 Welcome to the Hindu news analysis by Shankaray's Academy. These are the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and the page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description box and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. Now see this news article from the sports column. Usually we do not take up sports news for analysis but we thought this news to be important which is with reference to reforms that are needed in the game of cricket. See in the UPSC civil service exam syllabus though there is no direct mention of sports there is a chance that some questions in relation to sports may appear. See UPSC may ask about sports governance or some aspects of sports when they relate to science and technology etc. And as you remember there was a main question in this regard in the year 2013. The question reads what do you understand by umpire decision review system in cricket discuss its various components explain how silicon tape on the edge of a bat may fool the system. This was the question they have asked in 2013. So aspirin should be having a good understanding about sports culture in India and also about particular sport though not in-depth knowledge it required but we should be having an overall hold and knowledge on the particular sport and also some of the current events happening in that area. So this is the reason we have taken this article for analysis. Now this article gives opinions of Sunil Gawaskar one of the most valuable Indian cricketers. He talks about some reforms needed in cricket so that it will be a level playing field. First let us see some of the issues present in the governance of cricket in India then we will see the views of Gawaskar on reforms that are needed in cricket per se. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See any sporting performance is often associated with national pride and in that context cricket is today by far the most popular sport across India. However having said that there are systemic issues like corruption, apoptism, spot fixing, betting, gambling etc and these have dented the game of cricket severely in the recent past and we should also note that the board of control of cricket in India is the national governing body for cricket in our country. It is an autonomous agency and it is also a registered society under the Societies Registration Act of 1860. This body is completely responsible for cricket governance in India. It is directly affiliated to international cricket council. See BCCI receives some indirect subsidies from the government. This is in the form of tax benefits you know security at sporting events in free of cost and land for stadiums etc and as a precondition for receiving direct financial aid a body is supposed to have a government appointed observer to oversee the internal processes which like utilization of funds, team selection etc. So in this regard BCCI have had eminent politicians or retired bureaucrats elected as their office bearers but in the past decade we have been hearing about issues with respect to functioning of BCCI. See BCCI continues to be tangled in one controversy after another and this is due to corruption, match fixing, betting, unwarranted political interference etc as claimed by different parties that are present in the sport. So other issues include unlimited discretionary powers vested in the board of control of cricket in India and in other regional cricket associations then there is lack of accountability, non-transparent decision making, selection process etc and there are financial mismanagement or irregularities in illegal betting and match fixing and zonal bickering among associations. These are various other issues and there are also issues of unequal representations of state associations in the BCCI and importantly one of the turning points in Indian cricket governance is the establishment of Lodha committee by the supreme court. Prior to this there was a committee called as Justice Mukul Muddal committee. See as a result of the report submitted by Justice Mukul committee Lodha committee was established Justice Mukul committee carried out in inquiry into the 2013 IPL betting scandal. See this Lodha committee recommended a complete overhaul of Indian cricket very top down to the grassroots level affecting every stakeholder. Its report covers every aspect of the game with special focus on BCCI's administrative and governance structures and also on the issue of transparency. At that period of time the BCCI was very reluctant to accept those recommendations however because of the necessity and because of directions from the supreme court they had to follow some of the recommendations which aimed at transforming the power structure in the BCCI. Due to time constraints we will discuss the recommendations of the Lodha committee with respect to cricket and BCCI administration on some other day. Today let us focus on what Sunil Gavaskar has to say. See he opines that cricket should become a level playing field. Right now if you see it is tilted heavily in favor of batsmen that is what his opinion is. He is saying some of the current rules and the bouncer limit and few other things have emboldened the batsmen to play with freedom rather it discourages the bowlers. Then flat pitches bigger bats muscle strengthening of batsmen smaller boundaries these are some aspects that have tilted the game significantly in favor of the batsmen. So in this regard Gavaskar mentions that the distance of the boundary should be increased because of the kind of bats the players use and also to bring some parity between batsmen and bowlers. Then he talks about the bouncer rule because when there are illegal bounces there is an extra ball and also an extra run when the ball goes above the batsman's head when batsman is in a standing position. He argues that bouncer is a weapon of the bowler and dealing with that weapon in a too harsh manner is not right because in his opinion he is implicitly saying you either give extra ball or just to give extra run don't give both. Then he says that leg buys should be done away with there should not be leg buys this is because he feels that any runs should be scored only through the bat and we may have differing opinion here and he feels that leg buys are actually penalizing the bowler and also her team. Then one another important point he makes is that fielding teams are