 Ladies and gentlemen, dear friends and colleagues, now we move from the word of metal artifacts to word of glass and under-after-facts. This slide, short summary, short introduction, you can see that amber and glass beads are typical of the 10th century, while in the 11th century rings prevail. Fragments of vessels are rare in both cases, and in the 10th century, rare dust enlays in Bohemia. Silver jewelry are documented too, and in the 11th century the first window panes occurred. We can see that during the 11th century the base of glass artifacts is substantially changed in two ways, quantitatively and relatively. Let's start with amber and quantitative facts. In the 10th century we can prove that the great concentration of amber beads in Bohemia, more than 580, beads and pendants were found in 80 sites, especially in cemeteries. In the 11th century, evidence of amber artifacts is almost absent. It's interesting, at the same time amber beads occurred in Silesia with the spreading of information. With this exception, the low frequency of occurrence in the region's library of Bohemia didn't change much. Not only amber beads from verticals, but also glass beads from near east and other eastern regions were an important part of the fashion and material culture in the 10th century in Bohemia. This territory was ruled by Przemyslith youths with contacts with the Autonian Empire in the west, the past Poland in north and Arpads Hungary in the southeast. The involvement of Bohemia in long-distance strife and the presence of an important market in Prague were described by Ibrahim Ibniakup in 960s. Concerning beads, we can see the same tendency that we found in the case of 100 of glass beads in the 10th century and degrees in the 11th century. Why? What caused change in quantity of glass and amber beads? We don't register some changes in metal jewelry in this period. Likewise, there are no changes in political orientation in Bohemian rules. This substantial decrease of beads accounts can be linked to a local transformation of burial rite leading to an absence of any clases in graves, unlike the metal jewelry that remains. Beads continue to appear but only as isolated finds in the settlement layers or in graves. This change in burial customs will probably be influenced by Christianization process after year 1000. Magic will speak about it later. Let's come to qualitative changes in type of glass artifacts. The beads in the 11th century are not only rare but usually different types than in the 10th century and the most important change is spreading of rings in the 11th century. Also the first glass rings are recorded in Europe before 1000. This map shows that the rings are found in many regions from Eastern Europe, so South and Scandinavia to the British Isles. However, the largest amount is found in the West Slavic territory in Poland, Bohemia, and the Eastern regions of today's Germany. It's a question of how the rings spread to Bohemia and further to Europe. The provenance of rings is unclear. Two hypotheses could be considered. First, the long-distance exchange and import of artifacts from Eastern, from Kievan ruse, where their production is documented. And the second hypothesis is local glass, working and interregional exchange. The fact that high left glass working doesn't require a high temperature and not well equipped workshops enabled local glass working in the Central Europe too. It's possible that glass rings were coming to Bohemia from Syria, from North, or from Moravia, from Southeast. What does Archimetry to say about us artifacts of 10th century? Microanalysis of all the medieval glasses being used in Bohemia from the late 1990s onwards. SCM, EDC, and laser ablation analysis allow us to classify chemical types of glass beads based on different chemical composition. A comparative analysis of Archimetry data obtained until 2014 showed that the sodalime glass, natron, and plentish glass were without doubt dominant in the collection of 19th century Bohemian finds. Other chemical types are rare or much less frequent. On the contrary, the second chart indicates a boom in lead glasses in the 11th, 12th century and decrease of sodal glass. Let's look at lead glass artifacts in more detail. Analysis which continued after 2014 showed a somewhat more complicated situation. The research confirmed that high left glass started in Bohemia in the 10th century in the form in miniature beads and beads with dots and crossing stripes. However, the provenance is not clear, but from an archaeological point of view based on topography of findings we can suppose that beads with crossing trails and dots were spread to Bohemia from Carpathian business, from today Hungary and Slovakia, where they are found in greater numbers. It's necessary to mention reports of informational written sources, Nestor, Chronicle, Ibrahim Ivniak, and others, which inform us on activities of the Danube roots, on contacts between