 going to talk about something about policy, something about environmental governance in India with respect to solid and liquid waste management. What I am going to do is I am going to give you an overview of environmental governance, how it started, from where it started and then I am going to talk about two cases particularly. I think few of them said that they want to understand why policy fails in practice. So, I am going to talk about two cases particularly. One is national urban sanitation policy which was released, launched in 2008 by Ministry of Urban Development and as Sir said that the policies are near prescriptions. They are just directions and actually cities and states have to adopt particular rules and regulations to implement those policies. So, I am going to talk about how this particular policy national urban sanitation policy kind of failed at city level implementation. The second case that I am going to talk about is of environmental impact assessment notification. So, this particular notification what it did was it came into existence around 1970s where environmental externalities of a particular development project were asked to be accounted in the overall cost of the development project. That means developers have to pay for the any environmental cost and I am going to talk about 2006 environmental assessment notification that makes domestic polluters like you and me also responsible for the pollution as in they have to manage their solid waste and liquid waste within the premises of their building. So, this particular case I am going to talk about in context of Bangalore and how it kind of led to adoption of mixed model of sewage management. So, there is centralized system as we discussed yesterday and today also we are going to talk about. There is a centralized model of wastewater management where the government mostly urban local bodies for state water and sewage boards they are responsible for investing capital maintaining such kind of systems and then there is decentralized system where the private parties like you and me commercial properties, technoparks all these institutions and domestic polluters are responsible for managing their solid waste putting capital investment and managing maintaining an ONM cost for that. And how this model kind of address certain issues of Bangalore city and kind of it failed in certain other aspects. So, I will just give you an overview when the environment as a concern came into picture in 5 year plans all of you are aware of what are 5 year plans right. Planning commission it kind of gives you a direction for the entire state based on the resources available based on the previous year's progresses and what were the shortfalls. Planning commission gives you an overall picture and it kind of gives a direction to state and center that this is how you can proceed for next 5 years. So, the environmental concerns actually started to or begin to reflect in 5 year plan from the 4th 5 year plan onwards. And these connections between the development and environmental externalities were first understood with respect to cities. It was not with respect to overall environment that we have to save and we have to conserve. It was the need because they were thinking that urbanization is actually impacting water bodies. So, this was in concern in connection to the urban cities in concern to the urban areas. So, the focus was on water pollution and the recommendation was to again to appraise all the development project from the lens of environmental degradation and environmental conversation, conservation. And it led to establishment of central legislation. A lot of water related legislation came into existence and we had constitution of central pollution control board, state pollution control board. So, 1970s onward you I don't know how many of you are aware of Stockholm conference that was held in 1972 and then there was in February 1972 we had a government of India constituted and committee on national council for environmental policy and planning. These two particular events led to development of lot of legislation in during following years in 1970s and in 1980s. So, as I said there is water act, air act and then there is accounting for environmental externalities and development project which was first understood for big dams and big irrigation projects in 1977. And then came 1993 in 1994 EIA notification came into existence where environmental clearance is required for all the projects and development projects. And as I mentioned the 2006 EIA notification which makes domestic polluters also part of this environmental clearance process. And then we had a umbrella legislation which is environmental protection act and most of the acts now come under this EPA act. So, this you are aware of that till 1985 we didn't have any ministry at the centre level we had department of environment. So, in 1985 only we had MOEF and under that CPCBs and SPCBs were formed which had kind of responsibility of data collection policy, implementation standard formation and policy and regulation. So, these are the particular powers of pollution control votes and I am going to go into detail. So, what are the constitutional frameworks under the 42nd amendment act? The environment kind of became part of the directive principles of the state. Before that states were not at all concerned about environmental conservation and it also became part of the list of fundamental duties of citizen that every citizen is responsible to maintaining and conserving environment. And supreme court this is very important that in case of any environmental related matter any citizen can directly go to supreme court and high court and directly file public interest litigations PILs. Policy framework we have a national environmental policy which first came in 1996. And with respect to sanitation we have national urban sanitation policy. Although judiciary has been very important very crucial in India. So, these are the doctorines that have been evolved by courts in India like public trust doctorine which was in case in 1996 where the court held that state and its other institutions are actually trustees they are maintaining natural resources on behalf of us on behalf of public. Then polluter pay principles are you aware of what is polluter pay principle? So, this also this particular principle was also kind of given by the court courts of India and then absolute liability principle. That means they are certain inherent dangerous industries like dams and gas leakages. So, in that there has to have a compensate inbuilt when you design such products. Ok, whenever you are planning such kind of projects you need to have a compensation inbuilt in those designing aspects. Now next I am going to talk about little bit I am going to give you a time-time how solid waste management the policy and regulatory framework how it has evolved over the period of time. So, very first committee that was there on urban waste was in 1970s. So, you can understand that 1970s was a very crucial period when lot of environmental related you know committees, legislations and lot of institutions were kind of made up by government of India. So, one of the earliest known committee on solid waste was by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in 1972. Till that time sanitation, public health, water supply solid waste were part of Ministry of Health. It was only after 1970s that the sanitation moved and water supply moved to Ministry of that time it used to be known as Ministry of Works and Supply which related bigger Ministry of Urban Development. So, this shows that initially these concerns were part of these were understood as a basic services, social services part of health and family welfare. They were connected to health they were understood as that the that failure in these aspect can impact public health. Later on it was become part it became part of the urban development scenario. So, then again this followed lot of lot of waste rules. First we had hazardous waste rule, 1990s there was a committee and due to the concerns of citizens or non-sintable practices in solid waste. There were lot of PIS that were filed in 1996 from different parts of the country that led to Supreme Court deciding that we need to have a committee to understand what kind is what is the status of municipal solid waste management in class 1 cities. Then led to formation of rules 2000 on solid waste management and these rules actually placed responsibility ultimate responsibility on ULBs. So, this I don't have to go through these are the regulations legislations which are under the solid waste management. At municipal level municipality can form building by-laws as I said yesterday the town planning can form building by-laws and municipality also and there are these policies that comes under which solid waste is.