 Welcome to my talk. I'm going to be chatting about wafer locks today and why they're awesome It's going to be very theoretical and it's going to be mainly coming at this from the lock engineers perspective If I might be allowed to flatter myself I'll start by telling you a bit about who I am and Then I'll cover some definitions so that we're all the same page and then I'll show you a small selection of wafer locks through my eyes So Who is this loon who thinks wafer locks are pretty secure? Well, it all started about three years ago when I thought it would be a good idea to design a challenge lock for Huxley pig 69 who is renand and lockpicking community for being the first person to publicly publicly pick the abloy classic and Who designs tools for cracking high-security locks non-destructively in the last year or so of This now three-year journey Most of my focus has been taken up by wafer locks and that's not because I've finally broken down mentally and Started rambling but rather because I genuinely think they they offer a Good solution to the problem of designing a high-security lock So what makes a lock high-security? Well, a lock is a reusable seal which has two important properties. It's got to be tamper evident so that if the lock is defeated, it's obvious and The second important feature is that defeating that lock should take as long as possible ideally, you're able to preclude covert and surreptitious attacks and Ideally an over entry will take forever an over entry is one that is immediately obvious So that's typically destructive attacks like drilling or using explosives Covert entry is an attack on a lock that Won't be immediately obvious to a casual observation But if you were to strip the lock down and analyze it forensically it will reveal What method was used to open it so there's normally covers lockpicking and Impressioning because they leave small scratches and marks on the inside of the lock And finally there's surreptitious attacks, which don't leave any forensic trace whatsoever and this would be stuff like duplicating the key for a photograph How high security a lock is is Determined by the amount of time it takes to compromise a lock with an attack in each of those categories Ideally you wouldn't be measuring that in seconds ideally you'd be measuring it in minutes or You know in a really really good world where where security engineers are doing a fantastic job in hours so Since those locks are designed or since high security locks are designed to make lockpicking and impressioning attacks as Difficult as possible if not impossible a Lot of them have been designed with some very wacky math mechanisms So you can't always take the approach that you would normally take if you were picking a pin tumbler lock and Apply that directly to a high security lock So instead I've kind of abstracted the lockpicking process into these four requirements You need to be able to get feedback from the lock because that's how you tell what state the lock is in and How close you are to having it open and it also tells you what your next step might be to get the lock open You need to be able to manipulate and tension the lock simultaneously So some locks like the Western Electric 30c or the Abloy Protector 2 have blocking mechanisms that While not preventing manipulation or tension I prevent you from doing them both at the same time And so they're phenomenally difficult locks to pick as a result By tension, I mean applying a force on the lock In the direction that drives it to open So how you do that depends on the particular kind of lock But the the key idea behind this is that since it's impossible to manufacture the components of the lock perfectly and You have manufacturing tolerances These manufacturing tolerances result in every single component being very slightly differently sized or shaped which then Causes them all to behave very slightly differently and that's the case Regardless of how well you machine the parts and regardless of whether or not you have a very low quality lock or a very high quality lock and finally manipulation Manipulation is just the ability to move the components inside the lock with a tool of some design Those are the things to keep in mind When I start taking you through these locks So what is a wafer lock this should be pretty straightforward But Apparently for some people that that's not quite so clear Some people whom I happen to have a lot of respect for so That is not to criticize them in that sense, but I do disagree and and The reason I disagree sometimes with whether or not a lock is a wafer lock or not is because this is how I define it and if you're working off a different definition then Obviously in some cases you're gonna get to a different answer So we've got some some typical sliders shown in the top corner here these two are from an acid Desmo, which is a Reasonably high-security lock But not one that I would probably deem high security for the purposes of this talk And these are from a cheap Wafer lock and not wafer lock slider lock And in both cases they slide laterally and they have to be slid the correct distance to Allow the lock to open A wafer lock is a special kind of slide lock where the total length of the Wafer is the same as the width of the core that they actually sit in so Here's it is an animation to kind of make that a little bit