 5. Journey from Coborg to Amherst, Peterborough, Newcastle District, September 8, 1832. We left Coborg on the afternoon of the first of September in a light wagon comfortably lined with buffalo robes. Our fellow travellers consisted of three gentlemen and a young lady, all of whom proved very agreeable and willing to afford us every information respecting the country through which we are travelling. The afternoon was fine, one of those rich mellow days we often experience in the early part of September. The warm hues of autumn were already visible on the forest trees, but rather spoke of ripeness than decay. The country round Coborg is well cultivated, a great portion of the woods have been superseded by open fields, pleasant farms, and fine flourishing orchards with green pastures, where abundance of cattle were grazing. The county jail and courthouse at Amherst, about a mile and a half from Coborg, is a fine stone edifice, situated on a rising ground, which commands an extensive view over the Lake Ontario and surrounding scenery. As you advance further up the country in the direction of Hamilton or Rice Lake Plains, the land rises into bold sweeping hills and dales. The outline of the country reminded me of the hilly part of Gloucestershire. You want, however, the charm with which civilisation has so eminently adorned that fine country, with all its romantic villages, flourishing towns, cultivated farms, and extensive downs so thickly covered with flocks and herds. Here the bold forests of oak, beech, maple and basswood, with now and then a grove of dark pine, cover the hills only enlivened by an occasional settlement with its log-house and zigzag fences of split timber. These fences are very offensive to my eye. I look in vain for the rich hedgerows of my native country. Even the stone fences in the north and west of England, cold and bare as they are, are less unsightly. The settlers, however, invariably adopt whatever plan saves time, labour and money. The great law of expediency is strictly observed. It is born of necessity. Matters of taste appear to be little regarded, or are, at all events, after considerations. I could see a smile-hover on the lips of my fellow travellers on hearing of our projected plans for the adornment of our future dwelling. If you go into the backwoods, your house must necessarily be a log-house, said an elderly gentleman, who had been a settler many years in the country. For you will most probably be out of the way of a sawmill, and you will find so much to do, and so many obstacles to encounter, for the first two or three years, that you will hardly have opportunity for carrying these improvements into effect. There is an old saying, he added, with a mixture of gravity and good humour in his looks, that I used to hear when I was a boy, first creep, then go. Note, derived from infants crawling on all fours before they have strength to walk. Matters are not carried on quite so easily here as at home, and the truth of this a very few weeks acquaintance with the bush, as we term all unbroken forest land, will prove. At the end of five years you may begin to talk of these pretty improvements and elegancies, and you will then be able to see a little what you are about. I thought, said I, everything in this country was done with so much expedition. I am sure I have heard and read of houses being built in a day. The old gentleman laughed. Yes, yes, he replied, travellers find no difficulty in putting up a house in twelve or twenty-four hours, and so the log-walls can be raised in that time or even less, but the house is not completed when the outer walls are up, as your husband will find to his cost. But all the works on emigration that I leave read, replied I, give a fair and flattering picture of a settler's life, for, according to their statements, the difficulties are easily removed. Never mind books, said my companion. Use your own reason. Look on those interminable forests through which the eye can only penetrate a few yards, and tell me how those vast timbers are to be removed, utterly extirpated, I may say, from the face of the earth. The ground cleared and burnt, a crop sown and fenced, and a house to shelter you raised without difficulty, without expense, and without great labour. Never tell me of what is said in books. Written, very frequently, by tarry-at-home travellers. Give me facts, one honest, candid immigrant's experience is worth all that has been written on the subject. Besides, that which may be a true picture of one part of the country, will hardly suit another. The advantages and disadvantages arising from soil, situation, and progress of civilisation are very different in different districts. Even the prices of goods and of produce, stock, and labour vary exceedingly, according as you are near to, or distant from, towns and markets. I began to think my fellow traveller spoke sensibly on the subject, with which the experience of thirteen years had made him perfectly conversant. I began to apprehend that we had also taken too flattering a view of a settler's life as it must be in the backwards. Time and our own personal knowledge will be the surest test, and to that we must bow. We are ever prone to believe that which we wish. About half way between Coburg and Rice Lake there is a pretty valley between two steep hills. Here there is a good deal of cleared land and a tavern. The place is called Cold Springs. Who knows but some century or two hence this spot may become a fashionable place of resort to drink the waters. A Canadian bath or Cheltenham may spring up where now nature revels in her wilderness of forest trees. We now ascend the plains, a fine elevation of land, for many miles scantily closed with oaks, and here and there bushy pines, with other trees and shrubs. The soil is in some places sandy, but varies, I am told considerably in different parts, and is covered in large tracts with rich herbage, affording abundance of the finest pasture for cattle. A number of exquisite flowers and shrubs adorn these plains which rival any garden and beauty during the spring and summer months. Many of these plants are peculiar to the plains, and are rarely met with in any other situation. The trees too, though inferior in size to those in the forest, are more picturesque, growing in groups or singly at considerable intervals, giving a sort of park-like appearance to this portion of the country. The prevailing opinion seems to be that the plains laid out in grazing or dairy farms would answer the purpose of settlers as well, as there is plenty of land that will grow wheat and other corn crops, and can be improved at a small expense, besides abundance of natural pasture for cattle. One great advantage seems to be that the plow can be introduced directly, and the labour of preparing the ground is necessarily much less than where it is wholly covered with wood. There are several settlers on these plains possessing considerable farms. The situation, I should think, must be healthy and agreeable from the elevation and dryness of the land and the pleasant prospect they command of the country below them, especially where the rice-lake, with its various islands and picturesque shores, is visible. The ground itself is pleasingly broken into hill and valley, sometimes gently sloping, at other times abrupt and almost precipitous. An American farmer, who formed one of our party at breakfast the following morning, told me that these plains were formerly famous hunting grounds of the Indians, who, to prevent the growth of timbers, burned them year after year. This, in process of time, destroyed the young trees, so as to prevent them again from accumulating to the extent they formerly did. Sufficient only was left to form covards for the deer resort hither in great herds for the sake of a peculiar tall sort of grass with which these plains abound, called deergrass, on which they become exceedingly fat at certain seasons of the year. Evening closed in, before we reached the tavern on the shores of rice-lake, where we were to pass the night, so that I lost something of the beautiful scenery which this fine expanse of water presents as you descend the plains towards its shores. The glimpses I caught of it were by the faint but frequent flashes of lightning that illuminated the horizon to the north, which just revealed enough to make me regret I could see no more that night. The rice-lake is prettily diversified with small wooded eyelets. The north bank rises gently from the water's edge. Within sight of sully, the tavern from which the steamboat starts that goes up the autonomy, you see several well-cultivated settlements, and beyond the Indian village the missionaries have a school for the education and instruction of the Indian children. Many of them can both read and write fluently, and are greatly improved in their moral and religious conduct. They are well and comfortably clothed, and have houses to live in, but they are still too much attached to their wandering habits to become good and industrious subtlers. During certain seasons they leave the village and encamp themselves in the woods along the borders of those lakes and rivers that present the most advantageous hunting and fishing grounds. The rice-lake and mud-lake Indians belong, I am told, to the Chippewas, but the trades of cunning and warlike ferocity that formerly marked this singular people seem to have disappeared beneath the milder influence of Christianity. Certain it is that the introduction of the Christian religion is the first greatest step towards civilization and improvement. Its very tendency being to break down the strongholds of prejudice and ignorance, and unite mankind in one bond of social brotherhood. I have been told that for some time drunkenness was unknown, and even the moderate use of spirits was religiously abstained from by all the converts. This abstinence is still practiced by some families, but of late the love of ardent spirits has again crept in among them, bringing discredit upon their faith. It is indeed hardly to be wondered at when the Indians seize those around him that call themselves Christians, and who are better educated and enjoy the advantages of civilized society indulging to excess in this degrading vice, that he should suffer his natural inclination to overcome his Christian duty, which might in some have taken no deep root. I have been surprised and disgusted by the censures passed on the airing Indian by persons who were foremost in indulgence at the table and the tavern, as if the crime of drunkenness were more excusable in the man of education than in the half-reclaimed savage. There are some fine settlements on Rice Lake, but I am told the shores are not considered healthy, the inhabitants being subject to lake-fevers and ague, especially where the ground is low and swampy. These fevers and agues are supposed by some people to originate in the extensive rice-beds which cause us stagnation in the water. The constant evaporation from the surface, acting on a mass of decaying vegetation, must tend to have a bad effect on the constitution of those that are immediately exposed to its pernicious influence. Besides numerous small streams, here called creeks, two considerable rivers, the Autonomy and the Trent, find an outlet for their waters in the Rice Lake. These rivers are connected by a chain of small lakes which you may trace on any good map of the province. I send you a diagram which has been published at Coburg which will give you the geography of this portion of the country. It is on one of these small lakes we propose purchasing land. Which, should the navigation of these waters be carried into effect, as is generally supposed to be in a contemplation, will render the lands on their shores very advantageous