 Well, good morning everyone and I think the fact that the room is pretty much packed and I gather the session was Registered as full about 24 48 hours ago shows that we're discussing a very important topic today Which is of great interest to many people at this year's Davos gathering and the topic is the sprint to 2020 2020 is a very important point because that will be halfway through the sustainable development goal process and It's going to be a very important point in which people can actually start measuring whether they think the entire initiative is or is not working and What's important to emphasize and one of the points that we're going to be drawing out today Is it what is at stake right now? It's not just a question of what the goals are and whether they will be hit the 17 goals Which I'm sure that most of us in the room can recite off by heart I hope I might pick on some of you later and ask you if you know what the goals are But also the process by which the goals are being not just defined But implemented and pushed forward because of course there is something very significant about the way the sustainable development goals are being Implemented unlike the Millennium Development Goals. This is not a top-down process. It's not just UN driven It's very much about partnership with business with a range of institutions national governments Scientists NGOs and it's much more bottom-up in its process much more driven by the emerging markets So we have a fantastic group of people to talk about How this process is going this morning on my immediate left is Paul Boecker Who runs Nestle a giant of the corporate landscape who's been very involved in pushing forward the SDGs? Next to him is Afzanei Beschloss who has previously was a luminary on the economic side of the World Bank and Is now involved in the private sector financial world running a fund management asset management group in Washington? And we have dr. Ling who is from China who is raised a leading role in the whole energy Sector and discussions there who runs and I'm going to check I get the name right the China energy investment corporation one of the giants from China and On my immediate right is President Santos of Colombia who has been very involved in pushing forward the SDGs and In his role in Colombia is now very actively trying to promote this both at a national and international level So I'd like to start with you professor. That's very president Santos. I just upgraded you That's what I want to do after I'm president I think you have an MBA don't you already and do you have a doctorate or a no not yet Okay Well president I'd like to start by asking you To tell us a bit about how you see the SDGs as being different from the millennial development goals and Where you see the initiative really is at the moment in terms of pushing it forward Yes, what when we first thought about the SDGs that we finally proposed in the real summit of 2012 the rationale was the minimum goals were only for developed countries and It was a commitment for developed countries to fight poverty and we said This is not enough the world is one Everybody has to be on board and the developed countries must also Participate so we started to see how and how to link Poverty with the environment and that's how the SDGs emerged Why 17 it was a The result of a transaction. There was a big discussion. How many goals would be? Viable convenient that we we ended up with 17 with a hundred and sixty-four sub items and you mentioned something which is very important Paul work we we discussed this about this how From now on can we Push forward and how to make them operative. This is a big challenge in our case in Colombia We are very committed with the SDGs We were the first country who put them into our legal system. They're they're a law and we have to comply by law But that's not enough. We have to bring in the private sector and for each Sub item of this hundred sixty-four we have a special plan with the private sector and We have intermediate goals in order to be able to fulfill every single goal So it has to be an integrated Process with the private sector Practical if you if you want to achieve the goals you have to be practical and Now the great challenge is to push forward and so that was how the SDGs emerged and now the Big goal right now is to make them work and to achieve the goal. So You have a hundred and sixty-four different task force. Is that correct? Yes, we we We have an internal procedure every government has its own ways of Dealing with the problem, but we have a sort of a sub cabinet Instance where the main policies are Approved and there's a very thick document Especially for SDGs which are already in our laws that forces all the the different Agencies of the government to work on each of the hundred sixty-four and We're right now in the process of bringing the private sector into each item, right? Maybe I should ask you if you can recite all a hundred and sixty-four I Have to take my computer out. All right. Well, it's a huge logistical exercise And it's certainly very striking that you now have a system in place But doing that I'm curious as to how many other countries Actually have that level of organization and commitment right now. I I'm sorry, but not many We've been we've been with the United Nations Following that and we're promoting we're asking countries to share with us Their experience and we share with them and but many other countries are are Getting on board because it's also a very useful tool for any any country especially emerging countries as a as a way to control and to Stimulate development exactly well checklists are good And in fact one of the great things about the SDGs is that they do provide a checklist and a way to