 Okay, good morning everyone. So, so let's start the day with this presentation then which is about different mitigation initiatives in in LDC countries that also are the least carbon emitting countries and then The question also is what role there is for ODA in this and This presentation is and our paper is based on on a research project that was a commissioned study by our Ministry of Foreign Affairs here in Finland and our field studies took place in in 2011 so a year ago already and we had a research team with Finnish and as well as as Salao and Cambodian researchers in it our team leader is Jurki Luka, who at the moment is in China, so I'm presenting this today and Well, the topic relates to this this issue of integrating climate objectives into development assistance and and of course in in many aspects, it's it's a very Well, it's good that it's it's been recognized as a very important Objective and in many aspects, it's it's there are very strong grounds that this is something that that needs to be done and Well in terms of adaptation for example, there's a lot of studies that that have shown that there's Well, very easily it can be found that there are synergies with with poverty reduction, which is the main goal of ODA And an adaptation but but when it comes to mitigation then they're often are more dilemmas and especially if we if we think about the LDC countries and this simply relates to the fact that the Highest in meter Australia are the poorest So that is why there's a concern of of of this diversion of of funds then And these are the four initiatives that we looked at in our studies of CDM voluntary carbon markets red plus and and EEP I think you know the the the all all of them except maybe this EP which is Energy and environment partnership, it's a Finnish development cooperation program It's a grant offering program and it promotes the use of renewable energy energy efficiency and and clean technologies So so the role of ODA in these different initiatives is is very different Well, this EP for example is is then fully ODA funded red plus currently well a lot of the the pilot pilot projects and and and all this readiness preparation Projects are actually funded by ODA at the moment, but of course the future is is is open and and and many see that it will follow the path of becoming a Market-based mechanism. Well then in CDM ODA Has been somewhat relevant especially in the LDCs because a lot of the capacity building for the DNAs and and for the Institutional setting has been done with ODA money. Well with with the voluntary carbon markets It's not so not so direct But often there are projects that have been first funded by ODA, but then they have shifted into into voluntary markets And Then one by Cambodia and Laos in our study, so they are both LDC countries and and they've been both central in in the red plus pilots in in in terms of CDM Cambodia has been one of the leading LDC countries in in CDM and and both are target countries for the EP and in both countries. There's also VCM projects And these were the main main main questions of our our paper and And so how these four four different mitigation initiatives initiatives are are are able to produce co-benefits and And also what's the the possible role? Or what has been the role of ODA and and what what what it should and what it could be And why it's relevant in Finland well Finland has been in some ways for runner in in different Mitigation initiatives and and also in in ODA climate-related aid has been relatively high Then then there is this dilemma as well as with many other donors that that actually more funds has been committed to mitigation than than for adaptation and then there's also this difficulties and sensitive sensitivities in defining what is new and additional in in the in the climate finance and And this this question of course is relevant then also for for the LDCs because if the climate and mitigation related ODA is is not actually new and additional then there is really There there's Needs to be very well presented co-benefits there and if there's not then many LDCs Countries are are are seeing this as a problem because they see then that there is a risk of this diversion of of aid and Well then Couple of words of the CDM case from Cambodia and this mainly the co-benefits issue and then then some some words on the on the ODA roles role as I said CDM Cambodia is one of the leading LDC country in CDM, so it's interesting because of that Well, then in Cambodia and Laos in general There's many hydro power project in the pipeline But not yet registered but in in validation or or or in more initial stages and and there's a lot of concerns because in this region Fisheries is highly highly and relevant for the national economies and especially for it for many of the poorest Communities and and so there's a lot of concerns on these negative impacts of hydropower development and their people out are then discussing that They're in this respect. There's potential for for mitigation and adaptation trade-offs Adapted also trade-offs in in mitigation and poverty reduction, but in terms of the rate actually registered projects Well, there's a Most of them are are Well, well, you can see that the types of the projects there biomass energy and mason avoidance and And And and and so on Actually one of these registered project is already in a way not not it's practically terminated. So so there's for for Projects that are that are still Going forward and and Then if we discuss well the sustainable and development benefits in these projects At least one aspect is that that I could actually show them through this this slide that Clearly the the projects are benefiting the the biggest industries of the respective area in in the country In terms of local benefits well, some of them actually had had them some of them not in in terms of social benefits In in two projects, there were actually some promises for social benefits, but they they never are materialized And then