clearer When the wafer is incorrectly positioned it sticks out either one side or the other And prevents rotation and when it's perfectly correctly positioned in the center there It will allow rotation so Start things off Let's take a look at the kind of wafer lock that you're probably familiar with and the kind of thing that probably sprang to mind When you first read the word wafer lock if you've had any prior experience If you haven't gotten you clear what a wafer lock is in a normal implementation, then that's exactly what I'm going to take you through So at the top here, we can see six wafers sticking out the top of this core and this is the lock at rest if we If we insert an incorrect key or if we Insert the correct key, but not all the way then what you'll see is That some wafers will stick out out at the top and some wafers will stick out at the bottom of the core and This will prevent rotation When the key is fully inserted or the correct and the correct key is fully inserted Then what happens is they all line up along the top and bottom edges of the plug All the core and they allow rotation of the core so excellent But that's not a high security lock There are three cuts per position and only six wafers, so that's not a very large number of difference The core design makes it very easy to tension you can just bend a piece of wire and insert that apply a rotational force and voila you have tension and interestingly about wafer locks You can't just design anti-pick shapes into them in the exact same way that you would a pin tumbler lock It's possible to do But it's a little bit more tricky than for a normal pin tumbler lock so Now that I've shown you an example of a really bad wafer lock Let's revisit the actual principle behind wafer locks and maybe I can show you a wafer lock That wouldn't be so easy to pick The main idea here is to approach the design differently So rather than our cheap Low-quality wafer lock which has a key which applies tension to the core and then the core applies tension to the wafers and Ultimately opens the lock We can achieve a much much higher level of security if instead We have the key only act on the wafers and never directly act on the core So if we have a key that aligns the wafers correctly and applies turning force To the wafers and then the wafers transfer their turning force to the core if they're correctly aligned the lock will still work But it's a lot lot harder to tension So to show you what I'm what I'm talking about. Here's another animation this one much less well made than the other one This gray bit in the middle is our key the beige yellow element is the wafer The part highlighted in blue is the core and all around the outside in gray again is the housing So the way this works the key is longer on one side than it is on the other and when we turn it clockwise It makes contact with the wafer on one side First so in this case it makes contact at the bottom and that causes the wafer to slide to the left and The wafer slides to the left until it meets the other side of the key At which point There's no longer a lateral motion for the wafer, but instead it gets jammed in place like that and the force on it becomes a rotational force In this case the wafer is correctly aligned. So that rotational force is then Transferred to the core and that results in the core turn if it weren't correctly aligned then What would happen instead is that rotational force would be applied to the housing and the core wouldn't move at all If you want to have a system that works that way Then there are two key Requirements that you need to meet Firstly, as I just mentioned the wafer has to be aligned correctly. Otherwise, it's going to apply that rotational force to the housing and nothing will move And secondly the key must have at least two points of contact on the wafer On opposing sides of the wafer. That's the point at which that lateral force Is translated into a rotational force That's something to keep in mind for later when we take a look at some of the more interesting locks so the main implication of this is that the lock becomes ludicrously difficult to tension because Traditionally What you would do is you'd apply tension as the first step in the lock picking process And when you do that at least one of the elements is going to bind in some way And then you can reach through with some kind of tool and prod On those elements until you find one that that's binding and that's the one that you know you need to move And you can move until it stops binding at which point, you know, you've correctly positioned it But that's not possible with this Because in this case you're going to have to align one of the wafers correctly first in order to apply tension And since you can't apply tension before that point in order to know where to place it You have to guess So in the example animation that we just looked at if I go back There are six possible positions So that means you would need a tool that has six different ends on it to simulate the key at that point And what that means is that because only one of those tools will work The whole lock picking process and how quickly you can open that lock covertly Is massively extended because you're going to have to test each of those tools until you find one That works and on average it would take you three and a half tries so