 So I'm going to keep my remarks brief that there are only six or 800 children a year who die of leukemia in the US because we have advanced medical therapies, but it's 10,000 a year in India. So I think we have a medical emergency on how we can install that. I got a text from Emma Whitehead's father two weeks ago. She just had her 14th birthday. So I've been working with a graduate student in my lab, Sonia Agrawal, and now Rahul Puwar in Mumbai on how to install indigenous CAR T cell therapies in India. And I think that's what I want to focus on. I mean, there's a whole larger issue, which is cell and gene therapy and how do we disrupt therapies in the US to bring those out? And that's a huge issue. In India, it's a different one. And so you heard about amylas. My disclosures are Novartis and community. There are articles written on exactly the issues of CAR T cells. But we now have this issue that in the US, it's very different than India. And how do we change this issue into emerging economies? So we have this very large, you know, it was talked about by Andy, about, you know, cancer immunotherapy and its growth. CAR T cell therapy research is primarily in US and China. There are no trials in India. And you can see the southern hemisphere is really devoid of this. So there's lots of research. There were three trials in 2010 and most treated in 2012. And now there's over 400 trials. But how do we make this an emerging, you know, industry and, you know, a new way of delivering therapy? How can we, you know, change the scale of the time of how it comes out? And so one aspect that's different, there's a paper written by Beth Schachter, shown here, who discusses this and that the most rapid way to have it happen would be a government-private philanthropic partnership. So it's different than a drug that's made, you know, in a single manufacturing center and then distributed. These are patient-specific cells. They're from a regulatory point of view. They're N of 1. And it's most closely related to a bone marrow transplant. You know, but the bone marrow transplant was never regulated by the FDA. It emerged and now we have it. And I think we need to look at CAR T as that way. It's very hard to have a therapy like that. It's not just reimbursed as a price of the cell therapy, but it's an entire system. And so we need to figure this out. The solution's probably different in the U.S. than it is in India. And this is from a friend of mine, Chris Roy, who's at Georgia Tech, who is looking at this from an engineer's perspective of all the things that have to happen when you have a new therapy. And we need all kinds of, there's a whole ecosystem that needs to be established. And that's happening now rapidly. I heard from Marcella Mouse today that there's 60 biotechs just in the Boston, Cambridge area now. It's unbelievable. There's over 500 cell therapy companies. And when I started this, there were zero. And then Novartis came in and now we've had more than $30 billion investment in the U.S. But none of it's happened in India. And so these are some considerations that I think we can discuss. You know, how do we do this? There's the issue of cell therapy here, but there's a whole cell and gene therapy. And how do we do this in developed economies compared to non-developed? In India, from what I've talked with my friends, there are no guidelines. So who's going to invest when you have no way to know? Can you bring something to market? And then the infrastructure. Currently, to do a CAR T cell therapy, you need a massive infrastructure. Half of our patients with advanced disease end up in an ICU. Next generation CAR T cells won't do that. And that's only a few years away. It will be an outpatient therapy. So it could be a one and done therapy without the massive infrastructure that we have currently on generation 1.0. So that's limited in India. But soon there will be CAR T cells that are non-toxic. And so then it becomes cost of goods. And can we implement it? So in our case, philanthropic support was absolutely essential to do this. And then pharma and biotech have come in. And I think that we need that in industry and in India. In India, from what I understand, I mean there is a reluctance to invest in early stage technologies. It's been directed at late stage. So we need some risk taking and a pathway to bring this into India. And we talk about the cost of goods. So Novartis right now makes less money selling CAR T cells than they do other drugs. Later, the cost of goods will come down. And in India, it could be much cheaper. We don't need to reproduce what we do in the US where we have an N of 1. So there's no issues like there is with a large vaccine where you can have class action lawsuits. These are one patient products. So the worst that can happen is one patient. So the standards for an N of 1 need to be different than they are for something that could be a vaccine for a million children. And right now, the standards are the same. And so we need risk taking. And what's appropriate in India is different than it is in the US and Europe. So I'm hoping that the India will develop guidelines to take this into consideration. And then there could be a pathway rapidly to have next generation cars and develop there. Because it actually could work better with the infrastructure by having a one-undone therapy. So I'll stop with that. And Roger? Wonderful. So I think as all of you know that a call has been a pioneer in thinking about these approaches for hematologic malignancies. And he has shown how these are not partial responses, but actually cures for patients. And we've been thinking about these approaches now for a variety of different types of cancers. And he has provided a vision now for how we might be able to make it affordable for a lot of people. And so let's open the floor for discussion. I don't think I need one. How has China been able to move so fast into this field? Is it because of capital investment on the part of the government? Is it a change in regulation? Is it the biophysical, biochemical expertise that was there before the therapy was developed? Yeah, so I think what I've learned is the emergence of cell and gene therapy is very different geographically. So there's huge geographic disparity. In China, they're willing to take risk. There's much less risk taking in Europe, for instance, as you know. And China also, I mentioned that article and the idea that if we're with cell and gene therapy, we