benchmark and a Framework for everyone to talk about in a common way, but I'd like to bring in Paul here because As I said earlier one of the differences between the SDGs and the MDGs is obviously the fact that you do have the private sector taking a leading role Do you have a hundred and sixty-four point checklists inside Nestle? Which is looking at these goals or how are you getting involved from the private sector role in actually implementing these SDGs? We do have quite a few targets inside our company, but first of all, I don't think private sector has a leading role We have a role But first of all the title spin to 2020 is is wrong in the sense of a sprint two words It's like it ends there and at the end of the day It's only a milestone somewhere to to measure to see how we advance the the sustainable development goals are actually Not goals. There's more framing. It's an ambition not target so let's just put that clear and and and it's fantastic framework that helps them to to to Converge many many actions and And actually the problem of this is also in the title of the forum Which is creating a shared future in a fractured world is actually going against that somewhere be fractured and So the two complexity of of what we want to do development and and sustainability climate change and sustainability are are so huge that you actually have to what the President Santos says is you have to Decompose these big ambitions into actionable operational dimensions and we as companies Can act that in the sense that we through our supply chains to our activities We have to frame our ambition and our purpose as a company in such a way that that we through everything we do we Have a positive link with society And that is what we call internally Nestle creating shared value So we have to create shareholder value. That's that that's our livelihood That's how we can exist over time But yet the same time we have to combine our actions through positive interaction with society and that is what we have built in the Sustainable development goals are Overframing internally of how we interact with society and everything we do With farmers and and we have many examples also in Colombia and be working together directly with President Santos on coffee and many other areas on on our Internal walls in the sense of creating jobs having factories all over the world and having our values played in there producing for consumers Products that are nutritious and fortified. So through all actions You have to decompose that into actionable dimensions, right? And then you have to operationalize that you have to build it into your company's way of being your purpose and as such we have we Sharing of the world every year now for quite five years our commitments And we have over 40 commitments that are all linked with the sustainable development goal somewhere I think the sustainable reform ago was a fantastic thing where the private sector was involved and to define it for the first time That is a precondition of having them then involved an example of actionable things Is I have the privilege of co-chairing the world's resource group the water resource group came out of this this environment Also in where and it is now Hosted by the World Bank where we can Concrete go to a government and and together with local civil stakeholders and the companies to do water sustainability or water availability and and go against the water issue Which is a major issue in and water is a local thing It's a global problem But then you have to go local and I think very important there is that governments should own The things it's not private sector. They have to be part of it But the government should own it to frame it and that is exactly what president said Right, if if that is not done, we're gonna continue doing what we want What we want to achieve which is this creating shared value But the scale The cheer scale that we need for this complex issues is to be brought by framing and not you see the problem with And the nicety about the economic forum here is that we talk and we all agree We Look who can wear who can go against the sustainable development goals that we want to do this Now that's a good expression of ambition But how do you make that operational? Right and and and then really you have to go to operational actionable things now companies can't act and they can't scale up Another group the consumer goods forum where you have the manufacturers and retailers coming together and and and go Towards these big challenges deforestation. We have a commitment there food waste We want to reduce to half the food waste in in the whole system of manufacturers and and retailers These are all things that are and should and that is what the sustainable development goals do They should converge then right come together and and here we can talk and we can set agendas and priorities But then it has to go out once you go out of Davos we have them to go and it's governments that has to frame right Well, we're going to come back to some of those specific issues in a moment to do with agriculture water Because certainly things like agriculture very much are the new frontier the next frontier that people are focusing on in this Discussion about sustainability But before I do that I'd like to turn to dr. Lynn because you are very much part of the energy and Drive As head of China energy investment corporation Can you tell me how in China the goals are perceived and? How you're trying to implement some of them in China and work with partners around the world And I believe that you'll be speaking in Chinese So the audience may wish to put on their headsets at the moment Question Can I make a very brief presentation of a company where the largest energy company