The amount of time it would take Is massively increased Because that's the requirement before you can even begin the lock picking process Compared to other kinds of lock where you can just apply tension and get started straight away So the main way for lock that I want to look at is the chroma protector But there are a number of problems Looking at the current protector Um at the time that I started thinking about it I didn't own one so that made looking at how it worked tricky Um And generally information on it is scarce Here are the sources that I've found and I've learned from Um, it's worth noting that a Graham pulford in his book high security mechanical locks Refers to the chroma protector as a lever lock Now he does this because he categorizes his locks based off the design of the keys But I think it would be very misleading to describe the chroma protector as anything other than a wafer lock And if you really want to dig into the detail of the current protector and exactly how it works Jaco Fargolin's talk is absolutely fantastic Um And I highly highly recommend it so, um As I was saying The chroma protector Um is a lock that I didn't have access to so there was a motivation to to make one for myself. Uh, and So so that I could I could test whether or not it worked in the way that I thought it did because I'd been thinking about it theoretically for quite a long time Um, but things don't always translate into practice in the same way So I wanted a prototype that I could play around with and that Would prove whether or not it worked in the way I expected it to Um, the other reason is when you design a lock, um, you tend to gain a lot of insight into How that mechanism works and why some of the design features Have developed in the way that they have and so my hope was that since the current protector is a reasonably complicated lock in terms of some of the particular security features Uh, that are found in it that I might gain some extra insight um So I I've previously designed locks and um The only one that I ever produced was made of three millimeter plywood sections cut with a laser cutter So that's exactly what I wanted to do again with the chroma protector because I had access to a laser cutter and I had access to 3d printers And so That was the logical step for me and I couldn't see any reason why the design couldn't work that way I wanted to fit the same size as the chroma protector that I now have because if you design with the same constraints as The the the actual engineers who've designed the lock who's whose inspiration you are taking You'll get a better understanding of why they've made those decisions if I didn't limit myself in that way I might miss important details And finally I wanted to include all of the different basic possible waiver designs that I had found in patents up until that time so If I take you back here There are some examples, uh, but we'll dig into that in just a little bit Some of the other requirements that I set for myself were that I wanted it to be springless And I wanted it to be springless because a I couldn't see a good reason why the mechanism needed springs at the time and b because Most safe locks are designed so that since springs fail generally first Most safe locks are designed so that they are not dependent on those springs in order to function Because you don't want to have your secure lock inside your secure container fail on you And also adding them Point b is is a bit of a pain and makes designing them a lot harder Designing the whole lock a little bit harder Um, especially if I were then to to give this design to other people for them to to learn about um I wanted it to be as high security as you can possibly get considering I'm making it out of three millimeter plywood um So I I didn't in terms of non-destructive entry I didn't want it to be possible to just look at the insides of the wafers through the keyway And from their shapes discern what's What the bidding on the key needed to be Or needs to be to get that lock open I also didn't want it to be possible to just push the wafers to their maximum range Left and right and for that to be different Because if that's different and has any kind of relationship to the actual length on the the sides of the wafers Then you can rapidly gain an idea of What the key has to look like um And then I wanted the lock to also be self scrambling So self scrambling is this is this concept that all locks do and lots of locks do this through having springs uh But that's not necessarily required the idea behind a self scrambling lock is simply that When you insert the key To open the lock and you turn that key it aligns all the components in their correct positions And if you then close the lock one of the important things would be to Scramble the positions of those components so that the next person coming along who looks at the lock after you've locked it Doesn't just need to stick in a small bit of wire and apply a bit of tension the lock pops open I didn't want it to be a central wafer position. Um, this was kind of just a minor I want to be annoying feature. Um If a wafer were sent were correctly positioned dead center Um, it would be substantially easier to tension than any of the other designs Because any tool that has equally length bits On either side would be sufficient to tension it Um, whereas