now penalized in terms of fines he says that giving fines is meaningless because say a fielding team is taking lot of time say the fielding captain is taking lot of time can take lot of time to decide which bowler to you know bring in and this gives some leeway to even win the match as well. However at the end of the day they are only penalized in terms of fines there is no meaning so he asks for if they are taking certain amount of time beyond the allowed or prescribed time you give penalty runs you either reduce their run or you give run to the batting team like that he is suggesting. One more suggestion what he makes is when a fielder dislodges stumps and if the batsman is attempting to run and if there is no run out he is saying don't give run to the batsman. So these are some of the measures suggested by Sunil Kawaskar some of them very favorable even among us but some of them even we may not agree with. So these are some of the points we have discussed in this analysis of this news article from the sports column. Now let's move on to next part of the discussion. This article is with respect to the order given by Central Administrative Tribunal on the decision taken by Karnataka state government where the Karnataka government allegedly did not consider the views of civil services board with respect to transfer of a IAS officer. So in relation to this first let us understand the background of this issue. See recently an IAS officer was arbitrarily transferred by the Karnataka state government. Later the officer approached Central Administrative Tribunal over his sudden transfer and now the tribunal has directed the civil services board in Karnataka to listen to the arguments of the officer and to provide its recommendation to the competent authority of the state government like whether it is arbitrary whether it is reasonable whether he should be reinstated in the same place etc. Such recommendations civil service board has to give to the state government of Karnataka. This is as per the order of Central Administrative Tribunal. In this context it is important for us to know about civil services board. The article states that this board was set up to decide postings and transfer of officers belonging to IAS cadre. Here we must be aware of the judgment of Supreme Court in the year 2013 on a VAL that was filed by former union cabinet secretary Mr. Subramanian and 80 other bureaucrats. At that time the Supreme Court directed the center and the state governments to set up independent civil services boards within few months. What is the purpose? The purpose was to deal with transfers and promotions of bureaucrats and also about inquiries or disciplinary actions against the bureaucrats. Earlier it was the union government's department of personal and training and the state government's general administration department or the concerned department they decided the issues for central and state government employees respective. After this verdict ideally both the center and the state governments should have formed or legislated supporting laws but it is reported that many states are yet to set up civil services board and in some states even if it is set up they are not consulted while transferring civil servants as we could see in the case of Karnataka. See effective functioning of this board is essential not only to ensure security of tenure for the officers but also mainly to limit political interference in the day to day functioning of district collectors and civil servants. Right now we hear a lot of political interference by the elected representatives and by the members of concerned parties there is too much pressure to the civil servants carrying out their duty. Now coming to the composition of these boards it varies in different states. At the central level it is chaired by cabinet secretary with secretary of department of personal and one another secretary of government of India as its members and with respect to posts of joint secretary and equivalent posts an independent evaluation of annual confidential report is made initially this will be done by four secretaries to the government of India. This evaluation report will be then considered by central civil services board. Then the board will make recommendations to the appointments committee of the cabinet for the impanelment of suitable officers. Now coming to the significance of this board it provides for the state to follow the center's guidelines on giving fixed tenure of at least two years for cadre officers. They cannot be transferred before that and if anyone recommends their transfer before two years then it should be examined by the board. This is expected to bring greater transparency in the system and also to limit political interference. However political class you know the elected representatives they do not consider civil services board as intervention rather they consider this board as interference. There is a lot of pressure on civil servants many a time we could see honest civil servants are transferred because they don't bend according to the whims and fancies of elected representatives to be a corrupt officer and some cases officers during their tenure have suffered more than 50 transfers for being honest and for being non-corrupt. Their legal argument is that if we have civil services board it will create functional problems administrative problems these civil servants may overstep the authority and jurisdiction of the state government and there will be loss of respect to elected representatives in a particular constituency because of security of tenure to the district collectors etc. So just know about the arguments on both sides anyhow end of the day we should need civil services board in all states and also at the central level to ensure smooth functioning of these officers so that services shall be rendered uninterruptedly to the public and that these officers may serve without fear and failure. So in this analysis we discussed about how civil services board came into force what is the status of these boards in various governments we saw about the issue that is reported in the newspaper and we saw arguments to and against these boards in this analysis. Now this news article it reports the statement made by union minister for animal husbandry and fisheries who said that the state of Kerala had no right to ink or to sign the deep sea fishing deal