 What I'm going to do now is actually something that is to do with mythological issues. I'm going to talk about climate change and What I want to do is To ask you to come back with suggestions ideas So it's rather, you know this don't ask what you what your country can do for you Ask what you can do for your country So I'm asking not what I can do for you, but asking you to do something for me getting back with Ideas comments, etc towards the end What I'm going to do first is Let's see here talk about how we have increased Focus we need to increase focus on adaptation to climate change. I'm going to talk about My climate change is more relevant to developing countries than to non-developing countries and I'm going to talk about three fields where to my mind Climate change is going to be particularly relevant or severe if you might put like that So and when we have gone through these three areas, I'd like to open the debate Comments, right This is really old-fashioned Now The UN FCCC the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that was signed back in 1992 and at that time we talked about Mitigation and what is mitigation? Mitigation means that you cut down emissions of greenhouse gases And why do you do that? That's because at least some of us believe that climate change is man-made that man We are at least part of the cause to the climate change to the global warming so That was clearly the objective back in the early 90s and that continued like that for quite a number of years however Going up to 2001 another issue Came not to the fall still is not but came on the table at least adaptation and what's the difference adaptation that's when we have a situation where We are going to have climate change. We are going to have the trouble. We are going to have the problems and We need to cope with these and then basically only in 2013 and also We saw that the UN FCCC Took on what I refer to as damage. It's called loss and damage And what's that? Lost damage, that's when mitigation is not the solution. That's when adaptation is not the solution That's when we have the problem and we cannot do anything about it Radical harm We call it also that's for instance if you are Pacific Island and you're going to be flooded Mitigation adaptation, that's not a solution. So if you put these together What do we have? mad and That is the problem that if we go to the damage situation We have the problem and we are not going to lose itself the problem. We're going to To live with the problems in a way that is not Adapting it's not getting away with it We have to go through it and that's where we really have arrived now in quite a number of situations So we need to stop this before things go mad Some of you might know this book by Giddens Anthony Giddens It's the politics of climate change and on page 2 He makes what he defines what he refers to as the Giddens paradox I quite like this that you name a paradox after yourself The basic thing he says he points out is that I'll try to just take the first part of this quote not the full part since the dangers posed by global warming Untangible immediate or visible in their course of day-to-day life Manny will sit on their hands do nothing of a concrete nature about them And then he goes on to say that the problem is that we only act when these dangers when the problems are irrefutable When we can do nothing about them That's a Giddens paradox My point now is to say that this is not even correct We have to go even further because if you want to read a very interesting book Very well-readen. I know Peter Wadham since not only because one sell his book As he says sell himself. This is also very cheap. It's made by one of the Penguin presses this is called a farewell to eyes and What Peter Wadham's does is that he shows that these changes They are happening at the moment to an extent that is very hard to believe It's not something future as the one guidance is talking about is something happening and is actually affecting our day-to-day lives We just don't think about it. Not to the extent we need to We also can see that for instance the world meteorological organization. They pointed out that last year 2015 was the first year that they believe that we had a temperature rise global warming of one Degree Celsius we see we repeat pre-industrial times. That's quite a lot We can also look to the World Bank the World Bank asked the Potsdam Institute High-quality Institute on trying to establish trying to analyze. What are the likely consequences? first if we do nothing if We have the assumed four degree Celsius temperature rise by the end of this century That's the first report coming out. I think in 2012 Try and read it and you can't sleep afterwards It's not nice reading and what the really point out the bottom line is we really can't say what's happening because it's so Complex and it's so bad that this is not really possible to try to to say but those are two other reports looking at different parts of the world first of all global self and These two reports are what if we actually managed to do something What about the the temperature rise the global warming that's locked into the system that we cannot? Avoid unless we start trying to take out some of the greenhouse gases from the atmosphere That's not nice reading either and part of that is what we see today So we have some institutions that I'll put like this That the Republicans even in the US would normally not see as the enemies the bad guys And they also point out that there might actually be some problems. We are a face with and we cannot avoid that So why do we not react? I? Personally that are really two main reasons One is that we are talking about climate change. That's a what we also refer to as a slow onset disaster It's is happening slowly It's not like an earthquake. It's not like a cyclone or anything like that. It's just making The the water comes down a bit more It's going to be a bit warmer and then a bit more and a bit more one way or the other so it takes time and we Well, we try to adapt not everybody