 I'm going to talk about Chinese Neolithic Jade objects. I hope we will have enough time later to discuss some reasons for the differences between Europe and China. Let's begin with a brief overview. As you already know, both Jadeite and Nephrite are included into the term Jade. Actually, only Nephrite is relevant for China. Most objects are crafted from Nephrite and its simulants, not from Jadeite. That is the very first point of differences in the material. The next one is the form. While European Neolithic Jade objects are accessed, Chinese Neolithic Jade objects were various ritual objects, mostly not in ripen form. The function is not quite equal. As well, European Jade, as Chinese one, served as prestigious objects for Celtic and ceremonial purpose, but Chinese ones were great goods. Generally, most Chinese objects are found in burial contexts. European Neolithic Jade objects were replaced through copper and bronze axes in their chakalitic, and subsequently, Jadeite axes found no use in Europe anymore. They fell into oblivion. Chinese Neolithic Jade objects, in contrast, gave birth to the Chinese Jade culture, which looks back on a continuous, more than 7,000 years' history and has remained the integral part of the value system in China to this day. Let us have a closer look at these points. As I think similar slides were already shown, so I just want that you pay attention to this interlocking of short fibers. They make Nephrite very tough, very hard to walk, very hard to break. Of course, Jadeite and Nephrite have very similarity. They are both silicate rocks, but their chemical compositions are different, so we will concentrate now only on Nephrite. As can be shown on this map, Neolithic Jade objects were found in very different areas within China. It looks like almost every China culture used Neolithic Jade objects. You can see in this table Neolithic Jade cultures, which are here chronological and geographical order. The earliest and the most influential are Xilongwa and Linditan. And from the later ones, the most important are Hongshan and Lianzhu. I will show you some of their jades later. The traditional Chinese word for jade, yu, refers to even more stones than English one. Hence, Wen and Jin suggest to distinguish between true, hemi, pseudo jades. Only true jades is Nephrite. They conclude that 76% of archaeological jades they have analyzed were true jade, also Nephrite. Chinese colleagues have already discovered some Neolithic Jade sources. For example, Lianzhu culture used a material which was identified as Nephrite with high portion of trimalite. I have forgotten to say it, most Nephrite is formed from trimalite actinolite. The deposit of Lianzhu jade is the Xiaomei Lin mine, Jiangsu province. We have example for another Chinese culture, but generally we can say the mineralogical material of Chinese Neolithic Jade was locally available stone. Of course, not only trunified, but it's similar as well. So now I would like to show you some example. We start with Xinlongwa culture. This is famous for their so-called jue ring. It has slit ear ring, which has great influence, not only in China, but also in Japan and Korea. Of course, if I say China, Japan, I mean prehistoric areas, which now belongs to this country. I hope it's south-eastern. The next is Lianzhu Tan culture. Archaeologists have excavated more than 1,000 jade pieces in only 66 tombs. In some 2,250 square meters of the site, but the site archaeological site itself is huge. It's about 1,006,000 square meters. So it will be probably found even more jades. So please have a look at these two tombs. On the left, it is one of Lianzhuan culture and another one on the right, as 2,000 years younger, belongs to Lianzhuan culture. So only in one tom, so many jade objects were found. Please pay attention to these very sophisticated forms of jade objects of Lianzhu culture. This is so-called thong, tube, and b-disc. We have no idea about the function. Most of thong are fine decorated. You can see this example of decoration here. It's very sophisticated, very, very fine lines on the front. And I hope you can remember the jewelry of Xinlongwa. It is a further development. Hongshan culture is a successor of Xinlongwa. So in this table, some of jade objects are compared. It is obvious many different Neolithic culture in China shared the same motifs and shapes of jades. Analyzing jades, we shall finally be able to trace mining production and a social exchange network. Toolmarks on many Neolithic jades give us clues about workmanship of jades. Adders normally include for lower steps, sewing, cutting, engraving, drilling, grinding, and finally polishing. It will be impossible without some abrasives. Now we know that Neolithic Chinese craftmen used what? Garnet, corundum, and probably even diamond-containing gravel. It is just a suggestion because there's a couple of very seldom objects which contain corundum and they are punished as mural. You can see on this slide. Now I come to conclusions. So jade in Neolithic China was a mineralogical material like nephrite and its simulants. Jade would use to create mostly ritual and ceremonial objects. Almost every Neolithic culture used ritual objects. The mineralogical material of Chinese Neolithic jade was a locally-available stone, nephrite of different quality or its simulants. Jade objects were generally found in burial contexts. Various Neolithic jade objects indicate already mature and complex faith systems and associated funeral writers. The differences in funeral inventory point to stratified society that seems to possess considerably human and natural resources as well as well-functioning organization system. Apartedly, a division of labor and specialization took place already during the Neolithic period. In this regard, the question arises as how jade, preceding and usage played a role in the emergence and stabilization of Chinese civilization. Chinese jade culture lasts already over 7,000 years in contrast to Europe. So questions will be answered later, I suppose. Thank you.