to the settlers. At present they are interrupted by large blocks of granite and limestone, rapids and falls, which prevent any but canoes or flat-bottom boats from passing on them. And even these are limited to certain parts on account of the above-named obstacles. By deepening the bed of the river and lakes and forming locks in some parts of the canals, the whole sweep of these waters might be thrown open to the Bay of Quinty. The expense, however, would necessarily be great, and till the townships of this portion of the district be fully settled, it is hardly to be expected that so vast an undertaking should be effected, however desirable it may be. We left the tavern at Rice Lake after an unusual delay at nine o'clock. The morning was damp and a cold wind blew over the lake, which appeared to little advantage through the drizzling rain from which I was glad to shroud my face in my warm plaid cloak. For there was no cabin or other shelter in the little steamer than an inefficient awning. This apology for a steamboat formed a considerable contrast with the superbly appointed vessels we had lately been passengers in on the Ontario and the St. Lawrence. But the circumstance of a steamer at all on the autonomy was a matter of surprise to us, and of exaltation to the first settlers along its shores, who for many years had been contented with no better mode of transport than a scow or a canoe for themselves and their marketable produce, or, through the worst possible roads with a wagon or sleigh. The autonomy is a fine, broad, clear stream divided into two mows at its entrance to the Rice Lake by a low tongue of land, too swampy to be put under cultivation. This beautiful river, for such I considered it to be, winds its way between thickly wooded banks which rise gradually as you advance higher up the country. Towards noon the mist clear off, and the sun came forth in all the brilliant beauty of a September day. So completely were we sheltered from the wind by the thick wall of pines on either side, that I no longer felt the least inconvenience from the cold that had chilled me on crossing the lake in the morning. To the mere passing traveller, who cares little for the minute beauties of scenery, there is certainly a monotony in the long and unbroken line of woods, which insensibly inspires a feeling of gloom almost touching on sadness. Still there are objects to charm and delight the close observer of nature. His eye will be attracted by fantastic bowers which are formed by the scarlet creeper, or Canadian ivy, and the wild vine, flinging their closely entwined wreath of richly tinted foliage from bow to bow of the forest trees, mingling their hues with the splendid rose-tipped branches of the soft maple, the autumnal tints of which are unrivaled in beauty by any of our forest trees at home. The purple clusters of the grape by no means so contemptible in size as I had been led to imagine looked tempting to my longing eyes as they appear just ripening among these forest bowers. I am told the juice forms a delicious and highly flavored jelly, boiled with sufficient quantity of sugar. The seeds are too large to make any other preparation of them practicable. I shall endeavour at some time or another to try the improvement that can be affected by cultivation. One is apt to imagine where nature has so abundantly bestowed fruits, that is, the most favourable climate for their attaining perfection with the assistance of culture and soil. The waters of the autonomy are so clear and free from impurity that you distinctly see every stone pebble or shell at the bottom. Here and there an opening in the forest reveals some tributary stream working its way beneath the gigantic trees that meet above it. The silence of the scene is unbroken but by the sudden rush of the wild duck disturbed from its retreat among the shrubbery willows that in some parts fringe the left bank or the shrill cry of the kingfisher as it darts across the water. The steamboat puts in for a supply of firewood at a clearing about half way from Peterborough, and I gladly availed myself of the opportunity of indulging my inclination for gathering some of the splendid cardinal flowers that grew among the stones by the river's brink. Here too I plucked as sweet a rose as ever graced in English garden. I also found among the grass of the meadowland spearmint and nearer to the bank peppermint. There was a bush resembling our hawthorn, which on examination proved to be the coxpur hawthorn with fruit as large as cherries, pulpy, and of a pleasant tartness not much unlike to tamarinds. The thorns of this tree were of formal length and strength. I should think it might be introduced with great advantage to form live fences. The fruit too would prove by no means contemptible as a preserve. As I felt a great curiosity to see the interior of a log-house I entered the open doorway of the tavern, as the people termed it under the pretext of buying a draft of milk. The interior of this rude dwelling presented no very inviting aspect. The walls were of rough, unhewn logs, filled between the chinks with moss and irregular wedges of wood, to keep out the wind and rain. The unplastered roof displayed the rafters, covered with moss and lichen, green, yellow, and gray, above which might be seen the shingles, dyed to a fine mahogany red by the smoke which refused to ascend the wide clay and stone chimney, to curl gracefully about the roof and seek its exit in the various crannies and apertures with which the roof and sides of the building abounded. The floor was of earth, which had become pretty hard and smooth through use. This hut reminded me of the one described by the four Russian sailors that were left to winter on the island of Spitzbergen. Its furniture was of corresponding rudeness, a few stools, rough and unplanned. A deal-table which, from being manufactured from unseasoned wood, was divided by three wide-open seams, and was only held together by its ill-shaped legs. Two or three blocks of gray granite, placed beside the hearth, served for seats for the children, with the addition of two beds raised a little above the ground by a frame of split-seaters. On these lowly couches lay extended two poor men, suffering under the wasting effects of lake fever. Their yellow, billious faces strangely contrasted with the gay patchwork quilts that covered them. I felt much concerned for the poor emigrants who told me they had not been many weeks in the country when they were seized with the fever and ague. They both had wives and small children who seemed very miserable. The wives also had been sick with ague, and had not a house or even shanty of their own up. The husbands, having fallen ill, were unable to do anything, and much of the little money they had brought out with them had been expended in board and lodging in this miserable place, which they dignified by the name of Tavern. I cannot say I was greatly prepossessed in favour of their hostess a harsh, covetous woman. Besides the various emigrant men, women, and children that lodged within the walls, the log-house had tenants of another description. A fine calf occupied a pen in a corner. Some pigs roamed grunting about in company with some half-dozen fowls. The most attractive objects were three snow-white pigeons that were meekly picking up crumbs and looking as if they were too pure and innocent to be inhabitants of such a place. Owing to the shallowness of the river this season and to the rapids, the steamboat is unable to go up the whole way to Peterborough, and a scow or rowboat, as it is sometimes termed, a huge, unwieldly, flat-bottomed machine, meets the passengers at a certain part of the river within sight of a singular pine-tree on the right bank. This is termed the Yankee Bonnet, from the fancy resemblance of the topmost bowels to a sort of cap worn by the Yankees, not much unlike the blue bonnet of Scotland. Unfortunately the steamer ran aground some four miles below the usual place of Rendezvous, and we waited till near four o'clock for the scow. When it made its appearance we found, to our discomfort, the rowers, Aiton number and all Irishmen, were under the exciting influence of a whiskey they had drunk dry on the voyage. They were moreover exasperated by the delay on the part of the steamer, which gave them four miles additional heavy rowing. Besides a number of passengers there was an enormous load of furniture, trunks, boxes, chests, sacks of wheat, barrels of flour, salt and pork, with many miscellaneous packages and articles, small and great, which were piled to a height that I thought very unsafe, to goods and passengers. With a marvellous ill-grace the men took up their oars when their load was completed, but declared they would go on shore and make a fire and cook their dinners, they not having eaten any food, though they had taken large potations of the whiskey. This measure was opposed by some of the gentlemen, and a fierce and angry scene ensued, which ended in the mutineers flinging down their oars and positively refusing to row another stroke till they had satisfied their hunger. Perhaps I had a fellow feeling for them, as I began to be exceedingly hungry, almost ravenous myself, having fasted since six that morning. Indeed, so faint was I, that I was feigned to get my husband to procure me a morsel of the course uninviting bread that was produced by the rowers, and which they ate with huge slices of raw pickled pork, seasoning this unseemly meal with curses, not loud but deep, and bitter taunts against those who prevented them from cooking their food like Christians. While I was eagerly eating the bit of bread, an old farmer who had eyed me for some time with a mixture of curiosity and compassion said, Poor thing, well, you do seem hungry indeed, and I dare say, are just out of the old country, and so little use to such hard fare. Here are some cakes that my woman, i.e., wife, put in my pocket when I left home. I care nothing for them, but they are better than that bad bread. Take them, and welcome. With these words he tossed some very respectable homemade seed-cakes into my lap, and truly never was anything more welcome than this seasonable refreshment. A sullen and gloomy spirit seemed to prevail among our boatmen, which by no means diminished as the evening drew on, and the rapids were near. The sun had set, and the moon and stars rose brilliantly over the still waters, which gave back the reflections of their glorious multitude of heavenly bodies. A sight so passing fare might have stilled the most turbulent spirits into peace. At least, so I thought. As wrapped in my cloak, I leaped back against the supporting arm of my husband, and looking from the waters to the sky, and from the sky to the waters, with delight and admiration. My pleasant reverie was, however, soon ended when I suddenly felt the boat touch the rocky bank, and heard the boatmen protesting they would go no further that night. We were nearly three miles below Peterborough, and how I was to walk this distance, weakened as I was by recent illness and fatigue of our long travelling, I knew not. To spend the night in an open boat, exposed to the heavy dues arising from the river, would be almost death. While we were deliberating on what to do, the rest of the passengers had made up their minds, and taken the way through the woods by a road they were well acquainted with. They were soon out of sight, all but one gentleman, who was bargaining with one of the rowers to take him and his dog across the river at the head of the rapids in a skiff. Imagine our situation at ten o'clock at night without knowing a single step of our road put on shore to find the way to the distant town as we best could, or pass the night in the dark forest. Almost in despair, we entreated