can adapt especially if you if your island is submerged in water But it's difficult to act react. It's difficult to see that this is really it Back in Copenhagen. We're talking about that. This has been a fantastic September It's been the summer we had in September. Is that due to climate change? Perhaps perhaps not But it was gorgeous honestly Another thing is this we're talking about a common good and if someone sits on his or her hands Then the others just have to wreck more do more to to counter the problem so we need to do something and I'd say that the more I look into this topic The more worried I become Unfortunately, and that's why I need your help right so We need to look more on adaptation. We are going to have climate change. It is here It's part of everyday life. It's going to be worth we can't stop it from happening We can try to mitigate, but we still need adaptation That's the first part the second thing to make An observation on this that this is first of all something that it's going to affect the globe itself It's also going to happen in Helsinki. We're going to see differences, but But the main problems are going to be felt in the global south and there really are two reasons for that one I'll refer back to what Peter said Peter defined risk and What he really showed was that when you have a risk You're also looking at the vulnerability of a society So that's the same way talking when we're talking about a disaster a Disaster basically is a very appreciable negative impact on the order of a society and If you have a society that can cope with an earthquake can cope with climate change Then it's not going to turn into a disaster But if you cannot do that if you're not able to cope then it becomes a disaster So disaster is not defined by what is actually striking you It's not the earthquake itself as Peter said it could happen in Attica and No one will notice because someone in the meteorological offices or elsewhere will tell us there wasn't an earthquake But we would not know But it's very different if it happens in Port-au-Pence and Haiti then things are completely different But again, it might also be different if the same type of earthquake happens in Tokyo And you just see that the buildings are swaying one side to the other and people are working on an hour later So it really is important that societies can cope with these strikes including obviously climate change and That means that the poor society is that this likely it is to be able to cope that's one reason but the other reason also is that If we go to the global south that's where the actual effects The climatic effects are going to be more drastic droughts for instance But also one thing that that has surprised me that is when we're talking about sea level rise For some reason I thought the sea level rise was going to happen all over the globe at the same level But sea level rise is going to be more severe more pronounced Where the water is warm which happened to be close to equator and less pronounced where it's cold When we're going to be closer to the poles. So again, they're going to be differences and Again referring back to to Peter's presentation earlier today Flooding when we have sea level rise one of them really bad things about sea level rise as compared to a flood of reverse are we flooding? That would be that the sea is salty We have saltwater entering the rivers entering the the the deltas and in self-causing Harm in this way so first adaptations needed and we're going to see these problems happening particularly in developed countries right then the third part where From societal point of view I Believe that there will be three areas where we particularly need to to focus our attention When we're looking at what are the consequences of climate change of global warming the first will be migration that Climate change will lead to increased migration The second would be public health that will have public health challenges caused by the global warming or at least related to global warming and The third one where we would like you to see challenges would be food production in a broad sense Perhaps before going into these When we're talking about this, I don't believe that we should just say that this is That climate change causes migration unless your island is flooded submerged then It's a combination of factors that we normally see climate change will be a multiplier to what else could happen We heard earlier today a question on on Syria where some argue that the the rule we see today in Syria is Basically caused by climate change My personal view is that climate change might have been a multiplier to other factors and as some of you might know in 2014 Pentagon the Minister of Defense of the US came out with a small short report and they argued that Climate change that is a threat multiplier I think that's a very succinct a very correct way of viewing climate change climate change is not in itself in most cases Producing the effects. It's just making things worse and That's for that reason that we need to to address it and When we look at migration We are likely to see that in some cases people are forced to to flee Again the Pacific is probably the most obvious place to to look to However, in most situations Climate change will just be one component that is pushing people away If look to sub-Saharan Africa We know that the predictions say that we're going to have a very very significant increase in population size That means that they'll be Most likely more migration Migration is in its own. It's not a bad thing Migration is a very good way of coping with problems or trying to find a better place to live but If people are migrating we still need to take care of their rights And and as a lawyer, I believe that especially when we're looking at people who are forced to migrate due to climate change We need to consider the rights. Some of you might know We have so far not accepted we being international community the idea of climate refugees That climate cannot be a reason for having a refugee status And