 My name is Preeta, I am a faculty in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Material Science and the topic that I'm going to talk about it's it's an odd topic to have to cover but it's also an extremely important topic to have to cover and I think all of you who have dealt with students who have dealt with administrative responsibilities would realize that these are this is a topic on which we actually need more and not less conversation. So but before I get started a lot of the material that I'll show you in this slide is taken from a talk or a similar lecture that professor Sahana Murti gave in this IST workshop which was held at IIT Bombay. See basically so when I write this definition and and I've taken this definition from the dictionary essentially and if you look at this definition this is really broad you know this can potentially cover just about anything right it says ethics what are ethics so ethics deal with values relating to human conduct with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions these are really loaded words right what is right and what is wrong and then to the goodness and badness of the motives this is even worse right I mean who decides what's good who decides what's bad and who knows the motives underlying somebody's actions too big to cover no not possible and and way beyond the scope of anything that we would do in this class what we are going to do is we're going to limit ourselves to ethics in academics and we will initially for I think the first 20 minutes or so talk about ethics in the classroom in interactions with students ethics in teaching basically and then we'll talk about ethics in research and that's going to be our our domain that's it you know no global right and wrong and good and bad and so on I'm not competent enough to make those judgments so I when I teach this course to students I like asking them this question somewhere towards the beginning of the lecture and I asked them that you know the student and their roommate are taking the same course and the roommates spend the weekend partying and didn't do the assignment and the assignment has to be submitted on Monday morning so Monday morning everybody's get getting ready to run to the department and the student asks the roommate well you've done the assignment there a right and then you ask the students okay what will you do now there are two ways of answering this question one is what do they actually do what do they commonly do and they know what they commonly do and we also know what they commonly do right but a different way to ask this question is that this is a question given to you in an exam and there are two marks for a right answer and there is minus half a mark for a wrong answer now what is the answer and they all know what the right answer is right just like we know what the right answer is so we know that the right answer is this right that you don't show the assignment but you agree to spend time with the roommate and explain the topic to them so that they can figure things out on their own because we all know that that is the purpose of doing an assignment and they also know that this is what they should do in an ideal world all our students would be doing this right then you tell them okay fine you know no marks what do you actually do and we also know that what they actually do is actually this part is also you know I think wishful thinking on my part what mostly happens is this is a good friend this is just an assignment layer you know because we know that tomorrow situations might be reversed you know I might be out partying and he would have done the assignment and you know live and let live right let's all be nice to each other that's what we do right we know that we also know that this is not what we should be doing we also know that our attitude towards this live and let live attitude is what slowly I think degrades an inner moral compass that we have which tells us right from wrong you know and then we all pay the price you know it's not like he suffers and nothing happens to me or I suffer and nothing happens to you so why do they do it you know then I asked them I mean my class usually on this topic is a revealing discussion I said okay so you know what you should do you know what you do why is there a disconnect between what you should do and what you are actually doing and I think some of the reasons are the reason that I am given most commonly is everyone does it okay and then if you ask who is everyone everyone is you and me and her and him right that's what everyone is so so I do it but I say I do it because he does it right so but that is what they say ma'am everybody does it seniors do it juniors do it why shouldn't we do it everyone does it I think the other reason from the perspective of now being a teacher and there being a student is that I mean at least as far assignments are concerned most of the times they don't get caught because we don't spend that much time you know figuring out who's copied whose assignment there are so many things to do there are too many students blah blah blah so they also know that the risk of being caught is very low and even if they are caught the punishment is very mild right if you find a copied assignment what is the worst that you've ever done sorry don't give marks right but what is the weightage of an ass one assignment in their final total right out of hundred marks one assignment is maybe two marks right so zero out of two that's the worst right so mild punishment the other reason that students often give and I think I completely understand what they are saying is peer pressure you know if you don't show an assignment you become the bad guy that's the approach right why won't you that's the dumb thing that's what friends do friends let friends copy so if you there is too much peer pressure and and I completely understand what they are saying some of them really do feel bothered by this but they say that you know then they become the bad person if they don't show it so you know they they then it's it's it's a it's a difficult choice for them so I mean this is my suggestion to you to me I mean you know I'm thinking of all of us as teachers that what do we do now one approach could be that the assignments that we give these should reward effort instead of just the correct answer you know if we if we can somehow convince them that when I evaluate your assignment I am only looking at the amount of effort that you put in I don't care whether you know you get 15.23 or you get 17.28 as long as you can show me that you've thought through the the problem that's what I want okay then maybe you know they'll think otherwise it's not simply about filling in the blanks and so on right and then but if you want to do this then you have to design problems that somehow bring out the thought process of the person and if we can design problems like that then they will also realize that copying is not very easy because identical problems no two individuals will have the same exact same thought procedure to go through those problems right and what also helps students is that if there is a clearly stated policy against copying and very important it is implemented there is a policy against copying of course there's a policy against copying it's the implementation where we sometimes you know we met four people come cry in our office and then what do they do so so this may this may have an effect okay now so this is above from a students perspective what do we expect when we're in a classroom what do we expect what do students expect how do we how do we deal with them but a lot of what we do and a lot of how we interface with the world outside is to do with the research that we do the research that we do the projects that are students to all of that right and I think a lot of the talks and the discussions that you had here have been about you know writing and presenting and you know presenting ideas and putting across ideas which are mostly centered around research okay so now what when we when we start doing research when we go to this other role not as a teacher but as a researcher now these are points that are I think pretty good generic guidelines no don't do research that puts people