that's not the case for any other position So I thought if I could take that out of the equation that would make the lock just a little bit more secure And the final problem that I ran into was reliability. So, uh, this is kind of related to the spring What I was saying about springs earlier But this is kind of just the idea that there shouldn't be a possible position that the wafers could get themselves into Where you couldn't insert the key into the lock Unfortunately, that's something I failed on I couldn't balance Making my lock without any springs having it be self scrambling And have there been no possible positions where the wafers could get into where the key Couldn't be inserted into the lock That was just beyond my ability as a self-tort engineer, um to resolve So what I came up with, um, I used a 3d printed key The lock itself contains seven wafers The key is tip-stopped And the key has a very mild profile. So you can't insert it the wrong way and it will align both at the end And at the neck basically or at the collar Of the key. So that helps with alignment and, um It breaks itself open Um, so this was the most important thing that I learned when designing this When I finally had it in my hands, um You need two points of contact on a wafer in order to Rotate it And or in order to tension with it and that's all well and good in the opening direction But I found as soon as I reversed the key, uh, there was no more than one point of contact on any of the wafers And so the key can't turn the core backwards And so once you open it it stays open Um, which is a little bit unfortunate um But nevertheless, um I'll do my best to make the files available for others to play with Here are the four basic wafer shapes that I ended up Creating and they all work in the open direction at least On the bottom right we have a full wafer This is the bog standard wafer Um, and most closely resembles what you'd see in other kinds of wafer lock On the bottom left we have a half wafer the idea being that It's missing one half of the surface So the key can't tension off this wafer in order to drive the core around But it still needs to align that wafer correctly In order for the lock to open so That makes it a little bit harder to attack because this wafer would be much harder to tension than the full wafer Up here on the top right we have a split wafer that Doesn't have a limit on it, but either end so, um This basically functions like two half wafers So you need to align both of them correctly and they're actually different cuts Uh for each of them And then lastly in the top left we have the limited split wafer which Requires that the key be the correct length in order to drive both, um Both these halves together so that their total length Is the same as as the core is wide Uh, but they also need to be aligned correctly left to right And the hope was that that would be particularly difficult to manipulate And I wanted to see how that bound up when it did so My analysis of it, um You can't easily decode it And it does work in the opening direction. It does self scramble um And it might be non-trivial to destroy if it weren't made of three millimeter plywood sections But all in all, um, probably not something you're going to want to use in a safe Especially not when you could use something like this So this is really the inspiration for my design and I'm not going to claim any great originality With what I created. I was hoping to just create a simplified version of this So I'll give you some basic details about it. It's 68 millimeters across and it weighs 730 grams It is not a small lock It contains 11 wafers Which from a brief reading of the key Have at least seven possible cuts per position There may be more, uh In practice, there are probably fewer in lots of positions because Although in theory any of the layers are completely interchangeable in practice at least for the ones that that I have seen and that Yaakov analyzed in his talk There seem to be certain patterns of wafers where some of them don't actually Very very often in position or cut notably So two things to note about my chroma lock one. It's not made by chroma I suspect heavily that it is made by Karl Wittkopp or Kavi, which is a german safe manufacturer presumably under license and Um the second detail is that I'm pretty sure that my chroma protector is not the latest version of chroma protector However This was the same chroma protector as Yaakov was covering in his talk And so I feel pretty happy that there's still some benefit worth Yeah, looking at this Um, so we'll start by looking at the key because the key is pretty complicated um, and There are a whole bunch of details to pick out Uh, here are the seven that I've I've I've decided to pick out so The chroma protector has a post So it's basically got a large spike that runs the length of the lock down the center Which helps align the key but also removes space That you'd want if you were going to design a tool to fit into the keyway and to manipulate the wafers It's also got this ramp And if you if you design a tool to fit inside the lock that doesn't have this ramp What you'll find is that one of the wafers Has a portion of it that sticks into the keyway And so you won't be able to insert your tool all the way into the lock Uh, unless you simulate this ramp And interestingly at least in