 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture we continue studying Ach Sandhi or Vavel Sandhi. We said that Ach Sandhi is broadly classified into two, first Ekasthanika Ekadesha and second Dhristhanika Ekadesha. We have already devoted some time to study Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha means one sthani, ekasthani, one substituent and ekadesha, one substitute. We have also studied in detail the two instances of Ekasthanika Ekadesha namely Yen Sandhi and Ayava Yav Sandhi. Yen Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Ikoyanachi and Ayava Yav Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Echo Yava Yavaha. We studied these Sutras and their meanings in detail. We also studied the template examples. We also then studied carefully the specific examples of these templates. We also studied some additional statements which make the treatment exhaustive. We also noted that amongst the multiple rules we cannot study all but we tried to study majority of the cases. Then we moved towards Dhristhanika Ekadesha. This is the second broad classification within the Ach Sandhi. Dhristhanika Ekadesha. Dhristhanika is having two sthanis. So, two substituents Ekadesha, one substitute. This is what we are studying right now, the second classification. This classification is facilitated by the Adhikara Sutra Ekapurvapara Yoho. We already studied this Sutra. This is 6184 and this has got two words Ekaha, one one of Ekha meaning one. So, Ekaha means one substitute and Purvapara Yoho is 6 slash 2 of Purvapara previous and latter. So, Purvapara Yoho means in place of previous and latter sounds. What Ekapurvapara Yoho means is one substitute takes place in place of two sounds, notably previous and latter. Diagrammatically it can be shown in this manner where you have A plus B and they are in the Samhita mode in close proximity, which means that A comes immediately before B and B comes immediately after A. In such a situation rules in this particular section 6184 onwards up to 61112 they apply and the substitute that comes in place of both these substituents is C. So, A plus B is the input and C is the output, C is the adesha, A and B are the sthanis. We said that there are five instances within this second classification. The first one is Gunasandhi stated by the Sutra Adgunaha 6187. We studied this Sandhi and the Sutra and its meaning in detail earlier. Right now we are studying this second instance of the Visthanika Ekadesha which is Vruddhi Sandhi. The Sutra stating this is Vruddhirachi 6188. Then we have Pararupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra Engi Pararupam 6194 which we shall study next. Then we have Savarnadirgha Sandhi stated by the Sutra Akasavarnedirgaha 61101 and finally Urvarupa Sandhi stated by the Sutra Amipurvaha 61107. So, let us focus on Vruddhi Sandhi and we have already studied Vruddhirachi 6188 which means in the close proximity when immediately before age that is A, O, I and O, if a short or long appears then in place of both H and O comes the substitute termed Vruddhi namely A, I and O. I repeat in the close proximity when immediately before age that is A, O, I and O when immediately before age a short and or long appears in place of both of them H as well as O comes the substitute termed Vruddhi. Vruddhi means A, I, O defined by Vruddhiradai 111. So, to put it diagrammatic to put it in the form of an equation we can say that if we have O plus H in close proximity in the Samhita mode as an input 6188 applies and in place of both O and H, O and H we have Vruddhi 1 substitute. H it is to be remembered here is part of H the condition for 6187 and this is the overlap of scope of application of rules and since the scope of application of 6188 is part of 6187 in this particular smaller scope 6187 does not apply and H is the condition so 6188 applies. The other sutra in this regard that we have already studied is 6194 engi pararupam what this means is that immediately before a verbal root that begins with Aing and Aing is A and O and immediately after a proverb that ends in short or long O in place of both one substitute in the form of latter takes place. I repeat immediately before a verbal root that begins with Aing and immediately after a proverb that ends in short or long O in place of both of them one substitute in the form of latter takes place in the Samhita mode. So if we have a proverb ending in O followed immediately by a verbal root that begins with either A or O then this 6194 applies and the output generated is A O in place of O plus A and O. So we have an example Pra plus Ajatay Pra is a proverb A is the verbal root to tremble so Pra plus Ajatay and now this is the proverb ending in O this is the verbal root beginning with A they are in close proximity Samhita and so 6194 applies and the output generated is Pra Ajatay Pra Ajatay. So if you notice this A plus A or O is also the scope of Uradheerachi 6188 however 6194 has got a restricted further restricted domain of application. So amongst H A and O is a smaller domain within that we do not need any A and O we need A and O at the beginning of a verbal root. So the scope is further restricted and also this U as far as 6188 is concerned this U could be anywhere part of any element. In 6194 we need this U to be the final part of a proverb and only then it will apply. So in this case where the domain of application or the environment is restricted 6194 takes precedence cancels 6188. Then we also studied Athe Dhatyutsu which further applies in further restricted domain and cancels 6194 we studied it in detailed detail in the last lecture. Now in this lecture we shall study some other sutras related to the Bhrudhisanti. In the sequence first we shall study Atastra. This is 6190. Atastra has got two words in the sutra Atheha, Atheha and Chir. Atheha is Phi 1 of Athe. Athe is an augment. Chir means end. The words continued in this sutra are achi 7 one of ach immediately before a vowel continued from the sutra ekoyanichi then vriddhi continued from 6188 vriddhi one one of vriddhi and ekapurva parayoho one substitute in place of two earlier and later previous and later substituents. So the sutra means and in close proximity and in close proximity when immediately after the augment art appears any vowel