at risk don't do research that violates informed consent yeah don't do biased research and don't copy things from others again you know nothing nothing very great that I can tell you this is again something that we all know but there are I would like to hear your inputs at least for a short period of time on each of these topics that if I said okay can you give me one example of research that put people's lives at risk can you think of one example each and we have I think what do we have do we have one sorry Einstein well yes so Einstein did put people's lives that the work that he did did put people's lives at risk and examples like this make this very difficult right like would we want to go back in history and wish that there was no Einstein okay right so we wish that he just hadn't done that everything else is okay okay that was the problem okay clinical trials right now you're also touching upon the second topic here right so would you would you like to elaborate on it just a little bit what sort of clinical trials should not be done new molecule right certain research right of such nature probably abroad we have that concept of taking a approval then covering them through insurance and then getting their consent before it's put for application probably in India there's a gross violation on that in India there have been reports of gross violations of this and this sort of thanks for that point because this this ties these two things together right what is informed consent that a person should be clearly informed that this is a trial the the outcomes are not hundred percent known and these are the potential risks right only then if the person says yes should they be made part of that trial else not right we don't do that very often and by not doing that we put their lives at risk without their agreement okay now biased research what do we mean by biased research I think I have another example of this a little later you think of an example of biased research any area something where you put one segment against other right right then I'm trying to showcase that what you are trying to say is the final truth especially the one that is recently the demographic surveys probably when government puts across the census data or the number of accidents and then trying to indicate doesn't hold water we always look it with a suspect whether it's done with an intention see for example suppose I am a consultant for a company that makes paints right and if study after study that comes out of my lab shows that the paints from that group are better than everything else in the market for all possible applications now that would make people sort of step back and think a little bit about whether this is 100% unbiased information it may so happen that that is really the best paint company and their products really are the best product okay but to do that I'll come back to you in just one second okay to do that I need to be able to prove the rigor of the experiments that have been done the wide variety of samples that have been tested and then show that yes indeed you know this happens to be the best product in all of these categories okay otherwise you know things may become suspect yes you were you wanted to say something yes just one example came into my mind like the first for the first one actually so I guess at around 1997 the clone experiment on the ship called Dolly it was happened in Scotland after that people were trying to do that kind of research project on human beings also because of the resistance from scientific communities from different part of this globe so till now this officially at least these research are stopped has been stopped from that time so that is one example where the ethics of that scientific communities has acted because they feel that it will be yes yes that okay yeah but again see these are all very debatable topics right is it good is it not good I mean a person who's on an endless waiting list for a heart transplant will probably say it's a good thing you know if you can either clone people or if you can you know carry that research to grow an artificial heart why not so these are again the only point that I'm trying to make is that in some cases the rights and wrongs are very clear but not so in all the cases I mean Einstein was not a bad person Einstein was a brilliant scientist none of us wishes that Einstein had never been born but yes there may have been an aspect of his research for which there were fall outs which may be even he didn't anticipate okay and then this one is actually fairly clear that we shouldn't copy research ideas and this is also unfortunately more common that we would than we what we would like to believe right I see you laughing there that no there is a discussion and there is a freewheeling exchange of ideas and no I hear something that is actually your idea and I already have the setup in my lab go do it publish it and you don't even know about it unless it's in print okay that's not okay so these are the things now so let's now take this some example by example okay let's take the first example that you've been asked to characterize samples from a site where the ground may have been contaminated by some dangerous chemicals okay recently there was this big blast in China I mean we don't know what they were storing how they were storing whatever whatever the project is of national importance and the grant is very generous okay but your lab currently doesn't have the required safety tools so that the researchers in the lab can test these samples without posing a risk to their own life and safety but the funding agency needs preliminary results within six months you are the expert you're the first person they've come to they say money is not an issue do whatever you want buy whatever you want but we need to table a report you know in the parliament before some expert committee within six months can you do this and you know here is a big sack full of money for you for doing this what do you do so I have put forth only two options maybe there are more options that you take the project tell the staff who's actually doing the experiments to be careful you say oh you know dhyan se karna bhai samal ke katna without disclosing all the potential risks you know you don't tell the person that look this soil sample may have a potential carcinogen in it okay or some such similar thing or the other option is explain to the funding agency the importance of putting proper safety measures in place before you can start testing and refuse to start the project before that knowing full well that you why you are the foremost expert in the country you're not the only person who can do tests like this and because the funding agency has made it very clear that time is of the essence if you say no there is a high likelihood that they'll just go to somebody else no they may not wait now again the choices are never easy right which is why these are moral dilemmas or these are ethical dilemmas I mean there is a there is a huge price to pay for doing what you may still firmly believe is the right thing to do okay but again this is sort of like you know we are humans just like our students we also know what we should do and we also know that what there is a high likelihood that we may end up doing okay and it's just a matter of choice let me take a different example that you're having a discussion with the company a private company that's interested in having you as a consultant to evaluate a new product that they're developing okay however during discussions they drop hints about how your strong support of their product would make them the market leaders and lead to a long research partnership with your group you know so this is a huge company and they do a lot of work in the in an area which overlaps with your area of research and this is the proposition now once again I would like to hear your opinion on you know how would you go about handling this are there any problems if there are problems how should we deal with those what do we do blueprint of the whole research has to okay can you elaborate the proposal okay our company is trying to consult you they are supposed to submit the blueprint of whatever they are having in their mind in