 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education, I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Assistant Khanda Galshri College, University of Palahava. And earlier to this lecture, I have taken a topic on Purposive Sampling and this time I am dealing with critical case sampling. It is a subtype of Purposive Sampling and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and will be useful for various teaching examinations, your research purposes, your MA education, MF classes and any and various other purposes. Okay. So, let's start with critical case sampling. What is critical case sampling? Look, sometimes critical case sampling is taken as a summary of Purposive Sampling or you can ask what is the difference between Purposive Sampling or N-Critical Case Sampling. So, you will have to know that critical case sampling is a type of Purposive Sampling. So, what is critical case sampling? Critical case sampling is a type of Purposive Sampling technique. So, as soon as it is a type of Purposive Sampling, what will happen? It will come as a non-probability and it will not generalize your statistical generalization. That is particularly useful in Exploratory Qualitative Research. So, we generally use Purposive Sampling in Qualitative Research or in Exclusively Qualitative Research. We cannot use Purposive Sampling in Quantitative Research. Or we have very few research with limited resources. So, as per our purpose, we will take data from it. As well as research, where a single case or number of cases can be decisive in explaining the phenomena of interest. So, it is this decisive aspect of critical case sampling that is arguably the most important. So, it is this decisive aspect of critical case sampling that is arguably the most important. So, it is this decisive aspect of critical case sampling that is arguably the most important. So, it is this decisive aspect of critical case sampling that is arguably the most important. So, it is this decisive aspect of critical case sampling that is arguably the most important. So, how will we know if a case is decisive? How will we know if it is a decisive case? Think about the following statements. If it happens there, it will happen anywhere. That is, it should be so critical that we can say that if it happens there, it can happen anywhere. Or if it doesn't happen there, it won't happen anywhere. And it should be so critical that if we know that it won't happen there, it won't happen anywhere else. We will understand the following statements. And if that group is having problems, if that particular group is having problems, then we can be sure all groups are having problems. Then this means that every group case and problem will be that case. Then we will be able to decide that this is a critical case. And who is telling this to Patan Sahab? He is telling that there is a lot of work on sampling, on qualitative research sampling. Whilst such critical cases should not be used to make statistical generalizations. In this, in the purpose sampling, we were also saying that we cannot do statistical generalizations in the purpose sampling. Why cannot we? Because our sample is not representative of our population. It can be argued that they can help in making logical generalizations. But we can give logical generalizations in a critical case. How can we give them? If this is happening here, then it will happen here as well. If it doesn't happen here, then it won't happen anywhere. There should be so many criticalities. However, such logical generalizations must be made carefully. But those logical generalizations should be done carefully. Okay. Sorry. Then, the process of selecting a small number, how Patan has defined critical cases. The process of selecting a small number of important cases. How to select important cases? He is saying that cases that are likely to yield, can be taken for that case. From which we feel that most information and have the greatest impact on the development of knowledge. That is to say, we are working on the matter. In that case, we can give the highest number of cases. And if we have the greatest impact on the development of knowledge, that means we will have the same critical case. Sometimes we can make logical generalizations by taking a handful of special cases. Because they provide us enough information about the general population. Okay. Sometimes we can make logical generalizations with a handful of special cases. Why? Because they provide us enough information about the general population. So much information that we can make generalizations about the general population. But since we have not put any statistics in it. That is why we are not saying statistical generalizations as logical generalizations. Okay. And what is critical case sampling? It is sampling where it is important to obtain maximum applicability. We will have to see that applicability. That means that the application part is maximum. Okay. If the information and findings hold true for a critical case. If the findings we are getting are right for a critical case. It is likely to hold true for other cases and communities as well. So we can say with certainty that these are right for other cases and communities. Critical cases are those that are likely to yield the most and most important information that will prove a hypothesis or solve a problem. And that will have the greatest impact on the development of knowledge. The same thing will happen. How will we know that this is a critical case? If we do not get much information from it. If the knowledge is being developed. If we have the most emphasis on it. Then it will be a critical case. Now you will understand when you look at the examples. They are saying that for example. If even the weakest students can answer the questions. We can generalize that everyone must have understructed lecture. Right? We have studied something in our class. And we feel that this is the weakest child. The weakest student. We would not have understood it. But even if that weak student answers it. We can be pretty sure that everyone understood the lecture. Because the weakest student told us. That means everybody can understood the lecture. Similarly if even the most brilliant students could not answer. We can reach the conclusion that the lecture was ineffective. Similarly if even the most brilliant students could not answer. We will have to believe that the lecture was not effective. We will not be able to understand it. So this is the weakest student. This is the most brilliant student. This will be a critical case. Okay. Similarly for example. Suppose the national policy makers. If the people who demand the national policy. What do they want to know? They want to get local communities involved in making decisions. They want to take local communities along. To make decisions. About how their local program will be run. They want to know how the local program will be run. But they are not sure that the communities will understand. The complex regulations governing their involvement. But they are not sure. That the complex regulations that the government is applying. They will be able to understand. So what they will do? The first critical case is to evaluate the regulations. In a community of well educated citizens. The most educated people in that community. Go and talk to them. If they can't understand the regulations. If they can't understand the regulations. Then less educated folks are sure to find the regulations. Incomprehensible. So we can understand that the people who are uneducated. The uneducated folks. The educated ones who have studied less. They will not be able to understand it. Because the well educated ones. They will not be able to understand it. And conversely one might consider. The critical case to be a community. Consisting of people with quite low levels of education. They are saying. What is the opposite of that? That if there is a very low level of education in the community. If they can understand the regulations. Anyone can. One thing they can do is. That we have taken the well educated ones. If the well educated ones are not able to understand. Then we will believe that the less educated ones. They will not be able to understand it. But the opposite of that. That if we talk to the less educated ones. And if they are understanding the regulations. Then what can we say. That the highly educated ones. The well educated ones. They will be able to understand it. That is why they are saying. If it is not there. Then it will not be there. And if it is there. Then it can be anywhere. Like this. So this is the critical case. So this is also a purpose sampling. Because our purpose is all. But we have to pay attention to this. That we have to choose the critical case. And that is why the name of this sampling. Critical case sampling. And you have been told. How to decide the criticality. That according to that. You can give logical generalizations. On the whole population. That should be the critical case. Understood. So what is the conclusion. That this type of sampling. Is particularly useful. Small number of cases can be sampled. If you have to talk to very few people. About the sample. So this sampling can be very good. And that small number of cases. Assuming they can be classified as critical. And the small number of cases. That should be critical. Is the ones more likely to provide. A wealth of information. Means you will not get the most. Critical case is one. That permits. Analytic generalization. As if a theory can work. In the conditions of the critical case. It is likely to be held to work. Anywhere. They are saying. That if the critical case. Is working. So this means. That it will work everywhere. So this type of analytical. Or logical generalization. Critical case sampling. Permits. Okay. So this critical case sampling. So I hope. That now you. Critical case sampling. Will not be the equivalent of. Purposive sampling. In fact. Purposive sampling. Is a big term. And qualitative research. Is. Purposive sampling. And there are many types of. Purposive sampling. Of which. Critical case sampling. Is a subtype. Okay. So thank you. And don't forget to. Like and subscribe my channel. Explore education. And join my telegram group too. Okay. Then from my side. Happy learning.