need a government, private, and philanthropic partnership. China invested from a central government. They said this is a high priority. So they put part of their GDP into cell and gene therapy. And that's how they've overtaken us. They had no innovation there. And so they invest a higher part. I mean, their budget is much larger in this. Not their entire biomedical research enterprise, but it is in cell and gene therapy. They decided they wanted to be a leader there. So I mean, there's an issue of IP and all that that we have right now with, say, fifth generation technologies of the internet. And they want to win there, too. So they have been able in certain areas in China. There's just recent new guidelines that came out about a month ago from China. They're only in Mandarin right now. But there was a review written about this. And they have decided now that leading hospitals in China can charge and get reimbursed for new cell and gene therapies without FDA approval. They're equivalent of the in China. So they have a different regulatory strategy in China for cell and gene therapy than we do in the US. And we need to come to some. I mean, the FDA has been a leader in this and has been really quite amazing and is very accommodating on this. And the Chinese are trying to leap forward, leap progress. Thank you, Koal, for the excellent presentation on the court sales. Just I want to, this is not a question. Just a comment from the Indian side. The government of India, Ministry of Health, already constituted the Export Committee to frame guidance document on gene therapy and related new technologies. And probably in the next couple of months, we are able to come up with the new guidelines for the court sales. And some of the Indian companies, they're already doing a lot of innovation in the court sales. You may be knowing one of your sponsor of this program is they're also involved in developing the court sales in India. And we have very well established the patentism, the sales which are developed in India. We have Indian Patent Act under which their rights have been well protected under the Act. Recently, we also almost finalized the regulation and signed guidance document on regenerative medicine. Thus, stem cell therapy guidelines have already been published, which we have received a lot of comments on that. We are in the stages of finalization of these draft guidelines. Thank you very much. I mean, that's great to hear. We've heard how in other technologies like, for instance, in Africa, they're basically leapfrogging. They went straight to cell phones without landlines. I think in India, with that kind of leadership, you could do the same. Carl, again, congratulations. I don't know what it might feel like to be able to help even one patient like Emma, but to help future patients, it's quite incredible. So congratulations again. You already have thoughts about how these therapies can affect other cancers other than leukemias. But what are your thoughts about even beyond that? And we mentioned this morning about the possibility of affecting autoimmune diseases and beyond. So maybe if you just opine about that for a second, we'd all appreciate it. So thanks, Bill. I mean, we have this emerging scientific overwhelming data that the immune system and inflammation contribute to many diseases, from neurodegenerative to atherosclerosis. And so I think the immune system could be brought to bear on that. And there are already data that, for instance, in mouse models that regulatory T cells which can turn off the immune system can in mice treat EAE, which is equivalent of multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes. We have CAR T cells now that we're trying to treat mouse atherosclerosis, targeting oxidized LDL. So I think there's many approaches that will happen with engineered cells. And it won't be just T cells. It'll be NK cells, bone marrow stem cells, for instance, and all kinds of IPSCs. So there will be a cell therapy industry, I think, that will target inflammation at different, depends on the disease, and hopefully to get into people at risk for cancer. I mean, we heard 10% of patients have familial cancers, probably more than that. Preventing that, instead of, for instance, ovarian cancer where it's surgical castration, could we install a cell therapy system so that the patient never gets ovarian cancer? I think all that will happen in some time scale that we don't know at this point, but the science is there. Can I ask one more question? So Carl, many people think that these types of therapies are very expensive, and we were talking earlier, and you're making a case that this is not more expensive than the chemotherapy, and certainly less expensive than transplants. Can you talk about that a little bit more? I mean, I think there's two relevant analogies. We're at the beginning of a new industry. You know, initially computers were room size and very expensive, that came down a million-fold in expense. I think that will happen so that this will be literally, you know, the cells will be manufactured in a machine. Right now, the most expensive part of the cost of goods is human labor. So if it were automated, then it becomes cheap, and much cheaper than we already have. So I think that's gonna happen. The question's the time scale of how long that takes to happen, but then the cost of goods barrier goes away. Yeah, we got a question here, yeah. Good morning, thank you, Dr. June, for this. Can you just comment on the balance that we have with innovation and competition? I mean, when you look at the CD19 space, I mean, how many companies, how many CD19 approaches do we really need, and are we really spending our capital, you know, to really address the harder problems, or are we sort of tripping over each other? I mean, that's a whole huge issue on the development. There will be many next generation therapies that are both more effective and less toxic, and then there's gonna be less, you know, the cost of goods and so on. So I hopefully market competition will work to bring down the cost. I mean, unfortunately, we don't have a lot, you know, that hasn't happened with other cancer immunotherapies. So this is an issue with pricing in general in the US, and that's a whole other discussion, but the technology is there, and hopefully VC investments will bring out better therapies, but pricing's a larger discussion that you all know is very complicated. Paul, thank you so much. Thank you.