written form okay printed form so that we can go ahead if it is according to us I mean ethics and as well as according to our company rules and regulations principles we can go ahead if it is not accordingly we can we cannot go ahead but see here there is a slight this thing that what is being proposed you know the kind of experiments or the kind of modeling there isn't a problem with that I mean you know that is perfectly above board it's only things that are not written only things that are said and that are hinted at and then you know you understand is what may be a problem the big problem is a strong support this is never written down okay this is just you know are a professor you know we are the market leaders and this is a new product and if this does really well all market share will become you know more than anybody else will be the international biggest to this thing now you know and if you work with us we can all do very well these are all spoken these things are never written down so yes or you were saying something the consultant gets a hint that he may be pressurized if he doesn't give a good report about the project the company may you know put different kinds of pressures he may be under the pressure to give a good report because they've already dropped a hint at a strong support his recommendation would be very useful so that would you know put him into a dilemma later on right so what is the option is the option I mean it's the only option to not take this project are there other sort of is there a middle path is it just no what should what should we do what should I do what what would you do I have the transparency of what exactly has to be done okay both the parties have to know like we sign a document of MOU and things like that where everything is written so when we are trying to have a consultancy it is a joint venture right so you should know what is your role and I already knew the other person should be clear enough to say because generally they hide the things which are not to be spoken okay it has to be very open it has to be very open okay otherwise it's not a good idea to get into an MOU with a company like this that would vary okay right right right yeah none of these are universal you know which is why I said I don't have prescriptions you know I I I'm going to come to you with problems potential problems potential scenarios and there isn't a right or a wrong or a universal right or a wrong so when we when we grapple with situations like this you know what are the challenges that we are facing well the questions that we are trying to answer as we make these decisions is how will this affect my career my papers my promotion right I keep saying no to lucrative projects because you know cigarette company ka project nahi karenge alcohol company ka project nahi karenge paint company ka nahi karenge because they have said you know we want your strong support so I'm not getting any funding if I don't get funding you know how do I buy instruments how do I buy consumables if I don't have those where does my research go right after all doing research especially if you're an experimentalist is not cheap and then the other question that comes to us similar to what our students think that no if I don't do it somebody will do it right it's not like just because I say no this kind of work is not going to get done then no what what great achievement is my saying no having here you know again I'm not Einstein that if I don't disclose the secret of the atomic bomb nobody will be able to make the atomic bomb in the world and sometimes we sort of manage to convince ourselves that well you know what right now let me just agree to what they are saying let me take the project and I am this person of very strong integrity I'll be able to withstand whatever pressures come my way and I will really be able to report the results accurately come what may maybe it works sometimes you know depends on on you and depends on on the results and depends on the person on the other side of the table maybe you can pull it off in which case it'll be great if you can pull it off but you know as as the lady here was pointing out that if they've already made it clear that your strong support is what they are expecting then you know you are still waiting to do the experiment they already have a plot in mind what the data is going to look like okay and if the data that comes out of your your lab is very different from the data that's already in their head you'll have a challenge on your hands you know so so if this is the route that we decide to take then we should be very aware of you know how tough this road is going to be then start walking that road again it's an individual choice you know they don't so I have written this you know I I know that this isn't easy and I know that this isn't always possible that being successful and achieving excellence in the work that you do does not have to be based on compromises should not be based on compromises right that's when we all sleep well at night and I mean at some some some level at least this should be the goal that you know can we do this from this point onwards the only kind of ethical dilemma that I'm going to talk about is so we'll be further narrowing the field is in the area of reporting research and where the the biggest problem or the only problem that we'll talk about is plagiarism okay now I assume you all know what plagiarism is right it's it's copying somebody else's work be it something that they have written some data that they have produced a figure that they have made an article that they have published on the web whatever taking from somebody else and presenting it as your own that's plagiarism in in very very simple terms now I've taken this scholarly theft yes why color crime right it's a it's a crime committed by people who sit in front of computers often in air conditioned offices and labs so so this is a figure that was published recently in science magazine and what this is the outcome of an analysis that a group has done so there is a database called archive ARXIV and the X is written as capital okay it's probably one of the largest repositories of scientific papers right and so what they did was that when somebody uploads a paper to archive you have to declare the country which you are a resident of so they had geographic information about the authors of various articles and then they went and they took those articles and they looked for copied content in those articles okay and based on what they found they created this map now this is a map of the world of course where this is the percentage of authors flagged to have had copied content okay so this light shade of red is 20% and this almost black thing is 5% and lo and behold you have a world map of copy okay not a very flattering thing to have to look at but there it is so we are here right I mean not too bad not the best but not the worst either so and there are numbers here you can you can check the exact percentage so this is 471 of 4283 authors flagged they do say that they put in some kind of a control for example I think one of the countries there were only three papers submitted and two had copied content so they didn't put it at 75% you know they just ignored data from that country so they did things like that so they had some threshold that the input or the article submitted from that country should have been at least so much for them to calculate percentages so this is the map that you get now you know when we say copying is a problem when discussions like this happen this copying problem is no longer just my problem or your problem or you know somebody else's problem it also becomes a problem of perception you know we all get labeled by one label right because the one common identity that we have in this map is that we all happen to be living in this country right and now it doesn't matter that oh I have never copied anything in my papers and you know but you know that professor X doesn't help because you all get labeled by a common label now papers from China are like this papers from India have you know 15% copied content so it becomes a shared problem and which is why it's important to have these conversations this is not to say