with the US based company called us EMCC international. In this regard let us see few information on what do we mean by deep sea fishing then we will see the definitions for territorial waters internal waters contiguous zone continental shelf then we'll also see definition for exclusive economic zone finally we'll see why the union fisheries minister has made such a statement now before entering to the discussion know that this deal that we are talking about in this news article is about a 2950 crore deal between Kerala shipping and inland navigation corporation and EMCC international the deal reportedly included construction of around 400 deep sea trawlers the article published on the website of the Hindu newspaper it states that the state government had been forced to cancel the agreement because of stiff opposition now let us see what do we mean by deep sea fishing see deep sea fishing it refers to fishing activities that are carried out beyond 12 nautical miles from the shoreline in other words it refers to fishing activities that are carried out beyond the territorial waters so now what do we mean by territorial waters do we have a national legislation to define or to deal with such terminologies see yes we are talking about the law which is called as the territorial waters continental shelf exclusive economic zone and other maritime zones act of 1976 see as per section three of this law the limit of the territorial waters is the line which is at a distance of 12 nautical miles from the nearest point of the appropriate baseline in other words simply from the shoreline so now what is the meaning of baseline here see as per united nations convention on the law of the sea the normal baseline is the low water line along the coast which are marked on large scale charts that are officially recognized by the particular coastal state of the nation so it is the low water line along the coast now let's come to contigo zone see this refers to a zone or a area that is beyond the territorial waters and adjacent to the territorial waters and the limit of this contigo zone is the line at the distance of 24 nautical miles from the nearest point of the baseline so now what do we mean by continental shelf then see when we say continental shelf this includes both seabed and the subsoil of the submarine areas and these are areas that extend beyond the limit of territorial waters throughout the natural prolongation of the land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baseline in case the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to 200 nautical miles so okay we can understand that the continental shelf extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles if the outer edge of continental margin does not extend up to that distance which is 200 nautical miles but what if it extends beyond this distance how long can it go see according to united nations convention on law on the sea this continental shelves shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines then it shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from a line that connects the depth of 2500 meters in other words it shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2500 meter isobat and there is one more provision with respect to continental shelves on submarine ridges with respect to submarine ridges the outer limit of the continental shelf shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines however this does not apply to submarine elevations that are natural components of continental margin which are plateaus, rises, caps, banks and spurs now let's come to the exclusive economic zone see this is an area that is beyond the territorial waters and adjacent to the territorial waters and the outer limit of this zone is 200 nautical miles from the baseline or the shoreline so here in this image you can also see a term called as internal waters so what do we mean by that see it refers to the waters that are on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea so with this information now let's come to the news article why the fisheries minister of the central government said that kerala state do not have the right to ink deep sea fishing deal with the us base company see if you see schedule 7 of indian constitution there is an entry in the union list which is fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters in the beginning we saw that deep sea fishing is fishing activities that are done beyond territorial waters therefore only the parliament has exclusive power to make laws with respect to this matter and not the state legislatures that is why it is reported that the union minister has said kerala state government had no right to sign the deep sea fishing deal so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article herein we saw about the definitions of deep sea fishing internal waters territorial waters contiguous zone continental shelf exclusive economic zone and the reason behind the statement mentioned in the article now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article titled as indian history and distorted narratives it critically assesses a framework document released by university grants commission for the year 2021 the document is called us the learning outcome based curriculum framework the author gives a critical appraisal of the history curriculum in this document the first criticism of the author is with respect to the idea of national pride that is being furthered in this curriculum there is a chapter called as idea of Bharat the author states that the understanding of nation given by this chapter has been misplaced it does not give the right understanding that's what he's trying to say the idea of Bharat chapter it covers Bharat Varsha that is generally the region lying south of Himalaya then Indian knowledge traditions art and culture Vasudeva Kudumbakam which means that the entire world is one family at the face of it it looks comprehensive however the course gives a skewed understanding of the concept of Bharat Varsha for instance it extols or it adds excessive praise to the ancient period saying it as a pristine period and it was undisturbed by wars or violence of any sorts however in reality the period faced a lot of wars like any other times in history in fact invasions by Kushanas sagas they were also brushed under the carpet to make it look like that was a very best time to