the gentleman to be our guide as far as he went, but so many obstacles beset our path in the form of newly chopped trees and blocks of stone scattered along the shore that it was with the utmost difficulty we could keep him in sight. At last we came up with him at the place appointed to meet the skiff, and with a pritonacity that at another time and in other circumstances we never should have adopted, we all but insisted on being admitted into the boat. An angry growling consent was extorted from the surly charon, and we hastily entered the frail bark, which seemed hardly calculated to convey us in safety to the opposite shore. I could not help indulging in a feeling of indescribable fear as I listened to the torrent of profane invective that burst forth continually from the lips of the boatmen. Once or twice we were in danger of being overset by the boughs of the pines and cedars which had fallen into the water near the banks. Right glad was I when we reached the opposite shores, but here a new trouble arose. There was yet more untracked wood to cross before we again met the skiff which had to pass up a small rapid and meet us at the head of the small lake, an expansion of the autonomy a little below Peterborough. At the distance of every few yards our path was obstructed by fallen trees, mostly hemlock, spruce, or cedar, the branches of which are so thickly interwoven that it is scarcely possible to separate them, or force a passage through the tangled thicket which they form. Had it not been for the humane assistance of our conductor I know not how I should have surmounted these difficulties. Sometimes I was ready to sink down from very weariness. At length I hailed with a joy I could hardly have supposed possible. The gruff voice of the Irish rover, and after considerable grumbling on his part, we were again seated. Glad enough we were to see, by the blazing light of an enormous log-keep, the house of our friend. Here we received the offer of a guide to show us the way to the town by a road cut through the wood. We partook of the welcome refreshment of tea, and having gained a little strength by a short rest, we once more commenced our journey, guided by a ragged but polite Irish boy, whose frankness and good humour quite won our regards. He informed us he was one of seven orphans, who had lost his father and mother in the cholera. It was a sad thing, he said, to be left fatherless and motherless in a strange land, and he swept away the tears that gathered in his eyes as he told the simple, but sad tale of his early bereavement. But added cheerfully he had met with a kind master, who had taken some of his brothers and sisters into his service as well as himself. Just as we were emerging from the gloom of the wood, we found our progress impeded by a creek, as the boy called it, over which he told us we must pass by a log-bridge before we could get to the town. Now the log-bridge was composed of one log, or rather a fallen tree, thrown across the stream, rendered very slippery by the heavy dew that had risen from the swamp. As the log admitted, of only one person at a time, I could receive no assistance from my companions. And, though our little guide, with a natural politeness arising from the benevolence of his disposition, did me all the service in his power by holding the lantern close to the surface to throw all the light he could on the subject. I had the ill luck to fall in up to my knees in the water. My head turning quite giddy as I came to the last step or two. Thus was I wet as well as weary. To add to our misfortune we saw the lights disappear one by one in the village, till a solitary candle, glimmering from the upper chambers of one or two houses, were our only beacons. We had yet a lodging to seek, and it was near midnight before we reached the door of the principal inn. There at least, thought I, our troubles for tonight will end. But great was our mortification on being told there was not a spare bed to be had in the house, every one being occupied by emigrants going up to one of the back townships. I could go no further, and we petitioned for a place by the kitchen fire, where we might rest at least, if not sleep, and I might dry my wet garments. On seeing my condition the landlady took compassion on me, led me to the blazing fire, which her damsels quickly roused up. One brought a warm bath for my feet, while another provided a warm potation, which I really believe, strange and unusual to my lips as it was, did me good. In short we received every kindness and attention that we required from mine host and hostess, who relinquished their own bed for our accommodation, contenting themselves with a shakedown before the kitchen fire. I can now smile at the disasters of that day, but at the time they appeared no trifles as you may well suppose. Farewell, my dearest mother. END OF CHAPTER V LETTER VI. PETERBURL. Peterborough, September 11, 1832. It is now settled that we abide here till after the government sale has taken place. We are then to remain with S. and his family till we have got a few acres chomped and a log-house put up on our own land, having determined to go at once into the bush, on account of our military grant, which we have been so fortunate as to draw in the neighbourhood of S. we have fully made up our minds to enter at once and cheerfully on the privations and inconveniences attending such a situation, as there is no choice between relinquishing that great advantage and doing our settlement duties. We shall not be worse off than others who have gone before us to the unsettled townships, many of whom naval and military officers, with their families, have had to struggle with considerable difficulties, but who are now beginning to feel the advantages arising from their exertions. In addition to the land he is entitled to as an officer in the British service, my husband is in treaty for the purchase of an eligible lot by small lakes. This will give us a water frontage and a further inducement to bring us within a little distance of S, so that we shall not be quite so lonely as if we had gone on to our government lot at once. We have experienced some attention and hospitality from several of the residents of Peterborough. There is a very gentile society, chiefly composed of officers and their families, besides the professional men and storekeepers. Many of the latter are persons of respectable family and good education. Though a store is, in fact, nothing better than what we should call, in the country towns at home, a general shop. Yet the storekeeper in Canada holds a very different rank from the shopkeeper of the English village. The storekeepers are the merchants and bankers of the places in which they reside. Almost all money matters are transacted by them, and they are often men of landed property and consequence, not unfrequently filling the situations of magistrates, commissioners, and even members of the provincial parliament. As they maintain a rank in society which entitles them to the equality with the aristocracy of the country, you must not be surprised when I tell you that it is no uncommon circumstance to see the sons of naval and military officers and clergymen standing behind a counter or wielding an axe in the woods with their father's choppers, nor do they lose their grade in society by such employment. After all, it is education and manners that must distinguish the gentleman in this country, seeing that the laboring man, if he is diligent and industrious, may soon become his equal in point of worldly possessions. The ignorant man, let him be ever so wealthy, can never be equal to the man of education. It is the mind that forms the distinction between the classes in this country. Knowledge is power. We had heard so much of the odious manners of the Yankees in this country that I was rather agreeably surprised by the few specimens of Native Americans that I have seen. They were for the most part polite, well-behaved people. The only peculiarities I observed in them were a certain nasal twang in speaking, and some few odd phrases, but these were only used by the lower class, who guess and calculate a little more than we do. One of their most remarkable terms is to fix. Whatever work requires to be done, it must be fixed. Fix the room, is, said it in order. Fix the table, fix the fire, says the mistress to her servants, and the things are fixed accordingly. I was amused one day by hearing a woman tell her husband the chimney one in fixing. I thought it seemed secure enough, and was a little surprised when the man got a rope and a few cedar-bows, with which he dislodged an accumulation of soot that caused the fire to smoke. The chimney being fixed all went right again. This odd term is not confined to the lower orders alone. And from hearing it so often it becomes a standard word even among the latter emigrants from our own country. With the exception of some few remarkable expressions, and an attempt at introducing fine words in their everyday conversation, the lower order of Yankees have a decided advantage over our English peasantry in the use of grammatical language. They speak better English than you will hear from persons of the same class in any part of England, Ireland, or Scotland—a fact that we should be unwilling, I suppose, to allow at home. If I were asked what appeared to me the most striking feature in the manners of the Americans that I had met with, I should say it was coldness approaching to apathy. I do not at all imagine them to be deficient in feeling or real sensibility, but they do not suffer their emotion to be seen. They are less profuse in their expressions of welcome and kindness than we are, though probably quite as sincere. No one doubts their hospitality, but, after all, one likes to see the hearty shake of the hand and hear the cordial word that makes one feel oneself welcome. Persons who come to this country are very apt to confound the old settlers from Britain with the Native Americans, and when they meet with people of rude, offensive manners, using certain Yankee words in their conversation, and making a display of independence not exactly suitable to their own aristocratical notions, they immediately suppose they must be genuine Yankees, while they are, in fact, only imitators, and you well know the fact that a bad imitation is always worse than the original. You would be surprised to see how soon the newcomers fall into this disagreeable manner and affectation of equality, especially the inferior class of Irish and Scotch. The English less so. We were rather entertained by the behaviour of a young Scotchman, the engineer on the steamer, on my husband addressing him with reference to the management of the engine. His manners were surly and almost insolent. He scrupulously avoided the least approach to courtesy or outward respect. Nay, he even went so far as to seat himself on the bench close beside me, and observed that, among the many advantages this country has offered to settlers like him, he did not reckon at the least of them that he was not obliged to take off his hat when he spoke to people, meaning persons of our degree, or address them by any other title than their name. Besides, he could go and take a seat beside any gentleman or lady either, and think himself to the full as good as them. Very likely, I replied, hardly able to refrain from laughing at this sally, but I doubt you greatly overrate the advantage of such privileges, for you cannot oblige the lady or gentleman to entertain the same opinion of your qualifications, or to remain seated beside you unless it pleases them to do so. With these words I rose up and left the independent gentleman evidently a little confounded at the manoeuvre. However, he soon recovered his self-possession, and continued