that you are doing wrong and I'm doing right this is to say that look we are part of a community we are part of a community of academics researchers teachers authors and sometimes there are problems which we have to tackle as a community because they affect us all okay that's the purpose of showing you this map now I would like you to identify the correct answer in this you know so what what is plagiarism right what does plagiarism do well 10% is okay it's too little you know I mean 10 words in a hundred big deal is and they will get a capata who knows right or well okay you know I read this and I can change active voice to passive voice I know how to do that I was taught in class 8th and I still remember so I can do this and then we're done right this is not copy of course I've changed active voice to passive voice now we are okay so what do you think I ask it the same thing right if you are going to allow us for the plagiarism what is the percentage right then yeah we can allow for 10 to 15 percent I was laughing at him okay no so somebody said that you know ideally these are both wrong and what I triple E guidelines at least say I mean you know again maybe there is a difference between what they put on their website and what they say in person so what they say is that any amount of uncredited copying is considered plagiarism and they also clarify that when they are looking at these percentages what will influence their decision if a complaint comes to them is probably the percentage you know so maybe 10% is just well withdraw this paper and maybe 50% is never ever submit a paper to I triple E journal again so there is a gradation in punishments not in deciding whether something is plagiarized or not okay and then I found this quotation which I just absolutely loved so it says so Samuel Johnson had some manuscript and writes your work is both good and original unfortunately the parts that are good are not original and the parts that are original are not good so this is a really really damning review to receive okay I loved it and I thought that I have to share it with you when we're having this discussion on plagiarism so so this is what happens you know plagiarism can really damage your your reputation and your self-esteem if you get comments like this so so this is what I had already said that according to I triple E so this is what they write you know there's a disconnect between what they say and they write that the amount doesn't matter but it may play a role in deciding what the consequences of plagiarism are okay no but this is not you said that 10 to 15% is okay I see okay okay so maybe 10 to 15% you know just a wrap on the knuckles and they'll let you go and 50% you get sent to the principal's office or something so so now sometimes you know my students ask me this because they're just getting started in some area and they're reading all these papers and they're convinced that these papers have been written by great and wonderful people and the way those great and wonderful people have written the papers nobody can do any better right I mean this is the best way of explaining this topic okay so strength you know well young wrote a paper some several years back describing what the elastic strength or the stiffness of a material is like and I mean you know those words how can I improve on that so what do I have to do well let me just copy the exact text from Young's book and I'll put a citation I'm not cheating the citation is right there so I have taken this text word by word from the article that accompanied that world map that I showed you okay I've just copied and pasted it here and of course I'm telling you up front that this is taken from this source is this okay yes it is post-mortem okay what does that mean well I could put the citation right at the top you know the title could be the citation taken from blah blah blah and then put the text will that be okay yeah it will be okay okay I see okay so your problem is that there is nothing coming from me okay I mean there is no no what is the contribution of us right exactly exactly right so everything is just taken from somewhere else what did you write yes what is our contribution that's important okay in the present form it is not okay I agree with his point that no what is the author's contribution needs to be explained there and what is coming out that's the important thing that if you ever are in a situation where you feel that no no no you know for for for impact for accuracy for you know displaying the mood of the author when he was writing this poem I have to quote a small P or I have to quote a big piece then the only correct way of doing it is please put quotation marks along with the citation so there is a difference between taking material from a source every time we do literature review that's what we are doing we're reading others papers and then we are presenting them okay that is still different from presenting it in their words so any word-by-word reproduction must be accompanied by quotation marks to tell the reader that here not just the idea but even the words are taken from that source okay so so quotations are important so just giving credit is not enough okay this may be okay that so this is the original electronic simulations may increase student access to a lab experience since they're not constrained to a specific time and place and this is what has been written since a student can use simulation anytime and anywhere the simulation can improve the students access to experimentation okay this now falls in the category of paraphrasing where you take something that somebody else has written and you basically rewrite it in your own words okay but please note that this rewriting extends above and way beyond converting active to passive okay this is really rewritten and we've all done paraphrasing also in our school you know when we used to be given passages and we asked to do it so paraphrasing is better than copying certainly but best is to write a summary so now there are three things one is quoting word-by-word from some source with quotation marks and with citation one is the second is paraphrasing and then the third thing that I've introduced here is summary okay so what is summer what do we do when we write a summary is that we take a long passage or we take a long article or we take a story or we take a novel we identify the main ideas this is important background information should be given only if you think without that background information these main ideas cannot be appreciated otherwise avoid all extra information focus only on the crux of the matter and then write it in your own words that's summarizing okay so what I would like you to do now there is this passage it's about Yosemite National Park and write a summary summary remember the key part is get the main idea of the passage and put it down that's all that is needed in a summary yes question regarding this plagiarism softwares plagiarism check softwares yeah even then I checked my article it's a hundred percent original I checked it and finally I got the result 84 percent original and a 16 percent plagiarized did you include the bibliography I included the bibliography yeah so there is an option of excluding bibliography more than that what it said plagiarized items it is something in quotation because I quoted an article from Alice Walker Tony Morrison Zora Neel so many authors that that that item that same item where I used to buy someone else referred by someone else they also refer the same content right in their article so you're taking a quote from Tony Morrison putting it in quotation mark this is what Tony Morrison wrote in Sula or whatever yeah okay but for example my colleague or someone else from India or anywhere he is also quoting the same line and it is telling that this item is plagiarized this is present in this article something like that see so so plagiarism checking softwares are reasonably good we use one extensively now at IIT Bombay because this was getting to be a big problem and we needed to control it so we use a software I know for sure that it has the option of excluding bibliography when you do a similarity check and that takes care of about 10 to 15 percent right there right