サンクソのオーガナイザー、ケージタナカー、アナトミカリにおいて、ネオコウテクスのヌーロンが存在するのです。ネオコウテクスの2種類のヌーロンが存在する。1は脳ピラミダウセル、2はギャバジック、其々はピラミダウセル。80%のセルがグルタマタージックピラミダウセルです。ネオコテックスを押し出し、レイヤー3と3のプロジェクトを最も多くて多くのエリアで尾刀のアミグダラのレイヤーです。へんに、レイヤー5と更に描く 어�築のモデルのパンツの2サイドカリエアが描く1サイドカリエアもこれらのコロナウイルスについては、サブコロナウイルスの3種類のサラム、スポンティーニュクライ、スパイナルコードについても重要です。ピラミダルのセルスは、プロジェクションのセルスも重要ですが、ローカルサーキットヌードルについても重要です。コロナウイルスについても重要です。イキサイテトリのコラテラーは、蛊肢のセルスも、体がプロジェクションのセルスも重要です。つまり、リカルサーキットヌードルを、アクセデトリコネクションのセルスはレスプロカルサーキットヌードルでアクセデトリのサーキットヌードルについても重要です。イキサイテトリのサーキットヌードルでフロントアルコーテックスのパラミドルセルでリバーベレーションサーキットを作ります。しかしフロントアルコーテックスはリバーベレーションサーキットのエクストラコーテックスを作ります。フロントアルコーテックスは2つのループサーキットのサブコーティカルスラクチャーたらむコーティカルプロジェクション1つはコロティコポンティンセレベルタラムコーティカルループサーキット2つはフロントアルベーザルガングリアタラムコーティカルサーキット3つはスリアタムインプツサイトベーザルガングリアグロブスパリデスインターナルセグメントフロントアル星アイグラ パーストアイティアーダハイ deletフロントアル Lei x2つのループサーキットのエクスギャ郎フロントアルコーティカルネムローコアスターキット2つのアクスギアそれは比率が違うものですまず、内側の担当のクロスケーションを修正させ可是中ではステレアタムを追加させなければならないそしてポンスを追加させてそれからそのポンスやステレアタムを上下に取り組んで クロスケーション その2つのリーダーセルを連結させますしかし、コロナウイルス救助 spring cellsが、最も多くのトラクを追加する効率が私は研究做した相差値が変わりますその場合は、画面に、この技術に conversation fingersだった私は最近知り按きが提供されましたこれを私に어서他にのような雰囲気を Ni ナッチ adopted現在ですやっぱりコロティコシテリエッタセルの体に取り入れます。この体はテンテータブリークロストコロティコシテリエッタセルの CCS 体です。そしてこのコロティコポンティンの体に取り入れます。CPN 体がアブリビエイティで、CPS 体とCPS 体に取り入れます。CGSは割れたセカンダリモータアリアにも存在します。CGSは割れたセカンダリモータアリアにも存在し、多くのセカンダリモータアリアは特徴である。セカンダリモーターアリアとは違います。銀行と銀行は、上下にあるものが難しいです。そしてエアリアのプロジェクションはアミグダルのプロジェクションを取材することができますCPNとCCS自衛生はマヌフロジェクションとしてもっと違うのですこれはキラミダルのマヌフロジェクションですCPS自衛生はアピカオデンデリティクスタフトウェルデンディスはデンデリティクスタフトウェルCCSセルと比べてCCSセルのようなものですこのコネクションはシンメトリカルではありませんそして、ユニダイレクショナリをコネクティーとしていますCCSセルとCPSセルのコネクションはCCSとCPSセルのコネクションが簡単に見えますでも、CPCセルとCPSセルのコネクションが簡単に見えます製作者は、CSSセルと婦を表現するという意味ですこのホッ사ルがクレイアルフラッシュが四つのコネクションをスペシャルに比較するのですこのコネクションはCCSセルとコネクションをスペシャルに載せていますこのコネクションは、CCSセルのセルにリフラッシュのクレイアルフラッシュをスペシャルに載せていますローカルアクションコラテラーでリバーバレーションサーキットでリバーバレーションサーキットをシナプティックストレーンとレシプロスティーとテンポラルキャラクタリストエレクトルフィゾロチカリプロパティー最も重要なリバーバレーションサーキットその後、ファットのキャラクタリストこのコンネクションをシナプティックコネクションがトリプルセルレコーディングでペアードレコーディングでトリプルセルレコーディングでペアードレコーディングとリコンスラクションの2種類をコンタクトサイトはレッドマークでリバーバレーションサーキットもイントラグループも10%コネクションの吧、最も違う問題だ。CPNセルは3倍CPS cells made reciprocally connected.That is more reciprocally connected.CPN cells are more reciprocally connected than CPS cells.Synaptic strength is dependent on the projection type or reciprocity.This is a reciprocally connected CPN cellsHowever, some connections show a high-amplitude EPSP was found in reciprocally connected CPN cells compared to other groups.That means the CPN-CPN cells connected reciprocally also strongly connected.The short-term plasticity between two groups is also different.This is a paired stimulation of plasticity cells compared to EPSP amplitude.In the upper cases, one case of CPN-CPN connections, the lower cases, one case of CCS-CCS connections.Mostly, CPN-CPN connections are variable among between trials, but mostly facilitated.But CCS-CCS also variable, mostly depressed found.We found several tens of pairs compared to this relation by plotted first EPSP amplitude and second EPSP amplitude.CPN-CPN cells mostly facilitate even in the larger amplitude EPSP, but CCS-CCS cells are depressing most amplitude.This difference of temporal characteristics depends on the presynaptic nature because we plotted coefficient of variation of ratio of second EPSC against first EPSP,pared pulse ratio plotted against this ratio.If the facilitation case, second EPSPCV reduced.But the depression case, the depression case, the second EPSPCV is increased.This is also CPN-CPN case also, and this includes CCS-CCPN case.CCS-CCPN case similar to CCS-CCS case.This is our plot, but the most classical plot in both of CV square ratio against paired pulse ratio.This is unit line, and CPN-CPN connection is above the unit line, and CCS-CCS connection lowers the unit line.This plot shows this temporal characteristic difference is presynaptic nature.That means the CPN-CPN connection more facilitate the EPSC from the CCS cells.In addition, these CPN cells and CCS cells are intrinsic