principle If you were designing a tool you'd need to have that ramp on Both sides so that you can push the tool in and pull it back out back past that Little ledge on that wafer when that wafer springs back into position But the problem you're going to run into Is that This ramp is the same width as one cup So if you're designing a tool what you really want is you want a tool that allows you to manipulate wafers individually You don't want to have a tool that's so thick that it's going to manipulate Two wafers at a time that would make it phenomenally difficult to position each one of them individually correctly So You'd be in a bit of a bind In terms of how to handle this ramp The last option would be to create a half height ramp And make your tool a little bit smaller than the total space that you've got Um, but again, that's not really ideal Then we've got these angled cuts Which to the best of my knowledge are just there to make key duplication harder because As I mentioned Way back near the beginning of the talk Key duplication is one of the possible methods of surreptitious entry So for a high security lock you want to make key duplication as difficult as possible So those angled cuts look like they're about 45 degrees. I haven't measured but they look like they're about 45 degrees And they make key duplication much harder There's also this weird angled cut If you look closely you can see that each of these other cuts on the key are horizontal Except this one and this one actually cuts across more than one wafer and engages a flexible portion on on the corresponding wafer Which I believe is wafer nine in this particular case Again, I believe this is for key duplication because From what Yaakov said about chroma protectors that he's looked at. It's not been necessary to Have that cut on a tool Um, and that's also definitely the case for my lock But still it's another interesting feature that would make duplicating this key very very tricky I've got these partial radial cuts which cut into the bidding of the key But not all the way through And again There's a potential there to make key duplication much harder if they truly need to be Um Cut out in order to allow correct alignment of the wafer You could probably in most cases get away with this and not worry about it if you were designing a tool Um to manipulate the wafers, but this is yet another Thing to worry about if you were going to try and copy one of these keys Then we've got what is probably The most interesting feature I would say On the lock Also on the key for me, which is this undercut And this undercut Is a cut that's that's made so deeply that it cuts into the actual shank of the key And so when you insert the key the the Particular portion of the wafer that engaged with this undercut First has to meet this ramp and and so you need this this sort of slot on the key And if it's able to it'll travel all the way up and and It'll stop when the key is fully seated in line with the undercut And then as you turn the key the undercut will will pass through the into position now That doesn't actually mean that you couldn't design a tool that uses the whole shank space But you could design the undercut To cut so deeply that it even cuts all the way through to the post And if you did that the key would have a hole in it Which wouldn't be a big deal for the key because it's solid And that would only be one tiny weak point that would be relatively well supported But if you're going to design a tool and that undercut could be in any position well That's a tricky problem to design around And it would multiply the number of tools that you would reasonably need in order to open this lock Now remember you'd need to line One of those wafers up correctly in order to tension the lock anyway So you'd need seven different tips on your tool and you might need several different shafts And it might not be possible to create those separately and biably so assuming you had seven different ends and 11 wafers where that undercut could exist Well, that's 77 different tools that you'd need to bring on a job of which only one of them will work So this is a huge exaggeration of the problem um Which would hugely increase the amount of time it would take in order to reliably manipulate open one of these locks Even if you did have a tool that could do it And finally we have this dimpled cut now Yako didn't actually have an answer The echo didn't actually have an answer to this Uh in his talk as to what it's there for And I should point out I am not an expert on this lock. Um that title almost certainly belongs to some german safe mechanic um, but I can offer a theory And that theory is that The fourth wafer in the chrome protector handles counter rotation So the chrome protector handles counter rotation by allowing essentially the full movement of the key to about 45 degrees Within the lock and so at any point that you are opening the lock you can turn the key back basically the whole way Uh back basically 45 degrees if you do that then um What you'll find is the the fourth wafer and in this particular case makes It's cut so that it makes contact with both sides of the keys simultaneously and that wafer handles the counter rotation of the core Which is the missing element in the lock that I created However, if you don't have this dimpled cut on this surface of the key Then