have lived then another concern about this curriculum is that it ignores the history of people south of indias then the history of people in eastern india north eastern india they were not given importance very little references have been made about them so author describes that the curriculum being non-inclusive in its approach next the author states that the curriculum revives the colonial trends in historiography see the terms such as Aryan age hindu society they were used in colonial writing so as to refer to the inferior nature of oriental societies or the asian societies these terms were carefully filtered out by the indian historians post-independence in their writings however the author notes that this curriculum revives these aspects in their writings therefore this might create divisive undercurrents in this culturally diverse indian society then there were also references in the papers like hindu society muslim society and this gives a kind of notion that both existed as separate entities with no contacts or no interaction with each other but this is again false both the entities lived close with mutual harmonious interaction at various points in history there were tussles at times yes but there were also harmonious interactions at various points in history we earlier talked about non-inclusive approach this again becomes obvious particularly in the context of history of odisha rajputana and the history of rest of peninsular india because they have been unfairly described as minor political entities the author further also critiques the teaching method that is prescribed in the document see the pedagogical methods that are prescribed seems to be not involving much engagement or the required engagement for the students with the historical artifacts here when we say historical artifacts we are referring to coins history books and historical descriptions etc like rock descriptions etc therefore this document relates on outdated teaching methods seems like it was made deliberately to distort history that's what the author is trying to say and what is the problem with this mode because it will fail to kindle the learning spirit among the history students then if you also see the supplementary reading recommendations they also have a narrow or a parochial collection with unidirectional opinions there is no diverse opinion there is no option to see what are the various themes or opinions in other words the recommended list of books do not have diversity of opinion and ideologies author believes that this can induce a defective understanding of the history among the students then the recommended books also have a narrow timeline that is books written between 1900 to 1980s are only recommended author says that this omission of sources from other periods periods prior to 1900 older periods could be a deliberate attempt to ideologically distort students by narrowing down the resource base if you see the current challenges of this new age they are diverse we can say climate change equity in rights and social justice freedom of speech and movement democracy big data etc in these challenges mark the contours of the new world if you ideologically curtail students this could make them ill equipped individuals to combat the new challenges or the challenges of the current generation or the future challenges therefore the author states that this learning outcome based curriculum framework is an effort to pursue the past majoritarian and divisive consumptions into the contemporary Indian politics as he finds that it recommends a narrow outlook that is out of touch with the reality see those who don't remember the past are condemned to repeat it that is what a famous quote says that is only if you know the right history we can prevent the mistakes that were made in the history therefore a distorted history wipes out the truth from the past and it also poses a risk to the nation as there might be repetition of errors in history like that of partition etc see it is often said that history is a gallery of pictures where there are very few originals but numerous copies in other words we can say that history is rarely taught as it is with truth therefore a state entity like university grants commission should not become a bad example that substantiates this quote that I have just now said and in fact what is expected out of such a body is that it should play in such a way that it makes students future ready while reflecting the reality of India's past in its true spirit so this is all about this op ed article in this article we mainly saw about the author's opinion with respect to history curriculum mentioned in the learning outcome based framework document recently released by university grants commission for the year 2021 now let's move on to the analysis of next news article this news article is about the status of Pradhan Mandri Avas Yojana Gramin it states that in the financial year 2020-2021 only less than six percent of the houses sanctioned under the scheme have reached completion and we have only almost a year left to achieve the goal of housing for all whereas it is found that the scheme has completed only 55 percent of its total construction target in this context let us discuss in detail about the scheme see it is a rural housing scheme which was started as an independent program with the name Indra Avas Yojana this scheme started in January 1996 while this Yojana addressed the housing needs in the rural areas certain gaps were identified which included non-assessment of housing lack of transparency in the selection of beneficiaries low quality of house lack of technical supervision loans were not availed by beneficiaries and by the vulnerable and there were few other issues so in effect these gaps actually limited the impact and outcomes of this program so in order to address these lacuna or gaps in the rural housing program the Indra Avas Yojana was restructured into Prime Minister Avas Yojana Gramin it was done in the year 2016 it is through this scheme the government committed to provide housing for all by the year 2022 see it is a flagship program of the ministry of rural development now let us see some of the main features of this scheme see it aims at providing a pukka house with basic amenities to whom it is going to provide to all houseless householder and to those households who are living in kaccha and dilapidated