 For more videos on people's struggles, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. I think it is also important to mention that there is a third vaccine in the pipeline which is Mambiza which is intranasal. So as anybody who's worked in health knows that this in itself is quite exciting because intranasal is easy to give you just have to put drops in the nose. So wherever you have lack of health workforce or the shortage of health workforce, there also you can administer this particular vaccine easily. You can go for door to door vaccination with that. You can give it basically in low resource settings. So though that is still in the initial stages of clinical trials, but that is another very promising candidate that has come from Cuba. There are five vaccine candidates with Cuba and they all have their own importance and coming from the global south, this is an achievement, a big achievement that Cuba has. So what we have to understand is the context in which Cuba has produced these vaccines. Firstly, just facing US blockade since 1962. And what does the blockade mean in practical terms? It means that you are not able to trade with other countries easily because US blocks it. And even if you trade, you get all that material at very very expensive rates. So which means Cuba finds it really difficult to get a state of the art technologies from other countries when where they have been developed or reagents, good quality, raw material and everything. Within that context, Cuba has been able to produce five vaccines, which have their own different advantages within 18 months of the pandemic. This achievement has to be seen in this context completely. But then also the question is how it has been able to do it because other countries, no other country has achieved this feat. And that is because of the very way Cuba does its science or goes for its scientific discoveries, which is a very collaborative we are working. So the vaccines have been developed by two institutes, CIGP and Finland Institute in Cuba. So the scientists from both the institutes have always been in communication with each other. They had weekly meetings, every week they were sharing information. And what that meant was that if you have a stumbling block and one of the scientists or the institutes, if they have been able to overcome it, the other institute does not have to go through the entire process if they face the same challenge. Now this may sound like a very obvious thing to do that that's how you need to work. But that does not happen in the capitalist world. And if you look at US, which is 90 nautical miles from Cuba, the kind of competitive way in which their institutes work, the private sector especially, but also their public sector, there the idea is that you compete with each other and therefore you keep all your scientific success and discoveries secret. And therefore you don't learn from each other. And therefore we see that using the proteins of unit technology, Cuba's vaccines are among the first that have hit the market. The other private companies which are in competition are Novavax and Sonofi and all. It is only Novavax which has reached phase three trials and released data just a few days before Cuba. So despite spending so much of money, they could reach only there, whereas Cuba has been able to do such fantastic work. And that is and they have five vaccines, Novavax has one. So let us not forget that. And they have been able to do it with their idea of collaboration. And then collaboration does not end only at producing and finally coming up with these vaccines. Because collaborative research by its very nature is anti-monopolistic, right? There's many institutes involved, there are many people involved, there is government involved. So when you do that, you are not asking for monopoly rights over these vaccines, compared to again, if we look at the US, look at Pfizer's vaccine or Johnson & Johnson's vaccine. So Pfizer vaccine should have been called American vaccine, right? Because it was the initial discovery came in the public institutes of America. But no, because the monopoly rights are with the company. So it went on to become companies property and is not accessible to everyone. And that is the monopoly right that Cuba's very way of doing science breaks. And therefore we are seeing there is so much of excitement in the global south. Just last week, Progressive International had this summit on vaccine internationalism, which was attended by a lot of countries, governments, Argentina, Mexico, Cuba, of course, Bolivia. And the Indian state of Kerala was a part of it. Kenya's one province, Kisimo was a part of it. And all these countries have come together to ensure that they have access to vaccines, which they have been denied. Just if we look at the data from our world and data, till June 22, 53% of United States was vaccinated with at least one shot of one of the COVID vaccines. European Union, 47%. African continent, 2.7%. DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo, which has one of the best, I mean, which has a lot of natural resources and a country full of other kinds of resources, had 0.05% of its population vaccinated with one person. So this is the unique quantity we are talking about. And therefore, the countries in the south did realize that they have to come together to do something. And basically, they have to have their own vaccines and they have to vaccinate their own people. The north has completely failed them. In that context, a summit happened and it could take place and there are things that they are trying to do. And that is because there are vaccines and Cuban vaccines, of course, in Mexico has also one vaccine candidate. So that's really good. Cuba is, in one sense, leading the global south and somewhere fighting against vaccine inequality that we see. So it's a fight against capitalism in short.