in China? just after the merger between Two largest energy companies, so our group and China good and group so I Can answer this question So like in China, you know in the past 40 years we saw the problem of we have 1.3 billion population to give the enough Room for you know the the food for them to eat and also solve the problem of poverty so now during the past several years Talking about the energy sector we gave the enough energy to solve to give supported energy supply But now after you know, we enter into new era For China we should make two things in the anti-sector number one is The amount for energy we want to give them sustainable and very clean very efficient and second thing is how to solve the problem Environment-friendly issue for them in China everybody talking about the problem Smokes the smoke and frogs very bad thing But we're getting better to reduce the emission. So that's in the past and talk about 2020, you know Chinese government has made a target that you know for 2020 we have but target we want to You know make so called, you know the the Moderately persperous society that means we will get About fully milling poverty population to delete that number So everybody get into the above the basic living standard So for that we as the largest Energy company we will do our best one to give the enough supply for energy and two We want to make our supply more clean more Efficient and even we want to solve all of the pollution Problems so that means high efficiency and low emission Thank you and How do you think? Your rate of progress is going in terms of the goals. Okay, and How do you think how do you look at the level of international collaboration? Because? climate change Can only be alleviated with maximum collaboration in all the countries and yet we have For example America which has recently indicated is not moving at the same pace as others So now Can I say it in one word we need collaboration? So about the climate change, you know First we have done a lot in this area. For example, we have made it the first CCS for cities carbon-captain storage and we have already made The injection of CO2 more than three hundred thousand time into the earth So we have the technique But you know it cannot be a good business model because we cannot get the money back So how to solve the problem? We have two ways one is to make the CC you as make the use of that vision Instead of water we can help the oil production and also we can find some good way to change the CO2 to the Resources we can utilize so that's true True root so we want to have the international collaboration and actually before we have a lot of International collaboration with the universities with the laboratories is other large companies including Europe and The states so in future we think we do think the climate change is not a pure commercial Question it should be the human beings. It's our you know common Social responsibility, so we will do our best to have this kind of collaboration Right. Thank you. Well, also, Nate you have a very interesting insider-outsider perspective because you used to work at the World Bank but now you are in the private sector financial world doesn't ask a manager and Certainly until quite recently much of the asset management community the financial sector was quite cynical about the SDGs How do you see this so-called sprint to 2020? Do you think progress is being made? I? Think it we are at a really interesting juncture If you ask me the same question even six months or a year ago I would have said cynical not interested moving very slowly I would say just like what the president was saying about sort of at the governmental level what you're seeing now is consumers and the millenials and the next generation and Kids in college are pushing companies. They're pushing the financial sector through their savings And as there will be the largest transfer of savings from one generation to the next generation really in the next ten years They're really pushing For the SDGs or some of them in so far as they can understand them They may not understand every hundred sixty-four sub item, but they understand the major categories To actually move into the financial sector, but do I mean by that about? 120 trillion is managed across pension funds sovereign funds You know pension funds in local emerging markets private savers Insurance companies that's a lot of assets About three to four trillion gets added every year that is the amount We're talking about if we want to get the SDGs actually implemented And I think where I beg to differ a little bit is that I think they are benchmarks the SDGs They are targets at the same time there are necessities You know when you're in Beijing now, you're not just looking at the SDGs You're not just looking at climate change accord The question is if you want to go out and breathe and if you want children not to get sick you have to have cleaner It's not it's not something you just signed off on so I think all of these things are now Things that the financial sector is realizing is good business So if we look at it just purely from a financial sector point of view when you look at the SDGs Let's take emerging markets Fastest growth rate will be in the consumer sector 1.4 trillion 1.4 billion new consumers will be added in the middle class So everybody, you know, whether you're sitting in Nestle or you're sitting, you know running a come country Or making sure that people have energy You really need to make sure that those needs are fed through the financial sector, of course The other thing is that through the financial sector. It used to be that as you said People thought that the word SDGs or the word impact or the word any of these words meant negative returns Today