house or damaged houses and this is to be done by the year 2022 and know that identification of beneficiaries will be done as per the housing deprivation parameters and exclusion criteria that are prescribed under the socio-economic cost census 2011 after due verification by the Gram Sabha and this scheme would provide assistance for the construction of around 2.95 crore pukka houses for the eligible rural households this is to be done by March 22 however in phases for example in phase one there will be one crore houses that is from 2016 17 to 2018 19 then in phase two that is from 2019 22 20 21 22 there will be 1.95 crore houses so totally 2.95 crore pukka houses now coming to some variation made while restructuring see this scheme it enhanced the unit assistance under the Indra Avas Yojana from 70000 to 1.2 lakh in the plain areas then with respect to hilly states northeastern states and difficult areas it was raised from 75000 under Indra Avas Yojana to 1.3 lakh this was also applicable to integrated action plan districts or the tribal and backward districts and this cost of unit assistance is to be shared between central and state governments in the ratio 60 is to 40 in plain areas and 90 is to 10 for northeastern and Himalayan states now one another important feature of this scheme is the provision of assistance for construction of toilets there will be an amount of rupees 12000 will be provided through various schemes such as Swachh Bharat Mission Grameen or MG Narega or through any other dedicated source of funding then the scheme also provides 90 to 95 days of unskilled wages under MG Narega program this will be in addition to the unit assistance to the beneficiaries see earlier the minimum unit size of the house was 20 square meter that is under the Indra Avas Yojana this has been increased to 25 square meter and apart from these features the scheme facilitates the willing beneficiaries to avail loan from financial institutions loans up to the amount of rupees 70 000 can be availed then the program also aims to integrate different components to ensure proper living standard for poor vulnerable Indians because there is convergence for pipe drinking water electricity connection LPG gas connection and others under different government programs but having said all these features the news article reports that the scheme is unlikely to achieve its target once determined by next year the article says that as of January 2021 only less than 1.27 crore houses had been completed under the scheme in 2019 a remarkable progress was announced as the government said that the time for construction of houses under the scheme has reduced from 314 days to 114 days because of direct benefit transfer platform then what is the major reason for the delay in achieving this target as we all know the main reason is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic this has caused delay at every stage of construction almost it brought the work to a complete standstill last year so these are some of the information with reference to the status and also about the scheme which is called as the Pradhan Mandri Avas Yojana Graman now let's move on to next news article analysis see this sobered article is written by the director of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore as the title diversity and inclusivity hints the author talks about the need to facilitate genuine inclusion to substantiate his argument the author cites examples from the measures initiated by IAM Bangalore in this regard the syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference see diversity it comes from the word diverse meaning differences these differences may include our backgrounds life experiences and beliefs and all other things that make us unique and who we are for example in Indian context when we say our background it may refer to whether we belong to which criteria whether we belong to general category or whether we belong to OBC or the schedule cast or the schedule tribes or whether we belong to high income group or low income group right then coming to life experiences here we can bring in the aspect of disability people who have homosexual preferences and coming to beliefs this may refer to religious beliefs whether a person is a Sikh or a Muslim or a Christian or a Jain or a Hindu etc here diversity and inclusion both are interrelated and interconnected concepts while diversity is about representation of an entity inclusion is about how well the contributions or the presence of different groups are valued and how well they are integrated into an environment where they can realize their full potential where they can develop into a complete individual and of the world India is the land of unity and diversity as first prime minister Nehru has rightly said this diversity has always been recognized as a source of strength see an example we can say our freedom struggle where women and men from different backgrounds cultural religious and even regional backgrounds they came together to oppose the british and to free india however there also existed some harmful social practices like that of caste system then untouchability these prevented individuals of certain sections from discovering and understanding their potential because they were not provided opportunities or we can also say that they were not provided equal opportunities it also prevented the nation from benefiting from skills and talents of these people as well so in order to bring equity among people so as to ensure equality our government brought constitutional and statutory provisions for reservation in admission and also in public employment this we can understand through article 16 of indian constitution who as per the author these reservations can be effective only if it is carried out with a strong resolve to improve genuine inclusion among the disadvantage sections in the society then the author gives examples of various measures adopted by the institute towards this cause now let us see one by one see the institute even before the enactment of the disabilities equal opportunities protection of rights and full participation act of 1995 has made special provisions for the differently able with respect to admission and it also created a dedicated office called as office of disability services so as to act as nodal support point for such students and also to study the individual