employment benefits were quite quite limited and technology transfer well In all these cases this were the first time that this technology was applied and and and in that that case it It could be seen that yes There was a benefit in this this service, but many of these technologies were also of such type that there is not really easy replication potential in them so so we can How to go back so the the the sustainable development benefits were quite limited and But what what what then related to ODA the DNA and one of the reasons why there's relatively many Projects in Cambodia is is is because the DNA has Received different kind of support and it's been active also in promoting the CDM and also it was found that the ones the project that were Developed in closer relation to the DNA actually had a bit more Concrete sustainable development benefits and this could then indicate that yes the ODA use had had a kind of it actually somewhat strengths and the co-benefits but still in in in general terms the co-benefits were very limited So In general, of course, there's a CD several dilemmas in CDM related ODA And In in the Cambodian case these were not the quite usual well, there's been identified that there's Problems sometimes that there's the donors might have a questionable self-interest at At play in terms of technology exportation or in outsourcing emission reductions and and and so on in in Cambodian case this Not maybe that much visible, but but yes There was some connections to that that that the Japanese had been quite active in in supporting the DNA for example, and then also some of the project actually where we're Related to to Japanese actors and so on but but but in general, of course, this is something that still needs to be discussed more that how to how to Develop the regulation in the in the CDM related ODA so that it would be clearly more motivated by by the ODA's targets of Sustainable development and poverty reduction Then little bit more shortly on on on the other other mitigation initiative. So in in the voluntary garment market Projects Well, actually many of them were such projects that had considered CDM, but found that they they are to Demanding or costly or or or so on and they had then chosen to go for for voluntary markets And and these were the smaller scale project that actually have more potential for for the co-benefits so As they went for for the choose the the voluntary carbon market So so you could find more more co-benefits in in those projects than in the in the CDM projects Then well, there was some some Concerns related to the voluntary carbon markets that related to forests and and to to red plus and and and there was on some concerns even for the Carbon cowboys and and so on but the ones that were more energy related. They actually seem to be Working quite quite quite well and and and so on but even in the smaller scale projects like with the household biogas Program or projects it actually was was producing Benefits more for the better of farmers than than really for the poorest farmers In terms of red plus, I think we have much more in this in the next presentation So I just say that yes, there's a lot of potential for multiple benefits But but also very difficult areas that are still to be to to be tackled and especially for in loss and Cambodia There's a concern that how it's really how really the root courses for for deforestation can be can be tackled and and and and and also that Well shifting cultivation is often blamed for for deforestation But but but actually the there's much more Relevant is is this economic land concessions, especially related to rubber and and so on and it's still open How red plus really good compete with with these? investments and and so on With the ODI funded EEP There in terms of co-co benefits there were well it actually was the was the best initiative in in this in this respect But even in the EP they're still the dilemma of this hitting two birds with one stone that how to how to really Be efficient in both in in the in the mean the poverty reduction or sustainable development and and the and the mitigation And and so Well all in all Sustainable development Proport benefits in these analyzed initiatives have thus far been modest And especially in the initiatives like CDM that are leaning on carbon markets And even if ODA some what some was Like in CDM case ranks and the co-benefit potential still there is this inherent contradiction there that well It's it's it's rarely the the poorest segments of society that that that have Potential for for emissions reductions and and if the logic is in maximization of the ER So this is difficult to tackle even if even with with ODA use involved and Yeah, I'm gonna ask you to conclude yes, so Maybe this is then the conclusions are here So so ODA is is is often better spent if it's if it's channeled Directly to for example enhancements of rural energy profession and and sustainable renewable energy and and so on so so thus our our team was really Considering that that it's a very relevant question this this separation of climate finance and climate ODA as some other Researchers have suggested as well and and and and in this way when it's when it's not Clear that the the climate or related assistance is truly new and additional Then it it's it's it's really should be taken More two words two words this This Support for for rural energy and and and so on and and for problems related to To poverty such as energy access and adaptation as well, of course, then it's not mitigation anymore adaptation and and and in in general, of course Then one general point still at the end that that when there is this this support for For for for example capacity building and and and so on related to mitigation or or or or even for CDM or or red plus and and so on so there should be more attention to to really Give support not only for the capacity to implement, but only also for the capacity to actually Influence influence the the mitigation agenda