people know that if you invest in solar or or wind it actually is good business Replacing natural gas for coal or replacing solar in many places Is good business health sector in emerging markets is one of the fastest growing areas in any any sector Anywhere in the world. So if you look on a two-year four-year five-year seven-year ten-year basis Health sector growth in emerging markets is faster than most other sectors You know, we talk about technology the disruptions in technology Which also are going to change a lot of things But I would beg to say you have to go fast not slow on on the implementation For the financial sector for a single company, I think you can't go with the 17 You might choose the few that you're involved in and then actually come up with concrete Areas and that's what I'm seeing with the financial sector where people are Taking the things that they care about or they're involved in and actually turning them slowly slowly What they what is missing is a marketplace information for them so that if you are interested in investing Let's say in water or health or energy. How do I find the best projects? Well, that's a great point Specialists, I'm very happy to hear what she's saying because When the SDGs were conceived and we thought about them we thought that the the basic objective was to change mindsets change behavior and What you're saying about young people pushing maybe they don't know really what the SDGs are about But they're pushing the main objectives. I think that's the goal that we need in the world The SDGs were in a way implemented to do that to change behaviors. Yes, and I think it's starting to work And that is very important. Well, you see I could I completely agree. I mean I must say from my position at the Financial Times I should have spanned earlier. I oversee the American operation of the Financial Times One thing we've noticed from our own readers is there's been a huge upsurge and interest in pieces about Impact investing whenever we have conferences on impact investing we get tremendous take-up from the FT readers and I would really echo our son is point that The millennial generation of investors who are about to inherit a huge amount of money in the next 10 20 years Certainly have a very different concept of investing and they are interested in blending social goals Together with financial investing. I mean whether that desire lasts During a period when the financial markets may not be quite so exuberant who knows but at the moment that's very much part of the Framework, so it's more a question. I think of the sustainable development goals catching a wave Rather than actually generating this but I'm curious from your point of view When you hear people talking about impact investing does that make you feel a bit cynical or? No Definitely the pressure is is a color pressure is is is mounting from the outside? consumers are starting to ask question Millennium syndrome if you want and also some investors so the pressure from the outside is mounting but By no way, we're gonna get there because of external pressures I think it's by conviction and and believes and press from the inside also of the operators Companies for example because let's face it. There's quite a big gap between talk intentions political correctness and and facts and Behaviors real behaviors and still we have to bridge that it is definitely changing It's definitely creating the pressure from the outside to the framing. There's more investors say hey I want to know how you get there And that's actually the whole discussion about short-term long-term that we have quite a bit here And when you see things in the long term Then it is normal. You start to valorize the water Valorize in the sense of giving the value and then your equation starts to change I think that's an obligation to it does company should Maintain this framing in the longer term. We are 150 years old company I want to be 150 years there too if I want to do that then I have to care for resources I have to make sure that the 1.3 billion consumers are getting in and staying in because that's that's my life To and society are such too and governments and all so it's that long-term perspective on things that Gives things a different Value per se but precious mounting, but I must say it's not all the same because There's still a lot of short-term pressure of delivering results quarterly reporting. We know all the discussions I'll give you a concrete example of how pressure does work pressure from the consumers and The proof is Nestle big buyer of coffee in Colombia big producer of coffee the same coffee Whether it's organic or not The price difference is huge and the pestant is receiving three or four more times if it's Organic coffee, then if it's not and why is that pressure from the consumers? I think there is a element of The movement of the change of behavior, which is having an impact on on the way the companies and the government's work May I pick up on that example for example? Coffee we have projects together because coffee is important to you and to us I mean, I think coffee is important to everyone at this time but we have concrete projects in the sense of Organic and and and yields and farmer livelihoods and and and and so on we have projects in there How we can then close that gap of right differentiation where then science Technology research comes in and then give that dimension a livable Economically plausible future we we can choose plantlets and that's what we do and and and give them So that the yields are four times more per square meter We speak about land usage and all that is possible when there is cooperation because so many of good intentions are Evaporating because they're not sustained in time That's