that means that the receiving country does not have an obligation to Take in a person who is fleeing due to climate change. I Personally believe that if we're talking about forced migration Due to climate change Then we need to reconsider that situation But what about those then there are many people who are going to migrate due to Many reasons including climate change that the droughts are coming becoming more severe They're going to be more frequent in the area of the live at the same time the population growth They need to move on. How do we handle these? We're talking about humans human beings So we still need to consider what rights should we give these people? How are we hand them in a in my view in an ethical correct way? That's the first area that where we need to find solutions the second one is public health and And We might where we see in the future that with the changing climate with the global warming We'll see new ways that Diseases were spread new areas where they will arrive There might actually be one very positive side effect to this and that is that functions if you look to Copenhagen We've got a new mosquito The mosquito that is able to spread the nine fever What's that mean? That means that now in the future if we're going to have nine fever all free Europe That'll probably be some businesses some metal companies that find it attractive to try to find ways of accompanying that So so there is a side effect that is positive namely that the global north having also the what we otherwise would call Tropical diseases There'll also be a market to actually try to to to to go against these diseases But that's probably a very small thing compared to the big picture that we're going to to to see And again clear and climate change is going to be one factor And among amongst others one of the other factors that we are seeing at the moment is that multi resistance amongst various bacteria is increasing dramatically that The antibiotics that we normally use do not work anymore That's again also going to be a problem in the global north But in any event that is going to be combined with the spread of the diseases due to climate change due to global warming We're going to see a different scenario, and that's not going to be a positive one pleasant one When we're talking about epidemics also One thing we can tell for instance from the Ebola crisis We have seen in West Africa is that what really matters when we want to to Handle these situations. That's governance. That's how effective. How good the authorities first of all are at in catchling keeping within certain area or the epidemics and We're going to to face up to that in the future again We have had that earlier. We've seen that probably more often due to amongst other things climate change So we need to think about how can we as societies how can we address these challenges in the public health field? Right lastly food production Peter's shown us that droughts are going to are happening Not so much more frequent as I'd expected according to the data that didn't go well with what I'm going to say But at least we're going to see a change precipitation pattern around the world That's meaning that when we're going to have a dry it's going to be dry in the future and what's going to be wet It's going to be better so Things are going to be more extreme When we're talking about climate change We're seeing more extreme according to the predictions at least cyclones not least in in in the Southeast Asia We're going to see that these more extreme weather events are going to harm the infrastructure Meaning that it might be more difficult to bring out our food from one place to another So we're going to see consequences on food production At same time according to the fair the food and cultural appreciation of the UN Today if you look at food production and look at food consumption One third of all food produced in this world never ends up as food in the mouth of a human being So one of the the chance that we are faced with even without climate change To my mind is to actually get the food from the fields and into the to the mouth of those Who who suffer in one way or the other? Another factor that we also have to remember is that most famines they happen in areas Arguably happen areas where there actually is food I guess the most famous one is the Irish Potato crisis back in something like 1845 to 1814 1849 Where you have people dying literally in Ireland While the Irish they exported food to the British to an extent that would have been able to actually cover the food requirements during the famine So we we have two challenges here one is actually to get the food to people not seeing it Lost on the way one way or the other and the other one is actually to ensuring that when we have the food also give it to those who are need Which basically the last part is something Just as Laura say that's the right to food right When we're talking about food production what we really talking about is technical issues How do we get the food in a way to the consumer that is still eatable and when we're talking about right to food? That is more political Issue for the politicians rather than for forces social science people But I still believe that that the implementation of these ideas The way we actually go about putting that into the societies That is a task for us as researchers social science researchers. Those of us who actually Believe that we're doing social science research at least so right I've now tried to to very briefly See time-wise Go through these free topics free sop areas and The idea now is To hope to have feedback from you as to what is it that we should do How can we actually go about doing this as in certain the social sciences trying to address these challenges that? I'm not a chance of the future. It's not just about mitigating The emission of greenhouse gases greenhouse gases It's also about adapting our societies to take into account these Challenges that are locked into the system the climate changes that we cannot avoid right, so thank you