needs of these differently able students and also to provide required accommodations proactively next the article talks about student related assessment whether it should be same for everybody or it should not be and how we can ensure there is inclusion in a diversified environment see there is no point in assessing a student with serious visual impairment with a question paper based on graphs even if it is done it would not be a fair evaluation of their concept clarity so if we evaluate them by having their diversities in mind by having their challenges in mind this would be an effective measure towards genuine inclusiveness in other words we can say inclusion is not just about physical proximity where all the students are treated together the same class and the same staff but rather it is about intentionally planning for the success of all students by valuing them and also by empathetically understanding their challenges and disabilities while we here talk about differently able students we should also know that in various government exams as we see there is positive discrimination we could see in terms of admission reservation and also in terms of cut off mocks then the author states that the institute adheres to the government mandated admission quotas for the schedule cast the schedule tribes and the other backward classes in the admission what about recruitment of faculty in these categories see usually it is done based on two legislations one is the central educational institutions reservation and teachers cadre act of 2019 and the other is Indian institutes of management act of 2017 now the author expresses a challenge that though the institute had successfully hired faculty members from the schedule cast and the schedule tribes still there is a serious shortage of qualified candidates from reserved categories now why there is such a challenge see the author talks about admission of high potential students from reserved categories to doctoral programs generally in such institutions for faculty particularly at the time of selection if they have a PhD degree they will be considered or they will be prioritized and preferred but what happens with respect to doctoral programs see doctoral studies are often not the first preference of students of merit from the reserved communities because their priority is to bring economic stability or financial stability to their family and to them than to indulge in research the institute also observed this and therefore IAM Bangalore it launched NS Ramasamy pre-doctoral program in the year 2019 now what is the significance of this program see it is an internally funded program which is an academic and mentoring initiative under this initiative they select and train around 10 candidates from underprivileged categories every year for the purpose of admission to doctoral studies so by having all these arrangements the author states that this institution is setting an example for a multi-dimensional and integrated approach to not only diversity but also genuine inclusion so to conclude inclusion is not just about bringing people into what already exists but creating a new space where everyone will realize their fullest potential so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article we saw a few examples and initiatives that were brought in IAM Bangalore which we could use as examples of best practices in relation to inclusion now let us move on to the analysis of next news article now see this news article from the Hyderabad edition talks about viral hepatitis so in this relation let's have a brief understanding about viral hepatitis see when we say hepatitis it means inflammation of the liver hepatitis is a combination of greek words for liver and inflammation so it affects the functioning of liver most often it is caused by viral infections apart from this other important causes are alcohol abuse environmental toxins autoimmune diseases they are there see its complications vary with the type of infection see there are five types of hepatitis which are a b c d e each type is caused by a different hepatitis virus in this relation you may note that the 2020 noble price in physiology or medicine was awarded jointly to three individuals for the discovery of hepatitis c virus now let's come to these types see hepatitis a is caused by an infection with the hepatitis a virus it is the first type of hepatitis infection it is most commonly transmitted by consuming food or water that are contaminated by feces of a person who is already infected with hepatitis a now let's come to second type of hepatitis see this is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids it is a more serious threat because it can lead to chronic condition or it can lead to long-term damage this is because of the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer and this second form of hepatitis is caused by hepatitis b virus or hepatitis c also the blood-borne hepatitis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and this causes more than 10 lakh deaths every year all over the world therefore it has become a global health concern on a scale comparable to HIV infection and also with tuberculosis see hepatitis b it attacks the liver and it can cause both acute and chronic diseases the virus is most commonly transmitted from mother to child during birth and also through contact with blood or with other bodily fluids as we said already it can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death because of cirrhosis and liver cancer now in relation to this we have a safe and effective vaccine that provides almost absolute protection against hepatitis b and this is available and this hepatitis b vaccine was introduced in Indian universal immunization program in 2002 itself it was scaled up nationwide in the year 2011 now coming to the symptoms of abc hepatitis see this may include fever malice which is feeling of discomfort and weakness loss of appetite diarrhea nausea abdominal discomfort dark colored urine and also jaundice these are all symptoms of hepatitis ab and c in some cases virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that will liver into cirrhosis which is nothing but scarring of liver or liver cancer as we saw already these are patients who are at risk of death now let's come to hepatitis d which is also called as delta hepatitis it is a serious liver disease caused by