electrophysiological properties between CPN and CCS cells.As already known, there are five pyramidal cells heterogeneous among the pyramidal cells.It depends on the internal solution, but most investigators reported.Tentatively, there are five pyramidal cells, three classes, a slow-adapting cell, and a slow-adapting cell with initial doublet firing, and faster-adapting cells.Quantitatively, divided three groups.We found these electrophysiological differences correlated with projection type.CPN cells mostly slow-adapting cells.Adaptation weak, and CCS cells are faster-adapting cells.Adaptation is strong.To summarize, we found there are two groups are different, physiological different, and hierarchically connected from CCS to CPN cells.CPN cells are more reciprocally connected and facilitating synapse.Magia EPSC was found in CPN pairs.That means these CPN pairs are more suitable for making exciting reverberation circuit.By the way, CCS cells are special cells and is a project to the both side of the striatum.In addition to the striatum, this CCS cell project to the contralateral cortex.This is a contralateral cortex colossally projecting cells.We call commissure cells commissures.What type of CCS cell among the commissure cells?Contralateral projecting cells are distributed.Commissures are distributing layer 2, 3, 2, layer 6.Of course, layer 5 and layer 2, 3, a lot of commissures are found.We investigate the commissure firing pattern by identified lateral gradient labeling.We found commissures contain both fast adapting cells and slow adapting cells.Different distribution pattern from CCS cells.This suggests that commissures contain at least other than the CCS cells and contains heterogeneous groups.Then we compare the morphology of commissures, fast adapting commissures and slow adapting commissures by intracellular staining and reconstructions.Slow adapting commissures are more developed apical dendritif dust compared to fast adapting commissures.Fast adapting commissures are very similar to the as expected, similar to CCS cells.That means at least commissure projecting cells divided to the two classes.Then next we investigate the layer 5, into the layer 5 connections by commissure commissures by after identification firing pattern.Similar firing pattern commissures are more connected, but different commissures with different firing pattern are rarely connected.That means layer 5 pyramidal commissure cells, different classes and internal local circuit connections also differentiate it.Next we investigate how organized to the interlaminar connections depending on this type of layer 5 pyramidal cell subtypes.We simultaneously recorded layer 5 cells and single cells commissures commissures are simulated by glutamate application, single or almost single cells stimulated.In this case two cells are recorded, common input was found.Common input was found between common and commissures pairs.If these pairs are similar firing subtypes, they receive more common input than heterotype of commissures.Commissures and CPN simultaneously record it.If commissures say slow adapting commissures, CPN says mostly slow adapting commissures.In this case more common input are found.But FA commissures and CPN cells are common input much less found.Then we now at least three classes are found in layer 5.And two of them are projecting contralateral cells side.One of cells are corticopontine cells.One type of called CCS cells projected to the contralateral system both.Layer 2.3 from layer interlaminar excitation from layer 2.3 are organized according to this layer 5 projection systems.This is a descriptive anatomy of layer 5.We are still investigating the other projection types.But from now I'd like to discuss functional differentiation.I'd like to the possibility of functional differentiation to groups.And especially this CCS cells and CPN cells.Because these two pathways are downstream well investigated by some groups.And first we'd like to discuss