because bibliography will obviously appear as copied so but this quotation marks I agree with you I mean so I would not take that as plagiarized content and if a student submits a report to me I usually ask them to submit to me the output of this plagiarism checking software and then I go through whatever has been flagged and if the only things that are flagged are things which are in quotation marks I will say this is fine I mean you know the software is obviously not as smart as I am I can decide for myself that this is not plagiarized content and I'm pretty sure that in most places where they check for plagiarized content they don't go simply by the software numbers alone they actually look at what has been flagged when I think stuff in quotes should be okay I think I am not aware of softwares which can be told to avoid think text that is in quotation mark I think all these tools they exclude the content inside the quotation yeah so I I don't really know that I mean I don't have any they don't okay so they'll they'll flag that all so yeah so then I think it's for the reviewer to see and and I mean I'm reasonably sure if the reviewer sees that it's just stuff in quotation marks that is okay I mean that is how you're supposed to quote but which tool you are using here we are using turn it in there's a software called turn it in I think several I ams use that I see Bangalore uses that and it works very well turn it in yeah turn it in no I just I checked in turn it in and there it was a same in turn it in itself it was not like it doesn't fly so maybe did you use a different software did you use a different software which one did you use so even I use turn it in you use turn it in so is maybe there is an option he says that when you use turn it in it doesn't flag right so so there is an option it seems to ignore stuff in quotation marks so just like bibliography is also an option okay and I paraphrase or when I write a summary right of someone else's content it's no longer plagiarism if I'm not giving credit you've written something well no no no no no you always have to give credit okay you cannot not give credit but but I can write it without using quotes yes yes okay thank you word by word reproduction needs quotes okay but if I have paraphrased if you paraphrased it you've summarized it you just say you know you just put the reference citation and then you're okay no quotations okay so I just put it as a reference right okay thank you ma'am well I thought Sundar told you first day that people have to be called by their names and this is my name it's Prita cultural thing we've been discussing about it I see realize it's difficult so easy yes please sometimes what happened when we look at the result we got from 20 to a wiper software the plagiarist text what we got is basically in different context that what we have written let's say example I've written data data mining database there's some common words may be used in some other sources for different context and I have not copied there but somehow those words are matching matching and that shows similarity percentage right and why it matters like in sometimes in some conferences they have some threshold that's all I told that 20% would be allowed so if it's more than 20 or let's say 21% instead of a rejected without looking into the context why it is showing the text okay then we got the rejection okay really look at the results the report right it shows that this was not an intention of us to copy but somehow those common words matches with somebody else writing in a different context and because of that so what what to do I think if it is scattered words if it is commonly used words as you are saying you know data now you know what else do you say what what other synonym do you use or database for that matter or you know there would be so many things internet right flow diagram I don't know if just these commonly used words would add up to over 20% in a paper maybe they do as you're saying but if if there are other sentences so what I ask my students to do so plagiarism is not always intentional you know sometimes it is you know you wrote something and you may have remembered for sentences you wrote them in a certain way because there was a book that you read two weeks back and it was just there you know in the back of your mind you didn't open the book and you start typing and copying so these plagiarism checking softwares are also helpful in avoiding this problem that before I submit a paper I do a check for myself so we tell our students that before you submit the report do a check if the content is over 20% please edit your report yourself so that the content comes to below 20% and then submit that is to help those people who have no intention of cheating no we understand that this can happen so I think you should make use of these softwares to help you with this problem as well before you upload an abstract or a manuscript or something one more doubt or kind of question that does it matter that the which part of the paper has this percentage like in the introduction or let's say let's survey we haven't more percent but no we're not bear with anything in experimental study or no no no no no doesn't matter I mean there is also something called self-plagiarism right I have a student here now he makes a setup right he makes a very beautiful schematic of that setup he writes a description we publish a paper in his third year now he's in his fifth year he's using the same setup right he can't just go copy after all it's his figure he made it he can't just copy paste the same figure copy that one paragraph of instrument description or experiment description from his paper put it in and publish it even self plagiarism is plagiarism so you can't I mean it and so which is why it makes no difference whether it comes in the introduction section or the literature review section or in the experimental methods section doesn't matter I mean plagiarism is plagiarism actually ma'am if the same author is writing two papers and if some contents are matching is it considered as in plagiarism right that's what I said self plagiarism is also plagiarism I cannot claim that I made that drawing I took that photograph this is my data I cannot publish it at two places but it should be different for the different parts of the paper ma'am because the results and discussion can be for that the level of percentage can be high but if we talk about in literature review it should be less no no because see what is expected is that one is you're not going to solve the same problem twice right you're not going to publish a paper on the same thing twice you know high temperature behavior of concrete you won't publish the same thing two times over so the background you know if you say high temperature concrete used in tropical countries and high temperature concrete used in I don't know Sweden the background is different the literature is different and every paper is expected to be freshly written and you can do this experiment on yourself that if you read an article today and you decide to write a summary of that article tomorrow forget all about it go back to it two months later read the same article and write a summary of the same article it will not be the same even an individual if you write it afresh we don't write things the same way over and over again so there was a comment there and sorry idea remains the same but this is a representation of that idea the same individual will also not represent the same idea in the same words every single time we have seen many papers from elsewhere and they've been published in conference 2010 and same thing published in journal in 2012 and with a little experimental study to that author must have stated there also is what previously published in 2010 with this conference okay now he has or he has added this is this is an excellent point and this is very common I mean you know you've you're working with a student he's got some preliminary data and you say well there's a good conference why don't you go talk about your preliminary data let's get the feedback from the audience and then we are going to you know build up on this so there is a preliminary data there is a paper you know there is some