swinging the axe he held in his hand, and said, It is no crime, I guess, being born a poor man. None in the world, replied my husband, a man's birth is not of his own choosing. A man can no more help being born poor than rich. Neither is it the fault of the gentleman being born of parents who occupy a higher station in society than his neighbor. I hope you will allow this. His scotch-man was obliged to yield a reluctant affirmative to the latter position, but concluded with a gain, repeating his satisfaction, at not being obliged in this country to take off his hat, or speak with respect to gentleman, as they styled themselves. No one, my friend, could have obliged you to be well mannered at home any more than in Canada. Surely you could have kept your hat on your head if you had been so disposed. No gentleman would have knocked it off, I am sure. As to the boasted advantage of rude manners in Canada, I should think something of it, if it benefited you the least, or put one extra dollar in your pocket. But I have my doubts, if it has that profitable effect. There is a comfort, I guess, in considering oneself equal to a gentleman. Surely if you could induce the gentleman to think the same. This was a point that seemed rather to disconcert our candidate for equality, who commenced whistling and kicking his heels with redoubled energy. Now, said his tormentor, you have explained your notions of Canadian independence. Be so good as to explain the machinery of your engine, with which you seem very well acquainted. The man eyed my husband for a minute, half sulking, half pleased at the implied compliment of his skill, and, walking off to the engine, discussed the management of it with considerable fluency, and from that time treated us with perfect respect. He was evidently struck with my husband's reply to his question, put in a most discourteous tone. Pray, what makes a gentleman? I'll thank you to answer me that. Good manners and good education was the reply. A rich man, or a high born man, if he is rude, ill-mannered, and ignorant, is no more a gentleman than yourself. This put the matter on a different footing, and the engineer had the good sense to perceive that rude familiarity did not constitute a gentleman. But it is now time I should give you some account of Peterborough, which, in point of situation, is superior to any place I have yet seen in the Upper Province. It occupies a central point between the townships of Monaghan, Smith, Caven, Autonobie, and Duro, and may, with propriety, be considered as the capital of the Newcastle District. It is situated on a fine elevated plain, just above the small lake, where the river is divided by two low-wooded islets. The original, or government, part of the town is laid out in half-acre lots. The streets, which are now fast-filling up, are nearly at right angles with the river, and extend towards the plains to the northeast. These plains form a beautiful natural park, finely diversified with hill and dale, covered with a lovely green suede, enameled with a variety of the most exquisite flowers, and planted as if by nature's own hand, with groups of feathery pines, oaks balsam, poplar, and silver birch. The views from these plains are delightful, whichever way you turn your eyes, they are gratified by a diversity of hill and dale, wood and water, with the town spreading over a considerable tract of ground. The plains descend with a steep declivity towards the river, which rushes with considerable impetuosity between its banks, fancy along narrow valley and separating the east and west portions of the town into two distinct villages. The autonomy bank rises to a loftier elevation than the monohand side, and commands an extensive view over the intervening valley, the opposite town and the boundary forests and hills behind it. This is called Peterborough East, and is in the hands of two or three individuals of large capital, from whom the town lots are purchased. Peterborough, thus divided, covers a great extent of ground, more than sufficient for the formation of a large city. The number of inhabitants are now reckoned at seven hundred and upwards, and if it continues to increase as rapidly in the next few years as it has done lately, it will soon be a very populous town. Note, since this account of Peterborough was written, the town has increased at least a third in buildings and population. And note, there is great water power, both as regards the river and the fine broad creek which winds its way through the town and falls into the small lake below. There are several saw and grist mills, a distillery, fulling mill, two principal ends, besides smaller ones, a number of good stores, a government schoolhouse, which also serves for a church, till one more suitable should be built. The planes are sold off in park lots, and some pretty little dwellings are being built, but I much fear the natural beauties of this lovely spot will be soon spoiled. I am never weary with strolling about, climbing the hills in every direction, to catch some new prospect, or gather some new flowers, which, though getting late in the summer, are still abundant. Among the plants, with whose names I am acquainted, are a variety of shrubby asters of every tint of blue, purple, and pearly white, a lilac monarda, most beautifully aromatic, even to the dry stalks and seed-vessels, the white nephelium or everlasting flower, roses of several kinds, a few lake buds of which I found in a valley near the church. I also noticed, among the shrubs, a very pretty little plant resembling our box. It trails along the ground, sending up branches and shoots, the leaves turn of a deep copper red. Yet, in spite of this contradiction, it is an evergreen. I also noticed some beautiful lichens, with coral caps surmounting the grey hollow footstocks, which grow in irregular tufts among the dry mosses, or more frequently I found them covering the roots of the trees, or half-decayed timbers. Among a variety of fungi I gathered a hollow cup of the most splendid scarlet within, and a pale fawn-color without. Another very beautiful fungi consisted of small branches like clusters of white coral, but of so delicate a texture that the slightest touch caused them to break. The ground in many places was covered with a thick carpet of strawberries of many varieties which afford a constant dessert during the season to those who choose to pick them, a privilege of which I am sure I should gladly avail myself where I near them in the summer. Besides the plants I have myself observed in bloom I am told the spring and summer produce many others. The orange lily, the flocks, or purple lignitea, the moccasin flower, or ladies' slipper, lilies of the valley in abundance, and, towards the banks of the creek and the autonomy, the splendid cardinal flower, lobilia cardinalis waves its scarlet spikes of blossoms. I am half inclined to be angry when I admire the beauty of the Canadian flowers to be constantly reminded that they are scentless, and therefore scarcely worthy of attention, as if the eye could not be charmed by beauty of form and harmony of colors, independent of the sense of smelling being gratified. To redeem this country from the censure cast on it by a very clever gentleman I once met in London who said the flowers were without perfume and the birds without song. I have already discovered several highly aromatic plants and flowers. The milkweed must not be omitted among these, a beautiful shrubby plant with purple flowers which are alike remarkable for beauty of color and richness of scent. I shall very soon begin to collect a hortus sicus for Eliza with a description of the plants, growth and qualities. Any striking particulars respecting them I shall make notes of, and tell her she may depend on my sending my specimens with seeds of such as I can collect at some fitting opportunity. I consider this country opens a wide and fruitful field to the inquiries of the botanist. I now deeply regret I did not benefit by the frequent offers Eliza made me of prosecuting a study which I once thought dry, but now regard as highly interesting and the fertile source of mental enjoyment, especially to those who, living in the bush, must necessarily be shed out from the pleasures of a large circle of friends and the varieties that a town or village offer. One Sunday I went to church the first opportunity I had had of attending public worship since I was in the Highlands of Scotland, and surely I had reason to bow my knees in thankfulness to that merciful God who had brought us through the perils of the great deep and the horrors of the pestilence. Never did our beautiful liturgy seem so touching and impressive as it did that day, offered up in our lowly, log-built church in the wilderness. This simple edifice is situated at the foot of a gentle slope on the plains, surrounded by groups of oak and feathery pines, which though inferior in point of size to the huge pines and oaks of the forest are far more agreeable to the eye, branching out in a variety of fantastic forms. The turf here is of an emerald greenness in short it is a sweet spot, retired from the noise and bustle of the town, a fitting place in which to worship God in spirit and in truth. There are many beautiful walks towards the Smith townhills and along the banks that overlooked the river. The summit of this ridge is sterile and is thickly set with loose blocks of red and grey granite, interspersed with large masses of limestone scattered in every direction. They are mostly smooth and rounded, as if by the action of water. As they are detached and merely occupy the surface of the ground it seemed strange to me how they came at that elevation. A geologist would doubtless be able to solve the mystery in a few minutes. The oaks that grow on this high bank are rather large and more flourishing than those in the valleys and more fertile portions of the soil. Behind the town in the direction of the cave-in and Emily roads is a wide space which I call the squatters-ground. It is being entirely covered with shanties in which the poor emigrants, commuted pensioners and the like have located themselves and families. Some remain here under the ostensible reason of providing a shelter for their wives and children till they have prepared a home for their reception on their respective grants. But not, unfrequently, it happens that they are too indolent or really unable to work on their lots, often situated many miles in the backwoods and in distant and unsettled townships presenting great obstacles to the poor emigrant, which it requires more energy and courage to encounter than is possessed by a vast number of them. Others of idle and profligate habits spend the money they received and sell the land for which they gave away their pensions, after which they remain miserable squatters on the shanty-ground. The shanty is a sort of primitive hut in Canadian architecture and is nothing more than a shed built of logs, the chinks between the round edges of the timbers being filled with mud, moss, and bits of wood. The roof is frequently composed of logs, split and hollowed with the axe, and placed side by side so that the edges rest on each other, the concave and convex surfaces being alternately uppermost. Every log forms a channel to carry off the rain and melting snow. The eaves of this building resemble the scalloped edges of a clap-shell. But rude as this covering is, it effectually answers the purpose of keeping the interior dry, far more so than the roofs formed of bark or boards through which the rain will find entrance. Sometimes the shanty has a window, sometimes only an open doorway which admits the light and lets out the smoke. I was greatly amused by the remark made by a little Irish boy that we hired to be our hewer