hence where government should frame and company should stay and commit for the longer term. I think These are very good examples of also something good for Development good for the planet is also if you see it in gain and in time frames It's good for I would say business in the positive sense of the word But can I quickly ask Paul? Have you had any shareholders come to you big shareholders and say What are you doing about the SDGs? Oh, yes And more and more of these discussion we do have and they and that's why we have Explicit we have and can see the whole web page We have committed for years now on on on commitments and not commitments in 2050 because that's easy. You're not gonna be there. So I commit Now it's it's a three years time and we've concrete measurable things and we measure every year and report back to The public how we go about it. It's 42 that we have this year and it's very concrete And it is it is all lined up with the sustainable development goals So that's the converge That's what we can do and then we work also in a more broader sense in collaboration with Other companies like the consumer goods forum or the water resource group that I just mentioned that is working with governments Concrete examples are are to be found there too and the World Bank that you know It's no hosting that so That is you have to make it operational build it into your system or your company But then report back not on in 50 years time next year the year after concrete examples I just like to bring dr. Ling in here for a second and then turn to us on it and ask Obviously in China There is a level of concern amongst some citizens about the environment and that has been Actively helping the government to refocus on this and we've seen great progress in terms of air quality in cities like Beijing. Yeah Do you think there is any real pressure from the Chinese public now? To embrace these sustainable development goals in a wider sense Given that certainly in the West we're seeing millennials starting to push for more change Do you feel that the Chinese public is with the leadership in terms of trying to push forward these goals? Yes Can I say in a Chinese government that is very serious to make the detailed plan to carry out that kind of plan and as chairman see if we can example about you know Paris Agreement, you know a chairman see has made a decision and Back all of the ministers, you know back to China. We have the detail plan and for all of the public companies Private companies we must do because it become the not only the approval Procedure, but a change to laws change to regulations is very important. I can take an example now China Energy our company is the largest energy company and By the end of last year we have a total renewables, you know total 21 1.5% although, you know in China the government says that the plan is by the end of 2030 the average For renewables must be above 20% But we have already 21.5 and we have set a target by the end of the 2020 will increase that number to 25 That's the real action to how made One traditional energy be more efficient more clean and to the renewables very fast growing so that we can change that kind of You know the demand and also in the area of to save the waters to you know to Make for example, we large amount of power in China. We have cold Turban not all in gas so we must solve the problem and it's our company We have this kind of technique. We made the main pollutants much lower than the gas turbines Standard so that we use we burn a coal, but we can make it more clean Even then the gas to bed so we can solve the problem, right? Thank you. I cannot resist saying the following over please, please go Columbia is one of the least the richest country per square kilometer in terms of biodiversity in the whole world And we are one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of the effect of climate change, so And I am the president of Colombia and I say Columbia first We are Quite a familiar theme right now in the global stage every head of state one a little bit louder, perhaps Any head of state was there there? their country to do Best possible but in this discussion Columbia first means We have to collaborate with the rest of the world I'll give you a concrete example of something that's happening today. We are trying to promote Savings of the Amazon Corridor. It's called the triple a on this Amazon Atlantic I was just a week ago there and we need the collaboration of Brazil of Peru of Ecuador The whole country to have the quarter if we don't collaborate Columbia by itself can do absolutely nothing. So this is something which is very very important it has to be a global and Everybody has to chip in right you cannot say I'm gonna do it or it's in my own interest to save my piece of water or my piece of jungle or my piece of forest Because that would be completely fruitless So I have to ask before I go to off Sunday, I just want to quickly ask so As I mentioned earlier, we do have a situation today where the biggest economy in the world America Appears to be at best lukewarm in terms of embracing this collaborative Initiative on climate change at least at the federal level not at the state or municipal level How much of a blow is it to the efforts to implement these sustainable goals the fact that? America has been somewhat lukewarm in terms of supporting some of these goals And if you care to comment, I think what has been really interesting is that the top down as you said has been You know exactly what you said from a top federal level the bottom up, which is what we're talking about again consumers shareholders Are putting pressure on companies? So if you look at the rhetoric of companies, I believe it hasn't changed financial sector is the glue