three page conference my proceedings that gets published and then you do a lot more work you do a lot more analysis and you publish another paper strictly speaking even in situations like this no two figures in your conference paper and your journal paper should be the same the fact that I have seen people who do it yes I've also seen people who do it okay doesn't make it right the fact that it happens and it gets accepted doesn't mean that in this forum where we are trying to understand that what we should be doing if we want to be correct okay there this distinction still remains that whether you publish it in a conference proceeding or you publish it in a journal paper yes it is your own work yes it is the same core idea you do not reproduce the same data the same figure the same schematic you do not copy paste the same paragraph from one paper to another even your own paper but ma'am in many journals we found that such kind of papers are publishing see this this this again I talk of elsewhere in elsewhere also this is this is a bit so so this argument is like my students argument that people do it and people get away with it they don't get caught in the peer reviewing process sure so I actually had I'll give you I'll give you my my experience one of my students tried to do exactly this that he went for a conference and he had some very preliminary results and then he wrote a journal paper at the end of his m-tech and the only thing that was similar was the schematic this is what my setup looks like okay and the reviewer slammed him really hard for it the reviewer said this is copied from this this paper should be rejected didn't matter that he had worked really hard after that didn't matter that the results were new didn't matter that the analysis was really really robust okay so yes it is done yes you can also go ahead and do it but yes this also happens that my students really good work got thrown out of the window without a review because the reviewer said this figure is the same and we were guilty as charged there isn't peer review process is not uniform I mean it's subjective right it's like saying you know I think this color is violet or you know pink or purple peer review processes like that it's a matter of opinion it's it's you know yes it's unfair yes it's not uniform that's just how it is I agree but the reviewer has no means of evaluating your intent so that is the problem right no you're not cheating yourself that's okay the question is that the review is quite different general to general no no so okay let me put it like this that you will still sleep well at night the paper may get rejected no that's okay so you know what's the main idea of this paragraph preserving nature is it is it only about because because there is sort of a sadness in this paragraph right so so what is the sadness about not being able to experience nature the way it should be okay putting those man-made boundaries and allowing you to take only pictures and leaving footprints and you don't experience nature as nature should be right so is that's the central idea right that it's a beautiful place but it's not a place or the way you know things are being run in Yosemite National Park you don't experience nature you know you don't become one with nature you go you see take pictures beautiful sunrise beautiful sunset and you come back so that's sort of the sadness or the wishfulness or that sort of the main theme of this thing and I think may yeah so Sandhya there has captured it very well there is another person here your name is Rajesh so you know three three or four sentences does it once you grab the idea so when we are summarizing something that's what we need to do we need to spend time sort of figuring out what's the essence of what's being said and then just say it in our own words okay yeah so there is you know there is this was the summary that was given so I've taken this content from the website here there are actually lots and lots of sources so I've taken this content from here and what they say have traditionally as a work of art marked by distinct borders and this person while they acknowledge that this does protect the park but it limits the individual's relations or similar similar thing right but that's the so what does the summary do it condenses it captures only the main points and then these points are expressed in the writer's language you know so my language if I'm writing your language if you are writing so those are the important things now paraphrasing is slightly different because paraphrasing is not you know getting the essence and then just representing the essence paraphrasing is more like take this text and now present it in your own words you know not necessarily just the main idea of the text okay or just the thought behind what is being written here it captures the entire passage but importantly re-expresses it in new language rewrites it in your own language in language which is different from the original text okay so this is this becomes the important part so now if you had to write a paraphrase of this paragraph right you've already captured the essence you've done it in very few sentences you've done it in very few words but now we're not doing that we are going to rewrite this entire paragraph but in our own languages okay then what would you do five minutes okay can you attempt writing a paraphrase of this thing and if you think five minutes is too short for this since you're going to paraphrase the entire text you know take the first four sentences and paraphrase those just try it out and please remember paraphrasing doesn't mean that we have to do it sentence by sentence right so when I say take the first four sentences you can change the order as long as you can you know present what's in the first four sentences in a coherent form that's all does anybody want to read out what they've already written so this is now the paraphrase right there are undue regulations which restrict the way a visitor would experience Yosemite National Park that's all so that's a paraphrase or a summary just the first four sentences okay so does this fall in the category of paraphrasing or does this fall in the category of summarizing right so this is summarizing right where we said that let's capture the essence of what's being said and write it ourselves paraphrasing is that we sort of we are rewriting that text in our own words so when we were going for coffee somebody said that well you know they have a colleague who works with some radars and then the specifications of those radars have to be written and how can they be different and so on so I mean paraphrasing in a way is that kind of an exercise right that you you say the same things that are there but say differently so that's the big difference between summarizing and paraphrasing so so this is an example of a paraphrase all it is the author sorry so you know in the previous one also where is the question yes sorry oh excellent please read it there are many a heritage around the world of which Yosemite is one its importance is apparent with the gift of frame put around but this site is not now facing a serious danger of intrusion man has since the beginning tried to intrude into many a parts forcefully and ruthlessly destroying the basic essence of sanctity and privacy of the place okay see so what has happened in your summary is that or this is a paraphrase of this or is this a summary it's a paraphrase right but the original text doesn't say anything about forceful entry of man from you know a long time or something so please understand that in paraphrasing we are really not altering or condensing the content okay what we are doing is simply saying what the author has originally said but because I don't want to use quotation marks and copy an entire paragraph I'm going to say the same thing my way but the important thing is say the same thing well unthoughtfully so but but I mean unthoughtful or forceful where is that idea anywhere in this paragraph know what the author is actually trying to say is that because that the fact that the entry of people has been very tightly regulated into this park is depriving those visitors from and from experiencing nature as they should it's it's only