then in place of both of them place one substitute termed vriddhi and I repeat and in close proximity when immediately after the augment art appears any vowel in place of both of them place one substitute name vriddhi. Now let us take some more information about art. What is art? The art augment is added before a verbal root which begins with a vowel. In the past tense forms imperfect past and other past tense forms such as lung lung and lung lakara when they follow art augment is added. Now selection of substitution is based on the proximity on the of the place of articulation so here are the examples the first one is a plus atta plus a plus atta all these examples they are of imperfect namely lung lakara. A is added this is art which is added before the verbal root att when there is this imperfect tense denoting suffix following. So we have a plus atta plus a plus atta as the derivation stage and then this a and a they both come in samhita. So this derivation is happening within a padha so now a is followed by a and in this case attascha applies we shall study that a plus a is the environment for aakasavarana dirghaha to apply where you have a followed by a and the output is a the savarna dirghaha. Now in this particular case however we will have buddhi although the output is a the fact is that this is generating the buddhi substitute and not just the savarna dirghaha substitute. So a plus atta plus a plus atta and you have the form atta. Similarly when we have a plus inda plus a plus atta and we have a followed by e in the samhita mode. So this is the scope of application of aadgunaha 6187 and so generally the output generated would be a in place of both of them but because this a belongs to art augment attascha applies 6190 and the output generated is buddhi. So the selection of the substitute we have three substitutes a, i and au. Now in place of a and e, a is place of articulation is kantha, e is place of articulation is talu and amongst the three a, i, au only i has got the place of articulation namely kantha talu which matches with both and therefore i is the substitute that replaces both these substitutes and so finally we get the form aindat. This is one substitute that comes in place of a and e. Similarly we have a plus eksh plus a plus atta. Once again we have a followed by long e. Once again this is the scope of application of gunasandhi aadgunaha and a would be the resultant form but because this a belongs to art and therefore attascha 6190 applies and in place of both these substitutes now we will follow the same procedure for selection of the substitute and i will be the substitute. So we have aikshat that will be the form generated by application of 6190. Then we have next a plus ubj followed by ubj here we have a plus a plus u in the samhita mode. Once again this is the scope of application of gunasandhi 6187 and the output generated would be o but because this a belongs to art so 6190 applies and we have au as the substitute. So the place of articulation of a is kantha the place of articulation of u is oshta and amongst the three substitutes a, i and au only au has got kanthoshta as the place of articulation. So au is selected as the substitute in place of both a and u and so the output generated is aubjata then we have a plus adha plus a plus atta here we have a followed by a and here uradhirechi has the scope of application and also then we also have the other substitutes taking place other sutras getting applied itadhatutsu etc so now we have a plus adha and because this a belongs to art so we have i as the substitute. Finally a plus onu here we have a followed by o in the close proximity in the samhita mode and in this case once again we will have the substitute au and we will follow the same procedure to select the substitute and so the output generated will be aunata aunat. So if we observe in all these cases where we have different different kinds of inputs aakasavarni dirgaha aadgunaha and then uradhirechi itadhatutsu etc these are the scope of application of all these rules however because this a belongs to the augment art stated exclusively to the verbal beginning verbal roots when suffixes like lung lakara following or lung lakara or lung lakara following so a very very special domain and therefore the sutra attascha applies and it cancels all such other rules and the output generated is uradhi which is shown over here this is attascha a very very important rule now let us move to the other rule another rule stating the vrudhi substitute in this sutra there are three words upasargad upasargad is five slash one of upasargad upasargad is a proverb so upasargad is immediately after a proverb ruthi is seven slash one of ruth ruth denotes short root vowel root so ruthi means immediately before short root dhatau is also seven slash one of dhatu dhatu means a verbal root so dhatau means immediately before a verbal root so here we have two words in seven slash one and so obviously dhatu is the qualified ruthi is the qualifier ruth is the mention of a sound and also in the seventh case and this is also the qualifier so in this case once again we apply the paribhasha yasmin vidhis tadadabal grohani we have already studied this before and so ruthi dhatau means rukaradau dhatau a verbal root that begins with ru the words continued are ad immediately after a short or long from adgunahan 6187 also vrudhi one slash one of vrudhi vrudhi means a i and au stated by the sutra vrudhi radha ich 111 and ekapurva parayohu one substitute in place of two substituents earlier and later an important rule to remember over here which we have studied earlier is urandra paraha 1151 what it says is that the unsubstitute stated in place of ru appears with consonant re added to it re paraha i repeat the unsubstitute stated in place of ru appears with consonant re added to it this is urandra paraha which plays a very crucial role in this particular sutra so to put it together the sutra upasargad dhatau would mean in close proximity that is samhita when immediately after a proverb preverb that ends in a i repeat when immediately after a preverb that ends in a appears a verbal root that begins with short ru then in place of both of them namely a and ru substitute vrudhi I repeat in close proximity samhita when immediately