functional distribution.This is one of the loop corticobasal ganglia terramocortical loops.First I'd like to consider terramocortical projections.Terramocortical projections are not homogeneous.In homogeneous for example, basal ganglia related terramic nuclei mostly projected to the layer 1.And these are cellular loops mostly layer 2.3b.This is a well-corresponded matrix or hypothesis by Ted Jones unfortunately died last year.But to CPN cells mostly extended layer 1.But CCS cells poor developing apical dendrites in layer 1.From this anatomical observation we think the cortex CCS cells make open loop participation in the corticobasal ganglia loop.But CPN cells is closed loop participation in the corticobasal ganglia terramoc loop.And I'd like to next consider this basal ganglia internal structures.Before I studied the projection system divided two classes.One is the striatum to the sub-stantia nigra pulse reticulata called SNR directly project.Other system is project interbeing global sparse inter external cell GPE inhibitory and inhibitory connection.Then the action is this is inhibitory system.The action is opposite very different internal organization.And the interesting recently interesting anatomical observation is CCS cells more preferentially not exclusively preferentially direct system.But the insist instead CPN cells the more innervated two or four times innervated indirect system.Compared to this observation anatomical observation this Anton Reiner's group observation.We think the corticobasal ganglia system CPN cells are closed loop but inhibition system closed loop participation.But CCS cells excitatory connections open loop connections.And this is very simplified because this layer 5 system further divided two classes.Today I have no time.It could not introduce a layer 5 subsystem.But at least layer 5 is divided two sub layers in the frontal cortex.The upper is called layer 5A not called we call layer 5A.This is a pteramic input lower layer 5B pteramic input more.This is a corticospinal cells found but the layer 5A corticopontin cells contain corticotaramic cells.This is then the two sub laminar loops existing the layer 5.The layer 8 is corticotaramic loops.More this is corticospinal loops.This is our anatomical observation in the summary.But recently in collaboration with monitor Kenji anatomist.We made a virtual model of this circuit.This is just virtual.Please listen with don't attacking.And we thought CCS cells represent one action or one action selected action.This CCS cells excite direct cells.Tanamo cortical cells by direct pathway SNR inhibition.And other pathways direct connection from CCS to CPN cells.This conjunctive activation from Tanamo cortical loops.Basal ganglia Tanamo cortical loops.And this direct local circuit conjunctive excitation excites CPN cell activation.Next this possibility these CPN cells can work as excitatory reverberation.And this can cause corticotaramic activation or corticospinal activation induction of the movement.And the next stage during this state this activity is transmitted to the SNR.But SNR also inhibitors substantial nigra pulse compactor.And the next action was selected some group of CCS cells connected to...Tanamo cortical cells also excite by SNR compactor by direct pathway.Then previous action if related to the reward is input to the transmitted SNR pulse compactor.Then this direct pathway this reward and previous selected actions value.And executed actions value as converged on the substantial nigra compactor.Then dopamine cells maybe calculate the reward prediction error.This case is very simplified model.No evidence but just we thought this kind of story maybe not true.And in this connection is too simplified.Because CCS cells not only in a very direct pathway cells but also in direct pathway cells are some.And the striatonegra projection cells not only project the substantial nigra.Nigra pulse reticulata.Then also project the globus parides.Then we think this