypsum everywhere, but in traces of ready-position crystals. So concerning the soils, there are mainly frugio soils in sandy alveolar material with the mall bedrock below. This could explain the hydromulphy at the bottom because of the improbability of the mall. There is a lot of bioturbation and a gradation of the amount of city component and the impact of human activities such as agricultural practices and refuse input. This is a completely unforeseen source. Developing an ideal sequence, I will talk more later. So it's quite well preserved because it's under a massive input of mall material and it's composed by city sand and sandy silt, but mainly by sub-horizontal organization of plant remains, or small plant remains like that. And there is a few anthropic waste, but bioturbation. So concerning the ditches and the mold, the excavation B permitted to get three very interesting places. So two environments before the construction of the 9th century moats of Charles Lechot. So in the first place we have, this is the annual sequence I talked just before, we have at the bottom a lot of small mark around like that. And the stratification show a cycle deposition of sand with anthropic waste like eggshells, for example, but also bone ceramics and so on. And a small silt deposition with a lot of herbivorous experiment with phytoliths. In the second place, there is a small alluvial sequence between two massive deposits of maw and waste, more or less silty. At the bottom there is a sandy silted material then containing a lot of anthropic waste like brown material, egg bones and so on. Fishbone, sorry. And then on top we have silty silted alluvial material. Maybe it could be an episodic flooding of the place. What about the big moat? So it's dug to the maw and then there is silty to clay's deposit with very few high dynamic flows, such as these small sandy lenses in it. There is no anthropic material in the theme sessions, but a lot of plant remains like this with a grain seed, sorry. And diatoms. And there is no clear evidence of sewage for this. So there is a quick silting up and maybe a restricted area. So this is another example of Deitch's completely different in other locations and a bit later in the chronology. There is also cycles of deposition of granulated silt and sand, also yattuses in the accumulation which permitted the bioturbation to develop. And there is two very interesting units because the first contains a lot of melted silica and shows a concentration of lead and the other is full of domestic waste. So if we have a ditch which is used for drainage, but also for refuse domestic or crafting activity. So concerning the floor, the first example is in fact located on top of the name-sensory mode, the big mode, and inside the darkness. So I talk about darkness. And it's composed by a thick marble preparation which is burned on top and covered by a lot of ashes, with very well preserved cell morphology and then quite classic plant layers, floors with domestic waste on top. So there is local material in the building of this floor and quite low processed material. The second example is also between the tents and the elephants because it's such a carefully upper but we don't have yet a date. So the preparation of the base of the floor is quite similar, it's floor preparation, but then we have a small sandy layer and after that a cycle of rebuilding with very small clay floors and in between these clay floors, domestic waste, quite usual. Thank you. So here we have not only local material because this clay is not carbonated so it don't come from the substrate and frequently maintained surfaces. This is here. So it's very small but there is maybe 20 layers of clay. So concerning the discussion about the three main points, the geological and the pedological context. So we have no data about the type of substrate which is mainly composed of Alvier city sun which erode the mall and the sole arm mostly brown and fluggy sole with a strong anthropic signal on top. The anthra sole we examine is developed in wet environments and is marked with strong anthropic constraints because it's between alveolar sequences and occupation. The ditches are always due to the mall, maybe to use the impermeability of the material and there is a high complexity of the floor management because we see that these marshy places but also maybe floating events and then artificial edges in this channel and near and too remote. So concerning the building material of the floors we have local quite unprocessed mall material used, plant mats quite usual and clay surfaces frequently maintained. So perspective now because it's a quite recent research is to map this information of the substrate and the soil to know if there is an extension of the different type of soil we have and get the altitude of the different profiles to know if they are connected with hydro systems and so on. And it would be very interesting to try to link the history of the channels we have and the written sources if it's possible. And concerning the building material I was quite surprised to don't found gypsum because it's quite used in the region and there is ubiquitous in the substrate and the soil. So where is the gypsum? And of course it could be very interesting to compare this data concerning the floor with all that time the ancient excavation in Saint-Denis because there were a lot of excavation since the 1970 but it's a hard work deep in the archive so I will do it a bit later. So thank you very much for your attention.