sort of and and as people who are buying the goods and as people who are financing those Have continued consistently On the same path at least my very strong impression and when we look at the numbers is that There has been no weakening In the US in fact if anything I see that there has been you know We were on a path that was sort of going slowly towards Supporting the SDGs and supporting specifically parts of it like climate change Whereas in the last year that interest to me seems to be much much higher Foundations that I'm involved in on the boards Had been talking about a lot of these things in the last year in a Ford Foundation allocated a billion to to sustainable investing World Resources Institute we used to look at our endowment in a very broad way. We've changed the way we manage that endowment So you see a major major shift so what Donald Trump's done on climate change is actually sparked a counter reaction seems so I can see that you're dying to come in now, so Paul and then Dr. Lee one sentence bottom up helps definitely and still there top down would help too Right, so a bit of leadership as well would be Dr. Ling Okay, so we still remember that the main two economists United States and China, you know, we Make the approval of this Paris Agreement by the president Obama and chairman see we know that But you know this last year. I'm sorry last year they changed man. So from China perspectives, I do say one There is No any influence on that because you know for the all of the state non-land prices and prior companies We will do the same things because chairman see has made a decision We carry out that kind of digital plans and to from the government their policies still very sustainable to support say the renewable energy to to Protect the you know the environment etc. For example the solar PV tariff they still gave the Policy the tariff to support that and three from all of the financial institutions banking sector They still keep the same Same direction to support that kind of Policy so I do believe in China. We're doing the same things no matter how as Another country's changing demand. We do the same thing Because chairman see has made a decision and all of the Chinese companies will do the same things So I do believe in China. We there is no any influence, right? So in China, there is top-down implementation Seems like a good moment to ask for any questions from the audience It would be courteous, but not compulsory to identify yourself And since we do have a number of people in the room who are experts and probably would like to say something do please Identify yourself. I believe that there are some roving microphones for anyone who'd like to ask questions I can see just that and then Over there and then there and sorry I'll look behind Thank you. Thank you very much, and I think you to the panel for a good discussion. My name is Barry Martin I'm with Robo Bank. I'm responsible globally for the foot in the negros organization We finance more than 100 billion into egg globally we have millions of clients The big issue and now you said you would talk about it, but you didn't go to the egg sector But I was about to go. Thank you. Yes The thing is that what we have been noticing in our activities as a financier is that actually we have not put price on resources So there is no incentive actually in the low-margin business as agriculture to go into and change your practices We have been trying to give discounts in rates for good practices, but that's not enough. So in the case of Investments what we have seen that they have been investing in projects and not really in the day-to-day running of your farm and Miss said to you and you mentioned organic. Yes, it's good, but for climate specifically It doesn't mean that organic is better, right? So I'm not qualifying it. I just say it doesn't mean that right so Well, I think that didn't happen with SDGs was actually putting a price of good behavior and Just I'm flooring this in for the discussion because I do think that to get money talks And if we don't go after our money and put money, it's not going to change. Right. Thank you Let's I think I'd love to hear from all of it I will prove you about that because of course as I mentioned earlier agriculture in Some ways haven't been the focus until very recently the focus has been on energy and other elements of poverty reduction But agriculture is coming into focus this year at this year's meeting So after they and then Paul. Yeah I think I think two or three things one is obviously, you know as as more people all over the world are becoming wealthy and eating More not always healthier, but more let's say meat and that is such an energy-intensive product So and I think that You know cows can create a lot of climate related issues so so one is that you're having huge still demographic change in emerging markets and and with that demand for food and push on Producing certain kinds of food which are not as Positive in terms of what we talked obviously SDGs can't can't protect Everything and cover everything, but if we remember, you know when we all were at school when we studied economics, it was Capital labor right water The soil the air were not valued I think as we and and you know if you talk to the Nobel Prize economy some of them are here There's still an issue about about Value in those so SDGs cannot necessarily be you know where we look for solving all of these problems but when you are Reading all the stories in the FT in fact had a recent story on water shortage and you've done a lot of previous work in your Anthropology studies in and you know many populations in the world are Having serious issues with water is going to create wars and other problems in the in the future We can