cross interaction affect the two pathways.This may be correspond to the time discount factor calculation.Anyway we found we are now identified the projection sub types of layer 5.Among them two of themselves are very different hierarchical connected.And internal synaptic structure is very different.And this kind of connection and if this reverberation circuit.If these circuits are coupled with extracortical structures.Then some calculation, some neural calculation becomes possible.We thought one example TD error calculation in reinforcement learning.This work was collaborate with Mieko Morishima and Takeshi Otsuka Hirayuki.And collaboration with Kenji Morita University of Tokyo.Thank you for your patience.Thank you very much.No discussion at the end of this session workshop.But we have some time to take several, a few short questions.Please raise your hand and get a microphone.Then Sten, you are the first.Sten is the first.Thank you very much for very interesting.The division between CCS and CPN as suggested by Rainer.It's of course a very attractive possibility.But it has also been met with some resistance in some other circles.Have you been able to actually confirm that you have the selective projections to the D1.Medium Spiny and CPN on the D2.Medium Spiny.Because it's a very attractive possibility.But I would just like to know if it's mainly Rainer's results.Yes, Rainer's question.Rainer's data.They applied retrograde tracer into the pontineucle and contralateral striatum.And they found the preferential innovation to D1 and D2 cells.But electrophysiologically some group denies that data.But I think Rainer's electron microscope data.The reason is, sorry, I don't have data.But IT cells is not, CCS cells is not all comm cells.They stimulated all against the Rainer's data.They stimulated the contralateral cortex grossly.That contains a very heterogeneous group.One is that this is a comm-type one cells.Within inter-cortical circuitry, they are very well coupled layer 2,3 cells.Then I speculate, this is speculation.This comm-type one cells are similar to the more innovative indirect cells.That electrophysiological data against Rainer's data is not real against.I'm glad to hear that.The last question.So, since this is a neuroinformatics congress,I think I'll ask some questions related to the data you haveand the sharing of the data.We'd also have questions to the biology here, but we'll leave that.So, when looking at what you've done,we have in our lab working in part of the same systems,something that would look quite a bit different actually,which is often the case.You try to understand and sometimes you don't cite someonebecause you really don't understand what's the difference.Now, we might resolve it if we had access to some of the data.So, do you have plans for opening up to some of the underlying data,allowing others to look into those dataand maybe understand them and interpret them?Do you have specific plans in that direction?To share the data.Yeah, one way or the other.Sorry, this is hypothesis.I was thinking of the experimental data.To identify the subtype is very difficult workand morphology and electrophysiologycombining a little stronger,but not so strong.Most strong identification,the specific molecular expression.Long time ago,I spent a lot of timeto classify the GAVERGIC cells.But at that time,specic marker,perform insomathasthen,VRP coverage were very powerfulto identify the cells.It's better to combinemolecular categorizationand these would be very informative.Sorry, I don't understand.The point is that you have many data typesand some of these data types could be sharedefficiently that allowing people to use your dataand understand their own data better.I think we can share.We already sent to GAVERGIC cell datato the sum,I don't know the name,to the sharing system.In the future,I'd like topilander cell data also.Maybe the INCEF data space introduced this morningcould be an initial step.Thank you very much.