after a preverb upasargad that ends in a aad appears a verbal root that begins with short ru then in place of both ekapurva parayohu substitute vrudhi so we will have a as a final element of the preverb immediately followed by a verbal root that begins with ru and in this case aad gunaha will apply and we have already studied examples of this and then we have r as the substitute however in this case when this ur is part of the preverb and ru is part of the dhatu upasargad rati dhatau would apply and would generate r as the output so we have upa plus rachhati where ur is at the end of the preverb ru is at the beginning of the verbal root rachha and so the output generated in place of both this a and ru is r so we have upa r and chhati upa is a separate rachhati is a separate prada and we get this and the upa r and chhati so the vrudhi substitute is a and this a is part of aand so it becomes rapar having r added to it afterwards so we have the output upa rchati similarly pra plus rachhati pra has got a at the end followed by ru and once again this sutra 6191 applies and generates the output in the form of pra rchhati pra rchhati once again this pra plus rachhati is the environment for the guna sandhitu take place but 6191 in a restricted domain where this ur belongs to a verbal root where this ur belongs to a preverb and ru belongs to a verbal root only 6191 applies and guna sandhitu does not take place now let us go to the next sutra vah supi api shalehe 6192 which restricts the domain of 6191 further vah supi api shalehe and this is an optional rule and in this sutra we have also the mention of another grammarian called api shalehe he is the pre Paninian grammarian there are 3 padas in the sutra vah meaning option supi is 7 slash 1 of sup that is immediately before sup api shalehe is 6 slash 1 of api shalehe in view of api shalehe the grammarian words continued are upasargad 5 slash 1 of upasargad that is immediately after the preverb ruti 7 slash 1 of rut short root and ruti means immediately before short root dhatau is 7 slash 1 of dhatu dhatu means a verbal root dhatau means immediately before a verbal root ruti and dhatau they both are in the same case so dhatau is the qualified ruti is the qualifier this qualifier is the one sound appearing in the 7th case so we apply the paribhasha yasmin vidhisth tadadavagrahani and so ruti and dhatau means rukara dow dhatau a verbal root beginning with root and we further add supi to it so this supi becomes the qualifier of dhatu because this sup does not indicate one sound this will not be supadau so this will qualify dhatu and then put together all these three words would mean a verbal root which is a sup root a verbal root derived after a sup and which begins with root immediately before that verbal root this sutra applies and substitute takes place some other words that are continued from the previous sutra are aadgunah from aadgunah we have aad which means immediately after a short or long we have rutdhi from rutdhirechi one one of rutdhi which means aai and aau and of course ekapurvaparyohu meaning one substitute in place of two earlier and latter substituents of course urendra paraha also continues i mean of course urendra paraha is an important sutra which plays a important role in this sutra what this means is the unsubstitute stated in place of ru appears with consonant rr added to it so the meaning of the sutra vasupyapishalehe is the following in the close proximity in view of the grammarian officially when immediately after a proverb that ends in ur appears a verbal root that begins with short root and which is derived from a sup in place of both substitute rutdhi optionally i repeat in the close proximity in view of the grammarian officially when immediately after a proverb that ends in ur appears a verbal root that begins with short root and which is derived from a sup so in place of both of them substitute rutdhi and substitute it optionally so for example if you have ur at the end of a proverb followed by a verbal root that begins with ru but internally it should have a sup in this case 6192 applies and generates the output optionally as r or r by default guna sandhi also happens here so optionally r or r in place of a and ru so the example is pra plus rishabhiyati pra is a proverb rishabhiyati is the verbal form which contains a sup inside which is shown over here so we have pra plus rishabhiyati and in this case upasargaad ratidhatav does not apply vasupyapishalehe applies and in place of this a and ru we have optionally r and r both so we have both the forms pra rishabhiyati where rutdhi substitute takes place and pra rishabhiyati where guna substitute takes place guna substitute is anyway stated by ad gunaha and this rutdhi is stated by this particular sutra both these forms are optionally derived in the paninian grammar rishabhiyati is the sup dhatu form so rishabhiy is the verbal root and this is derived by adding the sup suffix to rishabh so we have rishabh plus sup followed by a suffix now this unit is called a verbal root followed by this verbal suffix let in between there is the vikarana pratyaya and so we have got the form rishabhiyati so this is the sup pratyaya within this verbal root and that is the reason why this is called sup dhatu and in such a case the rutdhi substitute takes place optionally and when it does not take place the by default guna substitute takes place to summarize in this lecture we studied in detail the other rules related to the rutdhi sandhi earlier we had studied the sutras rutdhi rechi and then itad dhatu tsu and then several vartikas over there in this lecture we studied the other rules namely atascha upasargad vrittidhatau and avasupyapishale we also studied remaining part of the examples in details at different levels within a padha and also in between two padhas we also studied the interrelation of 6187 and 6188 and also 6194 we also observed that 6189 has further smaller domain of application within that of 6194 and so 6189 reinforces 6188 we also noted that there are further smaller domains of 6189 which cancel 6189 and in a way also cancel 6188 and 6194 now we study the next instance of dristhanika ekadesha namely pararu pa sandhi the sutra is 6194 we shall do this in the next lecture thank you for your patience