of wood and drawer of water, who had been an inhabitant of one of these shanties. "'Mom,' said he, when the weather was stinging cold, we did not know how to keep ourselves warm. For while we roasted our eyes before the fire, our backs were just freezing, so first we turned one side and then the other, just as you would roast a goose on a spit. Mother spent half the money father earned at his straw work. He was a straw-chairmaker, in whiskey to keep us warm. But I do think a larger mess of good-hot praiders, potatoes, would have kept us warmer than the whiskey did. End note. A rude chimney, which is often nothing better than an opening, cut in one of the top logs above the hearth. A few boards, fastened in square form, serves as the vent for the smoke. The only precaution against the fire-catch in the log-walls behind the hearth, being a few large stones, placed in a half-circular form, or more commonly a bank of dry earth raised against the wall. Nothing can be more comfortless than some of these shanties, reeking with smoke and dirt, the common receptacle for children, pigs, and fowls. But I have given you the dark side of the picture. I am happy to say all the shanties on the squatter's grounds were not like these. On the contrary, by far the larger portion were inhabited by tidy folks, and had one, or even two, small windows, and a clay chimney regularly built up through the roof. Some were even roughly floored, and possessed similar comforts with the small log-houses. You will perhaps think it strange when I assure you that many respectable settlers, with their wives and families, persons delicately nurtured, and accustomed to every comfort before they came hither, have been contented to inhabit a hut of this kind during the first or second year of their settlement in the woods. I have listened with feelings of great interest to the history of the hardships endured by some of the first settlers in the neighborhood, when Peterborough contained but two dwelling-houses. Then there were neither roads cut nor boats built for communicating with the distant and settled parts of the district. Consequently the difficulties of procuring supplies and provisions was very great, beyond what any one that has lately come hither can form any notion of. When I heard of a whole family having had no better supply of flour than what could be daily ground by a small hand-mill, and for weeks being destitute of every necessity, not even accepting bread, I could not help expressing some surprise, never having met with any account in the works. I had read concerning emigration that at all prepared one for such evils. These particular trials, observed my intelligent friend, are confined principally to the first breakers of the soil in the unsettled parts of the country, as was our case. If you diligently question some of the families of the lower class that are located far from the towns, and who had little or no means to support them during the first twelve months till they could take a crop off the land, you will hear many sad tales of distress. Writers on emigration do not take the trouble of searching out these things, nor does it answer their purpose to state disagreeable facts. Few have written exclusively on the bush. Travellers generally make a hasty journey through the long, settled, and prosperous portions of the country. They see a tract of fertile, well-cultivated land. The result of many years of labour. They see comfortable dwellings abounding with all the substantial necessaries of life. The farmer's wife makes her own soap, noodles, and sugar. The family are closed in cloth of their own spinning, and hoes of their own knitting. The bread, the beer, the butter, cheese, meat, poultry, etc. are all the produce of the farm. He concludes therefore that Canada is a land of Canaan, and writes a book setting forth these advantages, with the addition of obtaining land for a mere song, and advises all persons who would be independent and secure from what to emigrate. He forgets that these advantages are the result of long years of unremitting and patient labour. That these things are the crown, not the first fruits of the settler's toil, and that during the interval many and great privations must be submitted to, by almost every class of emigrants. Many people, on first coming out, especially if they go back into any of the unsettled townships, are dispirited by the unpromising appearance of things about them. They find none of the advantages and comforts of which they had heard and read, and they are unprepared for the present difficulties. Some give way to despondency, and others quit the place in disgust. A little reflection would have shown them that every road of land must be cleared of the thick forest of timber that encumbers it before an ear of wheat can be grown. That, after the trees have been chopped, cut into length, drawn together, or logged, as we call it, and burned, the field must be fenced, the seed sown harvested and thrashed before any returns can be obtained. That this requires time and much labour, and if hired labour considerable outlay of ready money, and in the meantime a family must eat. If, at a distance from a store, every article must be brought through bad roads either by hand or with a team, the hire of which is generally costy and proportioned to the distance and difficulty to be encountered in the conveyance. Now these things are better known beforehand, and then people are aware what they have to encounter. A man, a laboring man, though he have land of his own, is often, I may say generally, obliged to hire out to work for the first year or two to earn sufficient for the maintenance of his family, and even so many of them suffer much privation before they reap the benefit of their independence. Were it not for the hope and certain prospect of bettering their condition ultimately, they would sink under what they have to endure. But this thought boys them up. They do not fear an old age of want and pauperism. The present evils must yield to industry and perseverance. They think also for their children, and the trials of the present time are lost in pleasing anticipations for the future. Surely, said I, cows and pigs and poultry might be kept, and you know where there is plenty of milk, butter, cheese, and eggs with pork and fowls. Person cannot be very badly off for food. Very true, replied my friend, but I must tell you, it is easier to talk of these things at first than to keep them, unless on cleared or partially cleared farms. But we are speaking of a first settlement in the back woods. Cows, pigs, and fowls must eat, and if you have nothing to give them, unless you purchase it, and perhaps you have to bring it from some distance. You had better not be troubled with them, as the trouble is certain, and the profit doubtful. A cow, it is true, will get her living during the open months of the year in the bush, but sometimes she will ramble away for days together, and then you lose the use of her and possibly much time in seeking her. Then in the winter she requires some additional food to the browse that she can get during the chopping season, or tend to one, but she dies before the spring. Note. The cattle are supported in a great measure during the fall and winter by eating the tender shoots of the maple, beech and bass, which they seek in the newly chopped fallow. But they should likewise be allowed straw or other food, or they will die in the very hard weather. And note. And as cows generally lose their milk during the cold weather, it is not very well kept. It is best to part with them in the fall and buy again in the spring, unless you have plenty of food for them, which is not often the case the first winter. As to pigs, they are great plagues on a newly cleared farm, if you cannot fat them offhand. And that you cannot do without you buy food for them, which does not answer to do at first. If they run loose they are a terrible annoyance, both to your own crops and to your neighbors, if you happen to be within half a mile of one. For though you may fence out cattle you cannot pigs. Even poultry requires something more than they pick up about the dwelling, to be of any service to you, and are often taken off by hawks, eagles, foxes, and pole-cats, till you have proper securities for them. Then how are we to spin our own wool, and make our own soap and candles, said I? When you are able to kill your own sheep and hogs and oxen, unless you buy wool and tallow. Then seeing me begin to look somewhat disappointed, he said. Be not cast down. You will have all these things in time, and more than these never fear, if you have patience and use the means of obtaining them. In the meanwhile prepare your mind for many privations to which at present you are a stranger, and if you would desire to see your husband happy and prosperous be content to use economy and above all be cheerful. In a few years the farm will supply you with all the necessaries of life, and by and by you may even enjoy many of the luxuries. Then it is that a settler begins to taste the real and solid advantages of his emigration. Then he feels the blessings of a country where there are no taxes, ties, nor poor rates. Then he truly feels the benefits of independence. It is looking forward to this happy fulfillment of his desires that makes the rough paths smooth and lightens the burden of present ills. He looks round upon a numerous family without those anxious fears that beset a father in moderate circumstances at home, for he knows he does not leave them destitute of an honest means of support. In spite of all the trials he had encountered I found this gentleman was so much attached to a settler's life that he declared he would not go back to his own country to reside for a permanence on any account. Nor is he the only one I have heard express the same opinion, and it likewise seems a universal one among the lower class of emigrants. They are encouraged by the example of others whom they see enjoying comforts that they could never have obtained had they labored ever so hard at home. And they wisely reflect they must have had hardships to endure had they remained in their native land. Many indeed had been driven out by want, without the most remote chance of bettering themselves or becoming the possessors of land free from all restrictions. What to us are the poor sufferings of one, two, three, or even four years compared with a whole life of labour and poverty? Was the remark of a poor labourer who was recounting to us the other day some of the hardships he had met with in this country? He said he knew they were only for a short time, and that by industry he should soon get over them. I have already seen two of our poor neighbours that left the parish a twelve month ago. They are settled in Canada Company lots, and are getting on well. They have some few acres cleared and cropped, but are obliged to hire out, to enable their families to live, working on their own land when they can. The man are in good spirits and say, they shall in a few years have many comforts about them that they never could have got at home had they worked late and early, but they complain that their wives are always pining for home and lamenting that ever they cross the seas. This seems to be the general complaint with all classes. The women are discontented and unhappy. Few enter with their whole heart into a settler's life. They miss the little domestic comforts they had been used to enjoy. They regret the friends and relations they left in the old country, and they cannot endure the loneliness of the backwoods. This prospect does not discourage me. I know I shall find plenty of occupation within doors, and I have sources of enjoyment when I walk abroad that will keep me from being