permitting you to sort of view things as an outsider okay so his I mean if I had to argue I would say the author's sympathies are actually with the visitors no so he doesn't seem to imply that some gross danger or damage is being done to the park okay so that yes please being preserved as a painting you see Mike is a very clean park to let all the people enjoy original beauty of nature there are strict rules to be followed after all to live in the paradise of nature we must respect such kind of park by following such kind of rules okay I would say partly okay but again the author says nothing about rules right or do they indirectly they do so if if I said well you know let's distill the essence of it then you know maybe but this is what I'm trying to point out that when we say paraphrase right we are saying that take this text and rewrite this text we're not saying that no what was the thought behind the text what was the intent of the text we are literally you know rewording it if that makes it clearer okay one more and then we're going to move on I mean I yeah can I yeah please it is difficult to comprehend the beauty of her of nature through the lens of camera but we are compelled to do so as a result of different conservation activities which makes it less lively masterpieces as is the case with with usamite pretty good now is this a summary or a paraphrase in your opinion actually I tried to paraphrase it you've tried to paraphrase it okay so I mean if if again you know I I may not be the expert but I think this is an excellent summary this is an okay paraphrase actually I started with you started with a summary and you ended up with a paraphrase okay yeah your shumai tea has been preserved like a painting the boundaries of the park are like the photo frame of a painting pictures of the park can be taken just as we can leave footprints the reason for the above is simple since the park has to be protected a tourist is like an outsider who can only appreciate the park as a painting without experiencing nature very good probably the best paraphrase that we've heard so far so the the experience of a tourist at Yosemite Park leaves one asking for more though the tourist goes there to admire the beauty of nature to be able to spend some time with it all he is allowed to do is to go around and take pictures the overpreservation of Yosemite is to be blamed for it this policy leaves a tourist out of the whole experience like a stranger out of the gates of heaven very good I I only would take if I had to sort of nitpick I would say that the author though he says that it has been preserved as though it were a painting and these are like guilt frames he doesn't call it overpreservation right that's a value judgment that we are putting which the author doesn't seem to have put and the other thing is that the in the paraphrasing that one part got missed if we say everything has to be sort of rewritten in our own words then the part that you know the boundaries are like this blood the frame part so but other than that very very good summary thank you so thanks to all of you who read your writings I really do appreciate it and you know otherwise it's I at least I cannot teach this topic as a monologue it just doesn't work for me so I am very very thankful to you so this is again you know this is what was in the in the website that this is the paraphrase so has a work of art the park is represented as nature appropriately experienced as one might experience a painting only through sight and this makes sense in light of throngs of people blah blah it limits the ways in which an individual might experience the park's landscape since it implies that there are two that's here that's an error nature is to be viewed and not altered that it is to be visited and not lived in so again you know nearly all of you the good paraphrases have captured all of these now there is an another example okay now that you've spent so much time looking at that original passage I think you remember large parts of that passage so here is another piece of writing or rewriting of the same passage or representation of the same passage please read this and tell me what do you think this is the writer has given some comments about that passage okay let me show you something in this so if I ran it through turn it in or through wiper all of this has been just taken from the original passage and we've rearranged words around it so that it looks different but if I could put in front of you both the passages at the same time you'll find that there is a lot of commonality okay so what I have found helps is that if I read a paper and having the paper on my desk I try to write about that paper I will often even unconsciously end up doing this having just read the paper because it's so fresh in my memory what helps is that while writing the papers if I make copious notes and then when I have to write about those papers I don't go back to the papers at all I just sit with my notes and I write about it and then I can go back in fact check you know what were they really doing that test at 10 or or was it actually 15 tall okay was the temperature really 573 or was the temperature to 85 those can be checked but this often happens if we read and immediately try to write about something or if you know I have three papers open and I'm saying okay you know this looks good that explanation is nice and you know like some of you were saying I am not trying to copy my intent is never to copy but I've just read it it's just so fresh in my memory there is a way of saying that thing that is already in front of me and it happens so now let's come back to this quotation business okay when do you quote and I'll show you an example of that that quotations firstly should be used as sparingly as possible because as sorry what's your name okay so as Mr. Mishra was pointing out or Professor Mishra was pointing out that if you keep quoting text right then it's like well you didn't even bother writing you didn't even bother putting it into your own words you know not only is the idea from someplace else even the words are from someplace else okay so excessive use of quotations should be strongly avoided places where you may still want to use quotations are you know if if you are in the field of linguistics and you actually want to discuss the language of something you know Shakespeare wrote something in some somewhere and you want to discuss his use of a certain phrase or a certain word then obviously you have to quote that sonnet from Shakespeare right or you are discussing an author's position or theory and you want to discuss the wording of some core idea of the author you know there is some very fundamental idea and you want to present it as such because then you are going to you know dissect that idea very thoroughly then maybe you don't want to rewrite it you want to present as the author presented it and then present your analysis of it or if you think that the way that whatever the author has written you will miss the essence of that when you try to do a translation you've tried doing a translation and you felt that whatever you write just doesn't convey exactly the sentiment or the atmosphere or the meaning that the author meant okay or when you want to appeal to the authority of the author and using his or her words will emphasize that authority you know like what I showed you from Samuel Johnson now I wanted to show you those words and my paraphrasing or my rewriting would have diluted that impact okay so here is an example that on the morning after Ted this is the original passage on the morning after Ted Lavender died first Lieutenant Jimmy Cross crouched at the bottom of his foxhole and burned Martha's letters then he burned the two photographs there was a steady rain falling which made it difficult but he used heat tabs and sterno to build a small fire screening it with his body holding the photographs over the tight blue flame with the tip of his fingers he realized it was only a gesture stupid he thought sentimental too but mostly just stupid now you know if you if you were sort of writing a paper where you were discussing this text that was written then you may want to sort of cite this even as Jimmy Cross burns Martha's letters he realizes that it was only a gesture stupid he thought sentimental too but mostly just stupid okay because there is you know there is such poignancy in those words that here is somebody who's probably you know it's probably a World War one or something which is why they are in foxholes we stopped fighting in foxholes and resorted to bombing each other from long distance after that but you know here is somebody and somebody's friend has died and I don't know I don't know the rest of this text I don't know why those letters and those photographs have to be burnt but here is somebody doing something at the same time sort of analyzing their actions and no sort of thinking that well I'm being a sentimental fool in what I'm doing but it is still important enough to do it so there are times when you may decide that quotation carries an impact conveys a sentiment conveys an atmosphere carries a weight you know states a concept in a way that absolutely nothing else can do only under those circumstances should we resort to using quotations otherwise don't you know just just write it write it the way you would like to write it now I have an exercise for you this is easier because you don't have to write anything you just have to identify so this is the primary text students frequently overuse direct quotation and taking notes and as a result they overuse quotations in the final paper exactly the kind of thing we don't want them to do probably only 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter therefore strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes okay now this original text has been written three times three different ways please read these three and classify them as summary paraphrasing and one is plagiarized okay so please read and just you know do a one is this and two is this and three is this so write it down and then we'll ask people to for their answers done so now what I'm going to do is you are going to evaluate your own this thing I'll show you the answers and these are the answers and I want you to tell me how many people got all three correct self-evaluation okay how many people got two things correct okay and only one correct one correct is a little difficult right because you're assigning three labels to three things so issue okay so those who got two correct two things correct can can somebody please tell me where the mismatch was between what's here and what what you had those who got any two of the things correct can you please tell me where was the mismatch between your answer and what's been put up anybody know something which you thought was a summary was a paraphrase something which you thought was plagiarized text turned out to be the summary yes please second statement at the time I have not seen that's third statement so that it was the confused when I asked about okay so first one is the plagiarism is fine that was clear second one when second and third I have to take the compare but before that I have to check that second one okay then third one has gone so at that time I committed that I see so okay this is the difference if I'm going paraphrasing and summarizing so you think that if you saw the two together it will be very easy for you to tell that this is a summary and this is a paraphrase is that is that correct so if you see the two things together what what have I done exactly I have made that some of the paraphrase so I felt that it is linked to my my concept so far I put it okay but when I have seen that the third statement right I have not think about that summarization I see okay okay anybody else are there other I mean the reason I'm asking you for where there was a mismatch is because that suggests that there are some there is something that we should still clarify okay so if you can point that out then we can clarify that now now I have a couple of points common these slides are going to be uploaded okay so when I upload the slides I'm going to actually put additional passages because I know there's only so much writing that that one can do here so I'm going to put a few more passages with exercises for summarizing and paraphrasing and so on now since you will be going back and you will be helping us conduct this workshop and you'll be participating in this workshop exercises usually work best if the instructor is fairly familiar with the exercise so my request is that please do go through those passages before you know you participate in teaching this to more students okay so there'll be some two three more passages there and when I put those passages I will also be able to put evaluation guidelines right now those are not there okay we have two different terms basically what is pressy and there is another condensation so basically what's the difference among condensation summary and pressy what's the difference between condensation summary and pressy so I am actually not familiar with condensation I mean I'm trying to recall this from when when I took a language courses so we used to have a pressy and the pressy that we used to write was like the paraphrase here that take an entire text and present the whole text in your own words I don't know what condensation is really I have no idea I see so there is a word limit there okay one third one third okay so then pressy seems closer to summary than than paraphrase see again I think the way the way you need to convey to your students or to your colleagues whoever will be participating in the next workshop is that the reason we are emphasizing upon these things is that because we want to use these as writing tools right that when I say that I am presenting literature on aerospace alloys then probably reading papers and taking the central idea of those papers and writing a summary is what is the best course of action okay paraphrasing is probably not something that we would want to do a lot of when we are doing a literature presentation right you've read a hundred papers and you're going to summarize that in six pages in your report so writing a summary is most useful at that point in time get the central idea okay say that you know whatever zoo and at all tested these alloys from a temperature range of 400 to a thousand and they found that the best candidate was or you know and they found that this material was good as far as impact toughness was concerned and this material was very good as far as high-temperature corrosion was concerned whatever right that's the idea of that you have to use in a literature review a paraphrase probably comes in more handy when you have something which is I don't probably more in a social sciences kind of a setting where you've got an idea that has been described and you don't want to tamper a whole lot with the idea that has been described but you don't want to copy that text either okay and for students the students were starting out summarizing may not be very easy right for them to read a six page research paper and come up with a five line summary is a huge challenge so you can start them out by saying okay paraphrase it paraphrase their introduction paraphrase their main results and paraphrase their conclusions once they've had practice doing this and they've done this for about 40 papers then maybe they can get to the idea that you know what I don't want I don't have to paraphrase this and paraphrase this and paraphrase this I can't really extract the main idea out of a paper but that comes with practice and if you take a fresh m-tech student and say here here is a review paper come back to me with a half page summary of this the student will never come back okay but if you say no no no you know here is a 20 page review paper paraphrase it in about 10 pages that's okay the student can manage that at least make a very good attempt at doing that and after they've been doing this for some time then you say look now that you understand now that you can talk about other people's work in your own words now let's try the next step now let's try talking about this in one paragraph okay so I think that is how these should be presented that you know it's conceptual minimization is summary so I like the phrase distilling the essence that is summary no that's what you have to do any other questions comments concerns okay