what happens when you attempt to turn the lock to turn the key backwards in the lock is that you Actually make contact with a protrusion on wafer number nine Before the key makes contact on two points with wafer number four And so exactly the same at least in theory as with my lock You'd be trapped in a position where you only have one point of contact with any wafer in the lock And so you can't easily counter rotate the lock because the harder you turn backwards the harder You force the wafer against the side of the housing and the grace of the frictional forces So my theory is that this is another trap when it comes to key duplication where if you've failed to replicate that sufficiently well What would happen is that even though you may have a key that opens the lock You then wouldn't be able to remove the key from the lock. And so the key would Remain in inside the lock and it and the the lock would still be tamper evident Even though it had been successfully defeated, which is one of the requirements for a high security lock Just taking a so to move away from the key and back to the lock Let's take a look at the keyway. There is no core that you can tension off This is a solid plate that's held in with three screws There is No way to tension the lock directly around the keyway and in the center you can see the poster Which matches the hole in the key and You can start to see some of the different shapes of the wafers through the keyway Here it is with that top layer taken off And so we can see the top layer layer 11, which is one of those split wafers And it's the only wafer or set of wafers in this lock The only layer that isn't actually sprung And we can kind of see looking down that we have here's the little portion that sticks out that engages with the ramp This little slightly curved portion is the portion that engages with the weird angled cup And you can sort of see that every single wafer all the way down is very differently shaped And so as a result It's very very difficult to look at them and try and discern any kind of meaningful pattern in order to decode which Position that wafer might need to be placed in In order to open the lock Having now covered the basic idea behind the wafers and without digging too much into how each of them works There are two wafers that i'm going to draw particular focus to The first wafer is number seven in my lock, which has a square cut out in one corner of the wafer end This effectively acts a bit like a false gate does on a traditional on traditional slide locks I'll be it less effectively And this is one of the reasons why I think false gates spooling insurrations Aren't so simple when it comes to wafer locks For this cutout to have an effect All the other wafers would first have to be set correctly And then the core will turn partially and stop getting caught in this cutout Sounds like an hamper attacker pretty effectively, right? Except there's no way for the other wafers to counter rotate the core The wafer itself supplies no counter rotation either because it can't with the notch squared off And what this means is that an attacker needs only to keep pushing on the wafers until they finally fall into place They can't lose progress towards getting the lock open. They can only really gain progress So That was the boring detail of the two the other one Reveals what I think personally is the achilles heel of all wafer locks designs attention of the wafers And yes, I think the high security, but I I still think They do have a fundamental problem and it's a very difficult one to grapple with And I think that problem is essentially getting the lock to counter rotate open again when you're using those wafers to tension the lock to open it I mean, of course, I think that right because that's the the design feature that I overlooked in my own design, right? But I then did a lot of thinking about how to solve that problem So the animation on the left here is the most obvious and basic approach to solving that problem You've kind of got this like bow tie or hourglass style cut out And essentially Any bit on the key When turned in this case 45 degrees will begin to tension the lock And as long as nothing blocks the the key when it's counter rotating You can counter rotate or make contact or two surfaces again And they'll counter rotate really smoothly. The only problem with this is this wafer doesn't have the freedom to move at all And so it'll trivially It'll allow the lock to be tension trivially Which undoes the whole point in designing the lock to tension off the wafers in the first place So Um The way they've tried to do this in the chroma is a little bit more complicated than that If you take a look at the animation on the right hand side This is the exact same animation as the one on the left just with a little bit more material cut away It still functions in exactly the same way, but hopefully you can see the similarities between the animation on the right hand side and Wafer number four in my chroma lock The only difference between the animation on the right and the actual wafer in my lock is that in the top right hand corner They haven't given the same surface to tension off as in the animation Um, they've got a surface which the key needs to touch and Move laterally into the correct position But when you design the wafer this way, um, what you'll