live without oil. We can live without water and and so that is huge and there is still not a clear financial price for it But it is starting to become a major political economic issue and I would wager to say that kids going to Study economics probably in five years in the next five to ten years will be studying a very different set of Evaluation than we right looking at externalities absolutely as Paul and then They won't be external anymore definitely on the environment agriculture food in general It's a major part because it's over 20 percent of the problem per se So you can and if you didn't think that for 30 40 percent of food that is produced in the fields is not is lost Somewhere think about it. You have quite a part of the equation there So so much is now happening also about the that discussion agriculture food R&D in our agriculture if you think The R&D in agriculture and food in general but agriculture upstream is 1.5 percent of the total worldwide R&D Spend so we spend a lot of R&D in many issues that are covering the only part of the affluent part of the world But 1.5 percent that touches the major part everybody has to eat only 1.5 percent So there's quite a lot of upside there There's a difference between pricing and valuing The problem is when you say pricing That's like you're gonna have to pay and then you start to have emotional discussions and and and things like that Which is normal, but I think we should be able to value And and build systems for example we we give Water a value in our company so that we can justify investments for water reduction in our factories And to have and and and virtual return on investment per se Because that's we have so much linked with water and water That's why I also in the water resource group and all that there's so much It's one of the biggest problems we have because that's now and Here and not here in Switzerland after the snow we had but but in many countries it's local So I think this is a big difference between pricing and value and and I think we have to do that Differentiation if not the discussion goes into emotional spirals, and that's very dangerous I think that's a very important point and one of the biggest challenges for countries Around the world country like Colombia in our case for example the number one reason why people are Destroying the rainforest is to raise cattle and raising cattle The way we're raising cattle is the worst possible way in terms of Climate change and in terms of productivity and income They are and we're starting future programming that other ways of raising cattle and producing milk The silvo pastoli that I think it's called in knowing in English also That you increase the income for the peasant for the farmer three to seven times you use much less land and the pressure on the rainforest Simply goes to zero these type of programs have a specific incentive already embedded because the income raises is increased tremendously and it's a government's responsibility to promote that and hopefully Private public partnerships in bringing those type of More healthy ways of producing food and you produce more food the world needs more food But in a better way, and I think this is a great challenge and this is a very important point We are suffering or we are Living through that at this very moment, right? Well, we have a question over there. Oh, sorry Paul Did you want to add? Well very fast animals is a big issue and more and more people start to be aware of meat and That's proteins proteins. You can bring vegetable proteins And so we research you also and there are even startup companies having and giving you is a Vegetable protein steak or hamburger and you wouldn't say the difference I think there is also a research and answers there that can really give an answer two words that Environmental footprint give and take it is one-tenth vegetable produce give one-tenth of an impact on environment So there's quite a lot of upsides if you still really start organizing around that consumers have to go along with it But I think they will because we have such a good products there that that are vegetable based Right. Well, thank you Hola, me voy a permitir hablar en español de que tiene de Ok Mi nombre es an arroz Villarreal yo soy global shaper también soy asesora la vicepresidenta costa rica y el presidente Casi no duermo esperando esta sesión que me parece Interesantísima Y bueno costa rica aprendido mucho de colombia mucho. Gracias presidenta costa rica has learned Lot from colombia in terms of reducing poverty and we managed to reduce our poverty Thanks to your strategy. Thank you. Mr. President and also we managed to find Consensus between our three powers along with the private sector in order to advance the agenda of the sdgs Having said that I still have a question regarding the relationship between social and Economic both elements go hand-in-hand and our countries the lat-american countries have not yet Understood it because we are not ready for the future of work and five years from now if we do not Achieve to conciliate social and economic will not have progress and I am Worried about my family my cousins and parents that Need to renew their knowledge their skills, but we as governments have not yet understood it and Through the changes that many lat-american Countries and their goal many countries will change their government in the upcoming months I would like to hear from you. Mr. President a Few recommendations how to use public policies to deal with the issue of future of work Where should we focus science? Vocational training, what shall we do? Thank you Well the the biggest challenge that I think the world has right now The fourth revolution industrial revolution that's I think the base of discussion