Prague, Hungary, Pereslav, and the presence of Arab merchants in Carpathian basin in the 60s of the 10th century. But back to archaeology. On this chart the beads of the 10th century are represented by green points. Blue points are findings of rings and beads from 11th, 12th centuries in Bohemia. And the chart also shows that since the 11th century these artifacts not only made of high left glass were present in Bohemia, but also those made of ash, the potassium glass. Four percent of potassium content is accepted as a limit between them. Ashly potassium glass represents an important innovation of glass, making technology something new on the chemical map of prehistoric and historical glass. Problem of problems. If we mention left glass, we have to speak of metals too. Since as early as the 1990s, the link between left glass and ore deposits were revealed through isotopic analysis. Ore deposits stimulated the formation of industrial zones with both metal processing and in some cases glass making from metal waste residues or even slag. In this way, the importance of lead ore deposits in the Mela region was recognized for making special type of lead glass for smoothers and vessels. But no smoother made of this type of glass was found in Bohemia and in central Europe, unlike, for example, Hadebe. High left glass is much more likely to have originated in the east as better stekunso or in the north Caucasus according to Maria Dekovna. These hypotheses are supported by isotopic analysis of high left glass beads in Morocan finds of the 9th, 10th century and Sarcha de Manichiberec from the early 11th century. Glass contained a shaperak showings to Anguran in Iran, southwest of Caspian Sea and south of Caucasus. From these were transported to eastern Europe, to Baltic zone, to Viking Scandinavia via the Volga river, route one of the traditional long-distance trade routes. Research results indicate that beads of the 10th century were imported to central and north Europe through long-distance trade. We can consider that local glass working from imported glass spread to eastern and possible also central Europe during the 11th century. What we can say about let potassium glass, it's something different. The results Oscar making is of particular importance for it. He collected and analyzed 230 available samples and according to the content of potassium calcium lead. He divided the collection into through groups. First, central European lead ash glass with high content of lead. Second, slavic lead glass with similar ash content as European lead ash glass but low amount of lead and this glass was produced according to making in the eastern Europe. And sir, wood ash lead glass made in Western Germany. This glass is only typical of the 12th, 13th century and so it's not directly related to our topic. The validity of this model requires to be tested and verified. Katerina Stoyarova from Moscow shows that in the case of finds from Russia the making to use doesn't apply in all cases. It's also important to refine the chronology in relation to difference in chemical composition. But let's go back to Bohemia where lead potassium glass of the 11th century belongs to a type classified by Oscar making as central European lead ash glass. This is the reason for the hypothesis that rings and beats from this glass of our products of local central European glass working and not imports from Kevin Rukst. Comparing glass beats and rings in Bohemia and other territories between 10th, 11th centuries we may notice some similarity. Similarities for example on the Baltic coast. The transfer of settlement from reclining 10th century site of Hightable to developing slavic in the 11th century was accompanied by similar changes in the range of quantity of glass artifacts as in Bohemia. Svetlana Varulina described similar changes in the quantity types of glass ornaments and in the chemical composition of artifacts in Bulgaria in the territory of Bulgaria between 10th and 11th centuries. She assumes that changes in glass jewelry in Eastern Europe are related to the changes in the silver economy. It should be emphasized that the changes of glass ornaments cultural changes are closely linked to the social and economic life. They probably reflect changes in raw materials in the case of light ash glass, technological, innovation, local glass working shifts. In any case we are facing the evidence of global changes and conclusions. Quantitative changes of glass and the effects in Bohemia around the year 1000 reflect global change in the body of light probably influenced by the Christianization. Second however, similar processes, similar changes are registered in some other European territories probably due to other reasons and serve shifting the proportion of artifacts made of glass of different chemical composition and different provenance after the year 1000 can be conserved as reflection of global technological and economic changes. Thank you for your attention.