hepatitis d virus this virus is contracted through direct contact with infected blood know that it is a rare form of hepatitis that occurs only in conjunction with hepatitis b infection this is because hepatitis d virus cannot multiply without the presence of hepatitis b now come to hepatitis e this is a waterborne disease that is caused by hepatitis e virus it is mainly found in areas with poor sanitation and it typically results from consumption of water which is contaminated by fecal matter cases of hepatitis e have been reported in the middle east asia central america africa however it is reportedly uncommon at the united states of america so these are some of the information with reference to viral hepatitis we saw the various types of hepatitis symptoms the complications etc now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article is about an analysis by a uk based magazine called us press guess it's media see it published a report called us media freedom health check and according to the findings in the report india is one among 71 countries with critical issues around press freedom some other countries we can find in the same classification we could find china saudi arabia russia and few other countries now let's see how the countries were classified in this media freedom health check report see this is based on the performance of the countries in three broad categories one is pluralism and independence then safety of journalists and thirdly press freedom indices that is performance in press freedom indices a score is calculated for each category using several indicators and ratings and based on this score each category is also assigned a particular color green is for good performance amber for areas of concern red for critical issues finally each country is given a final assessment based on the majority color it received in the three categories however this is about final assessment in terms of identifying with the color if red is given in one category itself then it means that the country was classified red for its final rating now this map depicts the country wise overall ratings in the press guess it's media freedom health check we can find that very few countries in african continent and canada united states and by and large some european countries and uk australia they are in the good performance category now let us see about india's performance in each category see first one is india's pluralism and independence rating here india was assigned amber this is because according to the report there are some areas of concern in india when it comes to independence and plurality of media see out of 166 countries that were analyzed 30 were rated green 113 were rated amber 23 were rated red now let's come to india's performance on safety rating that is safety of journalists according to the report last year in 2020 two journalists were killed in india and four were in prisons or jails in our country now for the consideration of this report these were journalists who were killed or arrested and or kept behind bars mainly on account of publishing news or mainly on account of exercising their right under press freedom now because of this grave statistics india performed badly in this category and was assigned red color if you take united kingdom zero journalists were killed zero journalists were in prison and zero journalists went missing on a whole worldwide 32 journalists were killed 274 were in prison and 65 went missing we just saw about india's performance in safety earlier we saw about india's performance in pluralism independence here in pluralism and independence they consider access to cable or satellite access to foreign newspapers freedom of opinion and expression level of media pluralism media restrictions during covid media freedom to criticize government then government censorship of media then how often major media criticizes the government these were some aspects that were considered under pluralism and independence rating now let's come to india's press freedom indices rating in this media freedom health check see first let us take world press freedom index which is an index released by reporters without borders in 2020 india was ranked 142 out of 190 countries similarly if you take freedom in the world report which is a report published by freedom hoes india received a low score there as well in 2020 so because of these poor performances india was assigned red color in this press freedom indices rating category so out of three categories india received red color in two categories therefore as we discussed already red in even one category meant that the country was classified red for its final rating so the overall rating for india is red and therefore india is one among the 71 countries with critical issues around press freedom at the global level the most important highlight of this press gazette media freedom health check is that 70 percent of world's population has little media freedom so these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article in this analysis we saw about the press gazettes media report titled as media freedom health check and the information related to how countries are classified how india performed major highlights at the global level etc now let's move on to next part of the discussion this news article it expresses the statement of Tamil Nadu congress committee president about education with reference to seventh schedule he mentioned that if congress coalition comes to power in Tamil Nadu all steps will be taken to bring education into the state list in this regard let us have a brief look into the seventh schedule with respect to education see education in general it comes in concurrent list or the list three of the seventh schedule to the indian constitution you can find that agricultural education and research it comes under state list provision of education and training for the mercantile marine and regulation of such education and training provided by states and other agencies comes under union list similar provision is there for aeronautical education as well and then for the institutions known at the commencement of the constitution like the banaras hindu university the aligarh muslim university the delhi university and the university established in pursuance of article 371 capital e then any other institution declared by parliament to be an institution of