of this Davos meeting Is what's gonna happen with the labor force and Country like Costa Rica, Colombia will have a tremendous challenge, but there's a lot of room still to make social progress the fight against poverty what she was Mentioning it's we applied something called the multi-dimensional index That was developed by the peace said noble Economics, I mean TSN. We adopted in Colombia and has been very successful in reducing poverty That is not incompatible on the contrary It's it's a complement of public policies that Generate new Employment more productive employment and more former employment one of the challenges that lat-america has is former employment and There's it's not incompatible It's working in the right direction and in the case of Colombia. We have produced in the last Seven years more than three and a half million new jobs, and we have reduced poverty by five million And so there's not It's not mutually exclusive on the contrary. They complement each other and so I think They're the way there are ways of making the generation of employment Completely compatible with social indicators and with economic indicators So don't get discouraged we should Work together in order to make that compatible, right? Don't link something about this, you know, I do believe it's not only the government's effort to Create the jobs and to make the training with the education But also the business can I take a very short example? We have some projects and some some theories in Indonesia in other countries, you know one that Entering to Indonesia, you know some rural countries that even the local Residents they have no power to use. So how can you? You know have the qualified employees, but it's our company We have a very serious education or training plan to have all of these In the potential employees to come to China to enter into our power station Give them three months or even half a year or even whole year Training and after that after we finish the construction work and the back to the power stations They can do all of the jobs very well and so We create a lot of jobs position here and also we have them a qualified in the workers, so I can tell you that kind of a Power station we have read number one power station at computation in Indonesia So I do believe training and education is our responsibility. We can do it well, right youth. I Think youth employment is a time bomb And not only in Costa Rica or Latin America, but it's it's a Europe. It's all over the place It's a ticking time bomb. We're not too much aware of it We trying to to shape certain things and I think there's so many initiatives of We have on this land youth, but so many Governments and others are are starting to really identify this as a ticking time bomb then in Latin America inclusive Development is a big thing, but we're still I'm a little bit emotional about Latin America. I lived there for a long time, but but Inclusive so we had always in Latin America. We're killing the engine. So at least then we are more equal No, don't kill the engine, but be inclusive and make make the development shared with but there is an initiative I think also in and while the G20 in Argentina, etc. I think youth employment and employment in general is part of of the agenda there I think and also the Ford industry revolution. We say it's gonna kill all jobs No, true the first industry revolution the second one everybody say the same and it has created jobs You see the world has to develop so much still there's we think the world stops with Western year the western part of it It's not true. The world has to grow Tremendously that's gonna need a resource hence we have to be wise and using them and it needs Labor and people involved in their productive dimensions to build that world. I don't think there should be Problems we play but then we have to do a job. It is training. It is training in companies is creating jobs Companies private sector creates jobs. Basically, that's that's what they should do And when government starts to create jobs, you have problems because you have to finance it out of a reduced source so I think we should give logic a chance and and be consequent in our in our acting We are consequently talking but acting and I think companies That's what I represent can do quite a bit and and we have to talk out of conviction not out of convenience I always say convenience means well, it's nice to say political correct Well, I I tried to talk about because that's what I believe in I've been there I've seen it and and and that's the purpose of our company There's 340,000 people wake up in the morning and say hey, that's fine to work for a company like this That is a little bit what you say the base that shapes and frames us and I think in emerging markets again The next 10 years is critical with what you talked about yesterday about lifelong job a lifelong training Really critical obviously to to come to what you were you were outlining but also Technology can be a friend or a foe. We saw house Emerging markets with cell phones. Yes, really including in Latin America jumped ahead right now only one out of two people have cell phones and So that will be a huge a huge thing with the STG's whether you own or you don't own digital Access right well this conversation could go on a lot longer There are so many things we've touched on and part of the power of the conversation is that we brought together people from different geographical areas and different sectors both the public the private and the Financial sector and that really is part of the theme of the STG's but sadly We have to wrap it now because we're at the end of the time But thank you all very much indeed for taking part and best of luck in pushing me forward. So thank you