 of profit maximization and defend, they defend traditional business models against the disruptive force of the internet. Now what unites folks here is of course recognition that the world has truly changed. And that's no more than a reflection of the fact that the knowledge economy itself is built on inputs such as knowledge, such as data that don't share the same sort of basic underlying economics of the industrial economy. George Bernard Shaw once said, if you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange those apples, then you and I will still have, we'll each have one apple. But if you and I, if you have an idea, I have an idea, when we exchange those ideas, then each of us are gonna have two ideas. And I think that's that really, really is what goes on in the internet world. So what does this mean in practice? Traditional business theory emphasizes the value of the closed system. Make something popular, then milk it. Milk it throughout its product life cycle. Lock in your customers, because if you lock in your customers, you lock out competitors. But innovation in a closed system tends to be, as a result of all that, it tends to be incremental because the whole point is to sort of preserve the status quo because you don't wanna cannibalize what's going on. Open systems are exactly the opposite. They're competitive, far more dynamic. Your competitive advantage doesn't derive from locking in your customers in. On the other hand, companies are gaining advantage by understanding the fast moving system better than anybody else and then using the knowledge to develop better products and faster cycles. The successful company in an open system is a fast innovator and also a thought leader. So what do open systems and openness, what does it concretely mean? I'd say three things. Open source, open standards, and open networks. Open source is no longer this idyllic kind of niche fantasy thing. It's increasingly driving and being driven by big companies. You're gonna hear a lot more about that, I'm sure in a minute. Google is built on open source solutions. We use tens of millions of lines of open source code to run our products. And we try to give back, and we do okay with that. We're the, by some measures, the largest open source contributor in the world. We contribute, we're contributing over 800 projects that total over 20 million lines of code to the open source community. A few examples you're probably familiar with, Chrome, which is our increasingly popular internet browser completely open source. Another example, last month we introduced what information we called a $120 million gift to the open internet that came in the form of an open source patent.