national importance comes under the union list here article 371 capital e deals with establishment of central university in andhra pradesh provision states that parliament may by law provide for the establishment of a university in the state of andhra pradesh other related provisions concerning education finding a mention in the union list are given here for your reference now let's come to the news article the news article states that this particular part which is in the concurrent list is to be moved to the state list the reasons stem mainly from two recent initiatives of the central government one is neat exam and the other is the new national education policy it is reported that as a result of the neat exam the government undergraduate educational opportunities particularly in the medical field which were available for military students from government schools have drastically reduced that is before neat exam there were a lot of opportunities for students from government schools to get enrolled into but now their opportunities have drastically reduced because of neat exam many say that india is still not prepared to have an exam like neat because of lack of level playing field the neat examination has affected the chances of state students particularly rural students to enroll in medical education and therefore few political parties they are calling for a legislation against neat exam or against the imposition of neat exam and are asking to take steps to obtain the consent of the president on this matter in addition to this some state governments have concerns related to an order of the central government this order of the central government asks the states to allocate certain proportion of seats in the colleges run by the state governments to the central pool for example it asks states to allocate 15 percent of undergraduate seats 50 percent of PG seats and 100 percent of advanced specialized and medical courses in colleges run by the state governments to the central pool in relation to this parties are urging the central government to withdraw this particular order and to allocate all the seats of medical colleges run by the state government to the state pool and not to the central pool so these are some of the information pertaining to the analysis of this news article in this analysis we mainly saw how in constitution subject-wise different aspects of education has been covered in the seventh schedule of indian constitution under the union list concurrent list and the state list now let's move on to next part of the discussion we have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session see this question which of the following subjects are entries listed in the union list in indian constitution as per article 246 agricultural education see this comes under state list so one should not be in the answer now we have options b and c we have to find out whether four is present in union list or not fishing and fisheries beyond territorial waters is an entry in the union list therefore the correct answer is option see two three and four entries two and three are present in union list this question is a previous year question asked in 2014 which of the following organizations brings out the publication known as world economic outlook the correct answer is international monetary fund see in addition to this IMF also releases global financial stability report the UNDP releases education development index then gender inequality index world economic forum releases travel and tourism competitiveness report global competitiveness report enabling trade report global energy architecture performance report global environment performance index world power language index then inclusive development index if you take world bank it releases ease of doing business index world development report global economic prospects report remittance report ease of living index universal health coverage index service trade restriction index correct answer here is option a international monetary fund see this question which of the following organizations releases world press freedom index the correct answer is option b reporters without borders if you take freedom house it releases freedom in the world report see this question with reference to hepatitis three statements are given they're asking which of the given statements are correct most often it is caused by viral infections this statement is correct eliminate option d hepatitis b is most commonly transmitted from mother to child and through contact with body fluids this statement is also correct eliminate option a the third statement till now no vaccine which cues protection against hepatitis b is developed this statement is incorrect we have seen that there is safe and effective vaccine offering 98 to 100 protection against hepatitis b is available and we have integrated that into our immunization programs as well so the correct answer for this question is option b one and two only now see this question with reference to b c c i three statements are there it is a statutory body absolutely incorrect it is an autonomous agency and a registered society under societies registration act of 1860 first statement becomes incorrect eliminate option a and d second statement it is responsible for cricket governance in india which is correct it is affiliated to the international cricket council which is also correct correct answer is option c two and three only now see this question with reference to pradhan mandri avas yojana gram in two statements are given they're asking which of the statements given above are correct it is the first ever government funded rural housing program in independent india the statement is incorrect because earlier we had indra avas yojana which started in january 1996 and it is the first independent rural housing program so come to second statement implemented by ministry of rural development the scheme aims to provide more than two crore pakka houses for eligible rural households by 2022 which is correct so correct answer here is option b two only see these practice mains questions given here you can write answers and post them in the comment section with this we come to the end of today's the hindu news analysis if you like the video click the like button comment share and subscribe to shankaray's academy youtube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation