 Only about one in four people have heard of campylobacter, compared to 90% familiar with Salmonella. Although the incidence of these two gastrointestinal infections is amazingly high, infecting more than a million Americans every year, it is outranked by the incidence of a bug. Even fewer people have likely heard of X-PEC. Extraintestinal, meaning outside of the intestines, like causing bladder infections. Pathogenic, meaning disease-causing, E. coli, resulting in millions of infections annually. Multiple lines of evidence indicate poultry may be a major food animal reservoir for bacteria that cause urinary tract infections in people, as I explored about five years ago. This is based not only on studies showing these kinds of E. coli from commercial chicken, meat, and eggs. It can cause blood infections, brain infections, and urinary tract infections in mouse models. Studies on women with multi-drug resistant urinary tract infections do report significantly more frequent retail chicken consumption. Similarly, elderly chicken eaters were significantly more likely to have Cipro-resistant bladder infections compared to those eating no chicken at all. Pork was also associated with increased risk, but not beef. There have been few observed associations between beef cattle, or retail beef, and human X-PEC infections, suggesting that beef cattle are not a reservoir for human bladder infections, whereas in chickens, of the up to 90% of chicken carcasses harboring E. coli, about 1 in 5 isolates tested had the potential to cause urinary tract infections. What about eggs? We know retail chicken meat is contaminated with X-PEC isolates that resemble the strains that cause human infections, but what about retail chicken eggs? Instead of 1 in 5 being X-PEC in chicken meat, it was more like just 1 in 20 among eggs, closer to down around pork or beef levels. Researchers are so sure that chicken is the primary reservoir that when they find the same kind of strain in a vegetarian, they interpret that as people saying they're vegetarian but actually eating some chicken, or evidence of human-to-human transmission, or even shopping cart to human transmission. Remember how most people fail to sanitize their hands after picking up a package of poultry in the grocery store? And so then, even a shopper who's not purchasing poultry could still be exposed to poultry contamination, pushing the same cart after them. It's difficult to estimate how much X-PEC exchange can be attributed to person-to-person contact after a chicken consumer's rectum has been colonized. Researchers went swabbing around public restrooms to try to quantify the risk. 1,000 samples from 56 public restrooms and 33 establishments. They found lots of evidence of E. coli in general, particularly in public park restrooms and fast food joints, more than gas stations, which surprised me, but this was really surprising. Women's rooms were worse than men's. But only about 1% of the samples they took were positive for X-PEC bacteria, though they were recovered from non-toilet-associated sites that were not visibly contaminated. So one might touch with bare hands after turning the faucet off after you've washed your hands, so the risk may not be fully eliminated by careful handwashing or avoidance of fecal-appearing debris, though that's probably a good idea to avoid anyway. And using hand sanitizers after exiting the restroom, not to mention in the meat aisle after touching a package of poultry, may offer additional protection. What proportion of the 7 million bladder infections every year in the US are due to chicken meat? Like if no more chicken were consumed, how many E. coli UTIs would be prevented? How much would the prevalence decline? It's hard to tell because the time lag between the acquisition and asymptomatic colonization of the intestine with an X-PEC organism and the development of an infection. So you eat some contaminated chicken today, and the UTI-causing X-PEC bacteria may hang out in your colon for months before making an appearance, making its way into your bladder, and triggering an infection. The reason we know it can take that long is by studying the intestinal population dynamics of UTI-causing E. coli between partners, increased rectum-to-rectum transfers might be explained by the high levels of E. coli present in the urine of an infected woman, which could then be transferred over, depending on certain intimate practices. Bottom line, there's compelling evidence that retail meat, particularly poultry, serves as an important reservoir for human exposure to antibiotic-resistant E. coli that is causing UTIs, urinary tract infections. Thus, instead of just UTIs, maybe we should call them foodborne UTIs, or footies, or maybe pronounced F-UTIs. Sure, we could decrease the burden of these foodborne bladder infections by developing some sort of X-PEC vaccine, or we could just cut down our contact with fresher frozen poultry. No harm, no foul.