dull. Besides, have I not a right to be cheerful and contented for the sake of my beloved partner. The change is not greater for me than him, and if for his sake I have voluntarily left home and friends and country, shall I therefore sadden him by useless regrets. I am always inclined to subscribe to that sentiment of my favorite poet, Goldsmith. Still to ourselves in every place consigned our own felicity we make or find. But I shall be very soon put to the test as we leave this town to-morrow by ten o'clock. The purchase of the lake-lot is concluded. There are three acres chopped and a shanty up, but the shanty is not a habitable dwelling, being merely an open shed that was put up by the choppers as a temporary shelter. So we shall have to build a house. Late enough we are, too late to get in a full crop, as the land is merely chopped, not cleared, and it is too late now to log and burn the fallow and get the seed-weed in. But it will be ready for spring-crops. We paid five dollars and a half per acre for the lot. This was rather high for wild land, so far from a town, and in a scantily settled part of the township. But the situation is good, and has a water-frontage, for which my husband was willing to pay something more than if the lot had been further inland. In all probability it will be some time before I find leisure again to take up my pen. We shall remain guests with blank till our house is in a habitable condition, which I suppose will be about Christmas. THE BACKWARDS OF CANADA by Catherine Parr Trail Letter 7 Journey from Peterborough October 25th, 1832 I shall begin my letter with a description of our journey through the bush, and so go on, giving an account of our proceedings, both with indoors and without. I know my little domestic details will not prove wholly uninteresting to you, for well I am assured that our mother's eye is never weary with reading lines traced by the hand of an absent and beloved child. After some difficulty we succeeded in hiring a wagon and span, that is, pair a breast. Of stout horses to convey us, in our luggage, through the woods to the banks of one of the lakes, where S. had appointed to ferry us across. There was no palpable road, only a blaze on the other side, encumbered by fallen trees, and interrupted by a great cedar swamp into which one might sink up to one's knees, unless we took precaution to step along the trunks of the mossy, decaying timbers, or make our footing sure on some friendly block of granite or limestone. What is termed in bush language a blaze is nothing more than notches or slices cut off the bark of the trees to mark out the line of road. The boundaries of the different lots are often marked by a blazed tree, also the concession lines. These blazes are of as much use as finger posts of a dark night. Note, these concession lines are certain divisions of the townships. These are again divided into so many lots of two hundred acres. The concession lines used to be marked by a wide avenue being chopped, so as to form a road of communication between them. But this plan was found too troublesome, and in a few years the young growth of timber so choked the opening that it was of little use. The lately surveyed townships, I believe, are only divided by blazed lines. The road we are compelled to take lay over the Peterborough Plains in the direction of the river, the scenery of which pleased me much, though it presents little appearance of fertility, with the exception of two or three extensive clearings. About three miles above Peterborough the road winds along the brow of a steep ridge, the bottom of which has every appearance of having been formerly the bed of a lateral branch of the present river, or perhaps some small lake which has been diverted from its channel and merged in the autonomy. On either side of this ridge there is a steep descent. On the right the autonomy breaks upon you, rushing with great velocity over its rocky bed, forming rapids in miniature resembling those of the St. Lawrence. Its dark, frowning woods of somber pine give a grandeur to the scenery that is very impressive. On the left lies below you a sweet secluded dell of evergreens, cedar, hemlock, and pine, enlivened by a few deciduous trees. Through this dell there is a road-track leading to a fine, cleared farm, the green pastures of which were rendered more pleasing by the absence of the odious stumps that disfigure the clearings in this part of the country. A pretty bright stream flows through the low meadow that lies at the foot of the hill, which it ascend suddenly close by a small gristmill that is worked by the waters, just where they meet the rapids of the river. I called this place Glen Morrison, partly from the remembrance of the lovely Glen Morrison of the High Lands, and partly because it was the name of the settler that owned the spot. Our progress was slow on account of the roughness of the road, which is beset with innumerable obstacles in the shape of loose blocks of granite and limestone, with which the land on the banks of the river and lakes abound, to say nothing of the fallen trees, big roots, mud-holes, and corduroy bridges, over which you jolt, jolt, jolt till every bone in your body feels as if it were going to be dislocated. An experienced bush-traveller avoids many hard thumps by rising up or clinging to the sides of his rough vehicle. As the day was particularly fine, I often quitted the wagon and walked on with my husband for a mile or so. We soon lost sight entirely of the river and struck into the deep solitude of the forest where not a sound disturbed the almost awful stillness that reigned around us. Scarcely a leaf or bow was in motion, accepting at intervals we caught the sound of the breeze stirring the lofty heads of the pine-trees, and wakening a horse and mournful cadence. This, with the tapping of the red-headed and grey woodpeckers on the trunk of the decaying trees, or the shrill whistling cry of the little striped squirrel, called by the natives, chit-monk, was every sound that broke the stillness of the wild. Nor was I less surprised at the absence of animal life, with the exception of the aforesaid chit-monk, no living thing crossed our path during our long day's journey in the woods. In these vast solitudes one would naturally be led to imagine that the absence of man would have allowed nature's wild denizens to have abounded free and unmolested, but the contrary seems to be the case. Almost all wild animals are more abundant in the cleared districts than in the bush. Man's industry supplies their wants at an easier rate than seeking a scanty subsistence in the forest. You hear continually of the depredations committed by wolves, bears, raccoons, lynxes and foxes in the long-settled parts of the province. In the backwoods the appearance of wild beasts is a matter of much rarer occurrence. I was disappointed in the forest trees, having pictured to myself horrid giants almost primeval with the country itself, as greatly exceeding in majesty of form the trees of my native aisles, as the vast lakes and mighty rivers of Canada exceeds the locks and streams of Britain. There is a want of picturesque beauty in the woods. The young growth of timber alone has any pretension of elegance of form, unless I accept the hemlocks, which are extremely light and graceful, and of a lovely refreshing tint of green. Even when winter has stripped the forest it is still beautiful and verdant. The young beaches, too, are pretty enough, but you miss that fantastic bowery shade that is so delightful in our parks and woodlands at home. There is no appearance of venerable antiquity in the Canadian woods. There is no ancient spreading oaks that might be called the patriarchs of the forest. A premature decay seems to be their doom. They are uprooted by the storm and sink in their first maturity to give place to a new generation that is ready to fill their places. The pines are certainly the finest trees. In point of size there are none to surpass them. They tower above all the others, forming a dark line that may be distinguished for many miles. The pines, being so much loftier than the other trees, are sooner uprooted as they receive the full and unbroken force of the wind in their tops. Thus it is that the ground is continually strewn with the decaying trunks of huge pines. They also seem more liable to inward decay and blasting from lightning and fire. Dead pines are more frequently met with than any other tree. Much as I had seen and heard of the badness of the roads in Canada, I was not prepared for such a one as we travelled along this day. Indeed, it hardly deserved the name of a road, being little more than an opening hewed out through the woods. The trees being felled and drawn aside so as to admit a wheeled carriage passing along. The swamps and little forest streams that occasionally gush across the path are rendered passable by logs placed side by side. From the ridgey and striped appearance of these bridges they are aptly enough termed corduroy. Over these abominable corduroy the vehicle jolts jumping from log to log, with a shock that must be endured, with as good a grace as possible. If you could bear these knocks and pitiless thumpings and bumpings without rye faces, your patience and philosophy would far exceed mine. Sometimes I laughed because I would not cry. Imagine you see me perched up on a seat composed of carpet bags, trunks and sundry packages, in a vehicle little better than a great rough deal-box set on wheels, the sides being merely pegged in so that more than once I found myself in rather an awkward predicament owing to the said sides jumping out. In the very midst of a deep hand-hole out went the front-board, and with the shock went the Teamster driver, who looked rather confounded at finding himself lodged just in the middle of a slaw as bad as the slaw of Desmond. For my part, as I could do no good I kept my seat and patiently waited the restoration to order. This was soon affected, and all went on well again until a jolt against a huge pine-tree gave such a jar to the ill-set vehicle that one of the boards danced out that composed the bottom and a sack of flour and bag of salted pork, which was on its way to a settler's whose clearing we had to pass in the way were ejected. A good Teamster is seldom taken aback by such trifles as these. He is, or should be, provided with an axe. No wagon, team, or any other travelling equipage, should be unprovided with an instrument of this kind, as no one can answer for the obstacles that may impede his progress in the bush. The disasters we met fortunately required but little skill in remedying. The sides need only a stout peg, and the loosened planks that form the bottom being quickly replaced a way you go again over root, stump, and stone, mud-hole, and corduroy, now against the trunk of some standing tree, now mounting over some fallen one, with an impulse that would annihilate any lighter equipage than a Canadian wagon, which is admirably fitted by its very roughness for such roads as we have in the bush. The sagacity of the horses of this country is truly admirable. Their patience in surmounting the difficulties they have to encounter, their skill in avoiding the holes and stones, and in making their footing sure over the round and slippery timbers of the log bridges, renders them very valuable. If they want the spirit and fleetness of some of our high-bred blood horses, they make up in gentleness, strength, and patience. This renders them most truly valuable as they will travel in such places that no British horse would, with equal safety to their drivers. Nor are the Canadian horses, when well fed and groomed, at all deficient in beauty of colour, size, or form. They are not very often used in logging. The ox is preferred in