find is that the the prong That sticks out here on the bottom right hand side obstructs the keyway And in fact, you might even be able to see this kind of darker portion on it where That surface has kind of been rubbed away a little bit or has become worn And the reason for that is this is the portion of the wafer that makes contact with the ramp on the key And so the real reason to have the ramp is to correctly Well to allow the key to enter the lock while not having to have This counter rotation wafer already set in the correct position attacking wise though These two surfaces On the key need to engage at the same time So if you have any tool which is equally lengthed And you counter rotate in the wrong direction deliberately You will align this wafer correctly And if you had some kind of method of then Identifying how far away The surfaces that the key would have to make contact with in order to tension it clockwise Then you'd know the position the correct position of at least one wafer and you could decode that And that would allow you to tension the lock so Ultimately is this lock impossible to breach Or manipulate or pick No, there have been reports of people managing it at least against some versions of the lock Even if there aren't any recordings on youtube But this is also a phenomenally high security lock It is hugely drill resistant It uses a special plate right at the bottom of the keyway To add extra drill resistance on top of the already significant drill resistance of the The plates that sit on top of the lock and effectively function as the faceplate The kind of Totally patternless way that the Most of the inside surfaces of all the wafers have been cut away Means that it's incredibly difficult to decode And in a best-case scenario if you had a huge number of samples thousands of these locks Then you'd be able to maybe carry out some kind of decoding In a worst-case scenario for the attacker at least What will be happening at the factory is they will truly do something to randomize All of those shapes and so they will never be a pattern no matter how many samples you collect There's no way for for us to easily work out which one which case You know which one is the case But it does seem like it would take a phenomenal amount of resources to work out how to decode one of these locks I didn't really discuss the blow ring at all, but um That's something to discuss so around the back of the lock is a If we can go back Oh boy, okay. That's a bit further than I want to go back. Right. So there we go The brass ring that sits around the outer edge of this lock is the blow ring And from my understanding the way that it's designed is So that if you pack the middle of the lock through the keyway with explosive Which is one of the big downsides of keyed safe locks is that you can pack them full of explosive When you detonate that explosive to create high pressure to tear the lock apart Rather than the entire lock completely tearing itself to pieces What happens instead is the blow ring gives way under the high pressure before The lock actually does dismantle itself since the blowing is much softer metal than the rest of the body And so what will happen is you'll end up fusing together all the various wafers in the middle into one horrible blob And the lock won't be opened And so at that point the only option would be to completely obliterate the lock And considering this is normally used in high-security containers or vaults the sort of thing that means you have to go through the entire surface of that vault or Or container which Will be no easy feat so um And that brings me on to the the the final point which is the super super tight tolerances. So I've attempted to Manipulate my lock with the face cover removed and applying direct tension to the core, which obviously is is cheating Right, you wouldn't be able to do that if if the lock were actually installed in a container but even doing that even basically Ignoring the main security feature that the lock has And attempted to manipulate it like that. Um, the tolerances are so incredibly tight that Uh with even more than two or three wafers I can't Manipulate the lock and have the wafers hold in place even when they bind They do bind and it's possible to detect that with enough force And it's possible to move them into position, but they drop really really easily um Which makes it phenomenally hard to manipulate And all in all I would say this is a phenomenally secure lock um And it largely achieves the goals that high security locks have And it's a wafer lock So clearly there is some potential for wafer locks to provide security uh that We're looking for in high security locks in a way that Isn't perhaps as inherent to for example pin tumble locks I can't think of a pin tumble lock that has a comparable challenge with Tensioning or manipulation so There we go. Um Hopefully I've convinced you that while lots of wafer locks are low security The wafer lock principle itself especially when you have The key tension the wafers which then tensions the core Is actually really really quite high security and it's got great potential to deliver A much higher security solution than other types of lock design um So hopefully you learned something Hopefully I convinced you and I presume now we will lead into the question and answer section. Thank you very much