all rough and heavy labour of this kind. Just as the increase in gloom of the forest began to warn us of the approach of evening, and I was getting weary and hungry, our driver in some confusion avowed his belief that, somehow or other, he had missed the track, though how he could not tell, seeing there was but one road. We were nearly two miles from the last settlement, and he said we ought to be within sight of the lake if we were on the right road. The only plan we agreed was for him to go forward and leave the team and endeavour to ascertain if he were near the water. And if otherwise, to return to the house we had passed and inquire the way. After running full half a mile ahead he returned with a dejected countenance, saying we must be wrong, for he saw no appearance of water, and the road we were on appeared to end in a cedar swamp. As the further he went the thicker the hemlocks and cedars became, so as we had no desire to commence our settlement by a night's lodging in a swamp, where, to use the expression of our driver, the cedars grew as thick as hairs on a cat's back. We agreed to retrace our steps. After some difficulty the lumbering machine was turned, and slowly we began our backward march. We had not gone more than a mile when a boy came along who told us that we might just go back again as there was no other road to the lake, and added with a knowing knot of his head. Master, I guess if you had known the bush as well as I you would never have been full enough to turn when you were going just right. Why, anybody knows that them cedars and hemlocks grow thickest near the water, so you may just go back for your pains. It was dark save that the stars came forth with more than usual brilliancy when we suddenly emerged from the depth of the gloomy forest to the shores of a beautiful little lake that gleamed the more brightly from the contrast of the dark masses of foliage that hung over it, and the towering pine woods that girt its banks. Here ceded on a huge block of limestone which was covered with a soft cushion of moss beneath the shade of the cedars that skirt the lake, surrounded with trunks, boxes, and packages of various descriptions which the driver had hastily thrown from the wagon, sat your child in anxious expectation of some answering voice to my husband's long and repeated hello. But when the echo of his voice had died away we heard only the gurgling of the waters at the head of the rapids, and the distant and hoarse murmur of a waterfall some half-mile below them. We could see no sign of any habitation, no gleam of light from the shore to cheer us. In vain we strained our ears for the plash of the oar, or welcome the sound of human voice or bark of some household dog that might assure us that we were not doomed to pass the night in the lone wood. We began now to apprehend we had really lost the way. To attempt returning through the deepening darkness of the forest in search of anyone to guide us was quite out of the question. The road being so ill-defined that we should soon have been lost in the mazes of the woods. The last sound of the wagon-wheels had died away in the distance. To have overtaken it would have been impossible. Biding me remain quietly where I was, my husband forced his way through the tangled underwood along the bank, in hope of discovering some sign of the house we sought, which we had every reason to suppose must be near, though probably hidden by the dense mass of trees from our sight. As I sat in the wood in silence and darkness my thoughts gradually wandered back across the Atlantic to my dear mother and to my old home, and I thought, what would have been your feelings? Could you, at that moment, have beheld me as I sat on the cold mossy stone in the profound stillness of that vast leafy wilderness thousands of miles from all these holy ties of kindred and early associations that make home in all countries a hallowed spot? It was a moment to press upon my mind the importance of the step I had taken, involuntarily sharing the lot of the emigrant, in leaving the land of my birth, to which, in all probability, I might never again return. Great as was the sacrifice, even at that moment, strange as my situation, I felt no painful regret or fearful misgiving depress my mind. A holy and tranquil peace came down upon me, soothing and softening my spirits into a calmness that seemed as unruffled as was the bosom of the water that lay stretched out before my feet. My reverie was broken by the light plash of a paddle, and a bright line of light showed a canoe dancing over the lake. In a few minutes a well-known and friendly voice greeted me as the little bark was moored among the cedars at my feet. My husband, having gained a projecting angle of the shore, had discovered the welcome blaze of the wood-fire in the log-house, and, after some difficulty, had succeeded in rousing the attention of its inhabitants. Our coming that day had long been given up, and our first call had been mistaken for the sound of the ox-bells in the wood. This had caused the delay that had so embarrassed us. We soon forgot our weary wanderings beside the bright fire that blazed on the hearth of the log-house in which we found S. comfortably domiciled with his wife. To the lady I was duly introduced, and in spite of all remonstrances from the affectionate and careful mother, three fair sleeping children were successfully handed out of their cribs to be shown me by the proud and delighted father. Our welcome was given with that unaffected cordiality that is so grateful to the heart. It was as sincere as it was kind. All means were adopted to soften the roughness of our accommodation, which, if they lacked the elegance and convenience, to which we had been accustomed in England, were not devoid of rustic comfort. At all events they were such as many settlers of the first respectability have been glad to content themselves with, and many have not been half so well lodged as we now are. We may indeed consider ourselves fortunate in not being obliged to go at once into the rude shanty that I describe to you as the only habitation on our land. This test of our fortitude was kindly spared us by S., who insisted on our remaining beneath his hospitable roof till such time as we should have put up a house on our own lot. Here, then, we are for the present fixed, as the Canadians say. And if I miss many of the little comforts and luxuries of life, I enjoy excellent health and spirits, and am very happy in the society of those around me. The children are already very fond of me. They have discovered my passion for flowers which they diligently search for among the stumps and along the lakeshore. I have begun collecting, and though the season is far advance, my hordesciscous boasts of several elegant specimens of fern, the yellow Canadian violet which blooms twice in the year, in the spring and fall, as the autumnal season is expressively termed. Two sorts of Michael-mass daisies, as we call the shrubby asters, of which the varieties here are truly elegant, and a wreath of the festoon pine, a pretty evergreen with creeping stalks, that run along the ground three or four yards in length, sending up at the distance of five or six inches, erect stiff green stems resembling some of our heaths in the dark, shining green chafee leaves. The Americans ornament their chimney glass with garlands of this plant, mixed with the dried blossoms of the life everlasting, the pretty white and yellow flowers we call love everlasting. This plant is also called festoon pine. In my rambles in the wood near the house, I have discovered a trailing plant bearing a near resemblance to the cedar, which I consider has, with equal propriety, a claim to the name of ground or creeping cedar. As much of the bounty of these unsettled portions of the country are unknown to the naturalist, and the plants are quite nameless, I take the liberty of bestowing names upon them, according to inclination or fancy. But while I am writing about flowers, I am forgetting that you will be more interested in hearing what steps we are taking on our land. My husband has hired people to log up, that is, to draw the chopped timbers into heaps for burning, and clear a space for building our house upon. He is also entered into an agreement with a young settler in our vicinity to complete it for a certain sum, within and without, according to a given plan. We are, however, to call the bee, and provide everything necessary for the entertainment of our worthy hive. Now you know that a bee, in American language, or rather phraseology, signifies those friendly meetings of neighbors who assemble at your summons to raise the walls of your house, shanty or barn, or any other building. This is termed a raising bee. Then there are logging bees, husking bees, chopping bees, and quilting bees. The nature of the work, to be done, gives the name to the bee. In the more populous and long-settled districts, this practice is much discontinued. But it is highly useful and almost indispensable to the new settlers in the remote townships, where the price of labour is proportionably high and workmen difficult to be procured. Imagine the situation of an emigrant with a wife and young family, the latter possibly too young and helpless to render him the least assistance in the important business of chopping, logging, and building, on their first coming out to take possession of a lot of wild land. How deplorable would their situation be unless they could receive quick and ready help from those around them? This laudable practice has grown out of necessity. And if it has its disadvantages, such, for instance, as being called upon at an inconvenient season for a return of help by those who have formally assisted you. Yet it is so indispensable to you that the debt of gratitude ought to be cheerfully repaid. It is, in fact, regarded in the light of a debt of honour. You cannot be forced to attend a bee in return, but no one that can does refuse, unless from urgent reasons. And if you do not find it possible to attend in person, you may send a substitute in a servant or in cattle if you have a yoke. In no situation, and under no other circumstance, does the equalizing system of America appear to such advantage as in meetings of this sort. All distinctions of rank, education, and wealth are for the time voluntarily laid aside. You will see the son of the educated gentleman and that of the poor artisan, the officer, and the private soldier, the independent settler, and the labourer who works out for hire cheerfully uniting in one common cause. Each individual is actuated by the benevolent desire of affording help to the helpless and exerting himself to raise a home for the homeless. At present no small portion of the forest is cleared on our lot that I can give you little or no description of the spot on which we are located, otherwise than that it borders on a fine expanse of water which forms one of the autonomy chain of small lake. I hope, however, to give you a more minute description of our situation in my next letter. For the present, then, I bid you adieu. The Backwoods of Canada by Catherine Parr Trail. Letter VIII. Inconveniences of First Settlement. November 20, 1832. Our log-house is not yet finished, though it is in a state of forwardness. We are still indebted to the hospitable kindness of Eth and his wife for a home. This, being their first settlement on their land, they have as yet many difficulties, in common with all residences in the Backwoods, to put up with this year. They have a fine block of land, well situated, and S. laughs at the present privations to which he opposes a spirit of cheerfulness and energy that is admirably calculated to effect their conquest. They are now about to remove to a larger and more commodious house that has been put up this fall, leaving us the use of the old one till our own is ready. We begin to get reconciled to our Robinson Caruso sort of life, and the consideration that the present evils are but temporary goes a great way towards reconciling us to them. One of our greatest inconveniences arises from the badness of our roads, and the distance at which we are placed from any village or town where provisions are to be procured. Till we raise our own grain, and fatten our own hogs, sheep, and poultry, we must be dependent upon the stores for food of every kind. These supplies have to be brought up at considerable expense and loss of time, through our beautiful bush roads, which, to use the words of a poor Irish woman, can't be no worse, sir? Ach, darling! she said. But they are just bad enough, and can't be no worse, sir. Ach, they aren't like our elegant roads in Ireland. You may send down a list of groceries to be forwarded when a team comes up, and when we examine our stores, behold, rice, sugar, currants, pepper, and mustard all jumbled into one mess. What thank you of a rice pudding seasoned plentiful with pepper, mustard, and maybe a little arapi, or prince's mixture added by way of sauce? I think the recipe would cut quite a figure in the cook's oracle, or, Mrs. Dahlgren's, practice of cookery under the original title of a bush pudding. And then, woe and destruction to the brittle wear that may chance to travel through our road. Lucky indeed, are we, if, through the superior carefulness of the person who packs them, more than one half, happens to arrive in safety. For such mishaps we have no redress. The storekeeper lays the accident upon the teamster, and the teamster upon the bad roads, wondering that he himself escaped, with whole bones, after a journey through the bush. This is now the worst season of the year. This, and just after the breaking up of snow. Nothing hardly but an oxcart can travel along the roads, and even that with difficulty, occupying two days to perform the journey. And the worst of the matter is that there are times when the most necessary articles of provisions are not to be procured at any price. You see, then, that a settler in the bush requires to hold himself pretty independent, not only of the luxuries and delicacies of the table, but not unfrequently, even of the very necessaries. One time no pork is to be procured. Another time there is a scarcity of flour, owing to some accident that has happened to the mill, or for the want of proper supplies of wheat for grinding, or perhaps the weather and bad roads at the same time prevent a team coming up, or people from going down. Then you must have recourse to a neighbor, if you have the good fortune, to be near one, or fare the best you can on potatoes. The potato is indeed a great blessing here. New settlers would otherwise be often greatly distressed, and the poor man and his family, who are without resources, without the potato, must starve. Once our stock of tea was exhausted, and we were unable to procure more. In this dilemma milk would have been an excellent substitute, or coffee if we had possessed it, but we had neither the one nor the other, so we agreed to try the Yankee tea. Hemlock sprigs boiled. This proved to my taste a vile decoction, though I recognized some herb in the tea that was sold in London at five shillings a pound, which I am certain was nothing better than dried hemlock leaves reduced to a coarse powder. S. laughed at our wry faces, declaring the quotation was excellent, and he set us all an example by drinking six cups of this truly silven beverage. His eloquence failed in gaining a single convert. We could not believe it was only second to young Heisen. To his assurance that to its other good qualities it united medicinal virtues. We replied that, like all other physics, it was very unpalatable. After all, said S., with a thoughtful air, the blessings and the evils of this life owe their chief effect to the force of contrast, and are to be estimated by that principally. We should not appreciate the comforts we enjoy have so much did we not occasionally feel the want of them. How we shall value the conveniences of a cleared farm after a few years, when we can realize all the necessaries and many of the luxuries of life? And how shall we enjoy green tea after this odious decoction of hemlock? said I. Very true, and a comfortable frame-house, and nice garden, and pleasant pastures, after these dark forests, log-houses, and no garden at all. And the absence of horrid black stumps, rejoined I, yes, and the absence of horrid stumps. Depend on it, my dear, your Canadian farm will seem to you a perfect paradise by the time it is all under cultivation. And you will look upon it with the more pleasure and pride from the consciousness that it was once a forest wild which by the effects of industry and well-applied means has changed to fruitful fields. Every fresh comfort you realize around you will add to your happiness every improvement with indoors or without will raise a sensation of gratitude and delight in your mind, to which those that revel in the habitual enjoyment of luxury and even of the commonest advantages of civilization must, in a great degree, be strangers. My passwords are Hope, Resolution, and Perseverance. This, said my husband, is true philosophy and the more forcible because you not only recommend the maxim, but practice it also. I had reckoned much on the Indian summer of which I had read much delightful descriptions, but I must say it has fallen far below my expectations. Just at the commencement of this month, November, we experienced three or four warm hazy days that proved rather close and oppressive. The sun looked red through the misty atmosphere, tinging the fantastic clouds that hung in smoky volumes with saffron and pale crimson light, much as I have seen the clouds above London look on a warm, sultry spring morning. Not a breeze ruffled the waters, not a leaf, for the leaves had not entirely fallen, moved. This perfect stagnation of air was suddenly changed by a hurricane of wind and snow that came on without any previous warning. I was standing near a group of tall pines that had been left in the middle of the clearing, collecting some beautiful crimson lichens, as not being so many paces distant, with his oxen drawing firewood. Suddenly we heard a distant hollow rushing sound that momentarily increased. The air around us being yet perfectly calm. I looked up and beheld the clouds, hitherto so motionless, moving with amazing rapidity, in several different directions. A dense gloom overspread the heavens. S., who had been busily engaged with the cattle, had not noticed my being so near, and now called to me to use all speed I could to gain the house, or an open part of the clearing, distant from the pine trees. Instinctively I turned towards the house, while the thundering shock of trees falling in all directions at the edge of the forest, the rending of branches from the pines I had just quitted, and the rush of the whirlwind sweeping down the lake made me sensible of the danger with which I had been threatened. The scattered boughs of the pines darkened the air as they whirled above me. Then came the blinding snowstorm, but I could behold the progress of the tempest and safety, having gained the threshold of our house. The driver of the oxen had thrown himself on the ground while the poor beasts held down their meek heads, patiently abiding the pelting of the pitiless storm. S., my husband and the rest of the household, collected in a group, watched with anxiety the wild havoc of the warring elements. Not a leaf remained on the trees when the hurricane was over. They were bare and desolate. Thus ended the short rain of the Indian summer. I think the notion entertained by some travellers that the Indian summer is caused by the annual conflagration of forests by those Indians inhabiting the unexplored regions beyond the larger lakes is absurd. Imagine for an instant what immense tracks of wood must be yearly consumed to affect nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Besides, it takes place at that season of the year when the fire is least likely to run freely, owing to the humidity of the ground from the autumnal rains. I should rather attribute the peculiar warmth and hazy appearance of the air that marks the season to the fermentation going on of so great a mass of vegetable matter that is undergoing a state of decomposition during the latter part of October and beginning of November. It has been supposed by some persons that a great alteration will be affected in this season as the process of clearing the land continues to decrease the quantity of decaying vegetation. Nay, I have heard the difference is already observable by those long acquainted with the American continent. Hitherto my experience of the climate is favourable. The autumn has been very fine, though the frosts are felt early in the month of September, at first slightly, of a morning, but toward October, more severely. Still, though the first part of the day is cold, the middle of it is warm and cheerful. We already see the stern advances of winter. It commenced very decidedly from the breaking up of the Indian summer. November is not at all like the same month at home. The early part was soft and warm, the latter cold with keen frosts and occasional falls of snow, but it does not seem to possess the dark, gloomy, damp character of our British November. However, it is not one season's acquaintance with the climate that enables a person to form any correct judgement of its general character, but a close observation of its peculiarities and vicissitudes during many years' residence in the country. I must now tell you what my husband is doing on our land. He has let out ten acres to some Irish choppers who have established themselves in the shanty for the winter. They are to receive fourteen dollars per acre for chopping, burning, and fencing in that quantity. The ground is to be perfectly cleared of everything but the stumps. These will take from seven to nine years to decay. The pine, hemlock, and fir remain much longer. The process of clearing away the stumps is too expensive for the new beginners to venture upon, labour being so high that it cannot be appropriated to any but indispensable work. The working season is very short on account of the length of time the frost remains on the ground. With the exception of chopping trees very little can be done. Those that understand the proper management of unclear land usually underbrush, that is, cut down all the small timbers and brushwood while the leaf is yet on them. This is piled in heaps and the windfallen trees are chopped through in lengths to be logged up in the spring with the winter's chopping. The latter end of the summer and the autumn are the best seasons for this work. The leaves then become quite dry and sear and greatly assist in the important business of burning off the heavy timbers. Another reason is that when the snow has fallen to some depth the light timbers cannot be cut close to the ground or the dead branches and other encumbrances collected and thrown in heaps. We shall have about three acres ready for spring crops provided we get a good burning of that which is already chopped near the site of the house. This will be sown with oats, pumpkins, Indian corn, and potatoes. The other ten acres will be ready for putting in a crop of wheat. So you see it will be a long time before we reap a harvest. We could not even get in spring wheat early enough to come to perfection this year. We shall try to get two cows in the spring as they are little expense during the spring, summer and autumn, and by winter we shall have pumpkins and oats straw for them.