 I am going to explain the different models of cognitive mind. Here how different scientists as well as philosophers, they have explained positive social concept in different linings of the concept of cognitions and minds or consciousness. Generally, cognition is one of the important aspects of the human mind how we acquire knowledge, how we store knowledge, how we retrieve knowledge and how we use all these kinds of knowledge with the help of our cognitive system. If we use cognitions every time and acquire bit of information, place it in or use of information in some ways, then cognition must include a wide range of mental processes and cognition is not so simple, we are only acquiring knowledge, storing knowledge or something, it is more than that, through cognitive processes we can achieve many kinds of things in the world and we can do many kinds of discovery with the help of our cognitive faculties and here I am concerned only in the case of human cognition, not in the case of animal cognitions but in the case of human cognition, you will find there is one kind of development is there because of that we are rational being or rational animal than any other beings, there is a change there in the human cognitive processes but not in the case of animality or in the case of any other beings like plants and animals. Cognition generally is a process in which information is encoded in the brain by receiving signals from the outer world through the sense organs, sometimes even if we may not get the knowledge from the outer world, it knowledge also arises from the inner world, from the insight, it emerges the knowledge and it represents a new idea and through the cognitive activities we explains our creativity abilities, it is seems that cognition is largely different from that of therefore, it is seems that human cognition is largely different from that of other animals because of the enormous richness of the human cognitive processes. There are different models of understanding of cognitive mind and there are different scientists, different philosophers, they have explained the cognitive model of mind even if in the last lectures you have seen how functionists are explaining and how the mind is functioning and that way they are explaining the mind consciousness in different ways but here also you will find some of the scientists and the philosophers they are explaining consciousness or mind or cognitions in the similar way and some of the things which I shall be repeating in this sections to make you more clear on the cognitive aspects of mind or consciousness aspects of mind or the importance of mind in the scientific realm. Now, we will go through different model of understanding cognitive mind, there are many models which I have put before you and one is neuroscientific model, psychological model, reprintional model, computational model, isomorphic model, multiple realizable model, multiple draft model and sub-personal model and all these models are plays very important role in explaining cognitive mind. Let us see first neuroscientific model of mind. Neuroanatomy is the study of the nervous system structures and is concerned with identifying the parts of nervous systems and it is describing how the parts are concerned to each other. Here neuroanatomy can be made at many descriptive levels according to neuroscientist investigations can be made at two levels and this is the neuroscientific view and firstly gross neuroanatomy and this gross neuroanatomy is about general structures and connections whereas fine neuroanatomy is the main task that describe the components of individual neurons and secondly histology is the study of tissue through the dissections and the primary concern of neuroanatomy is to ideally connect the patterns of connectivity in the nervous systems, lay out the mechanism that allows formations to get from one place to another. For neuroscientist this neuroanatomy is the analogy of cognitions and cognition is nothing through which we are explaining this neuroanatomy that is cognitions. While explaining neuroscientific approach to cognitions Francis Kick, a famous neuroscientist as well as a neurophilosopher, he says that the brain does not make a distinction between hardware and software as a computer does. Theories have made these distinctions are unfortunate. What Kick is trying to show is that the way even if functionalist have explained about mind or consciousness is that they have done one kind of distinction that is software and hardware. But in the case of neuroscientist this kind of distinction is not there in the software or hardware or the neural is something, neural process is something. But neural and neural process both the things they goes together and the way they have done the distinction is one kind of unfortunate and I think for Kick it is not acceptable and Kick argues for the theories of cognition that are strictly tried to biology which implicitly force him to argue for the study of simple cognitive acts such as visual word detections rather than the complex acts such as paragraph comprehension or etcetera. For neuroscientist especially for Kick, mental actions depends on the psychoneurological factors underlying in it. Any kind of mental actions whatever we are doing or acting it depends upon the neurological factors underlying it. No mental actions is without these factors which determine the mental history of an agent. Although Kick's general discussion is on the concept of conscious thought, virtually all the specific studies he cites deal with visual cognitions. For him it might be most profitable to deal with vision entirely within the field of neuroscience. While dealing with language comprehension in terms of psychological mechanisms has no known neural basis. Therefore, for him cognition is a multi-dimensional process which needs a many sides approach and neuroscientist claims that there is a process is happening in the brain that they have measured in terms of 40 hertz or the 40 hertz process is nothing but the consciousness. Consciousness is accessible in this 40 hertz level. Otherwise all other level it is not measurable and they have measured consciousness and the way they have they are measuring consciousness it is they are quantifying the consciousness and this quantified consciousness is explainable in terms of neuroscientific model. Now we will see the psychological model of mind. The psychological approach to cognition is defined as the psychology of understanding and knowing. It is a study of mental processes. It is concerned with the way we take in information the outside world and how we make sense of that information and what we use we make of it. According to Groom one of the famous psychologist for him there have been a three main approaches to the study of cognitive psychology namely experimental psychology, computer modeling and cognitive psychology. Firstly experimental psychology involves in the use of psychological experiments on human subjects to investigate the ways in which we perceive, learn or remember or think. In this process the experimental psychology is concerned about how the human mind remember the things. Secondly cognitive psychology is the use of computer model of cognitive processes and this approach involves the simulation of some aspects of human cognitive functions by writing computer programs in order to test our models or possible brain functions and this model especially many brain scientists they have been trying to study the human brain processes and what he or she thinks and how the mind is functioning with the help of different kind of advanced program they are trying to investigate on the human cognitions. And lastly cognitive neuropsychology is concerned with the activities of the human brain during the cognitive processing and this is one of the important aspect whenever we are doing any kind of activities during that period how our mind is functioning, how we are remembering, how we are reacting to a particular situations. In that level this approach of cognitive psychology explains the psychological level of cognitions. Although cognitive neuropsychology plays one of the vital role in the case of neuroscientific model of mind because as you have seen that the neuroscientific model is trying to explain this cognitive psychology with the help of neuropsychology. Therefore in another way in different angles both the cognitive neuropsychology and the neuroscientific model of mind your cognitions are going together to investigate on mind. Now you have to see the representational model of mind is one of the important model of mind. The representational model of mind there are many scientists they have explained in a different way. Some scientists they have explained it syntactical, some scientists they have explained it semantically way. But here I will be explaining on how the syntactic way the cognitive system is explainable through representations. The representational theory of cognition tries to show how our knowledge of the world is represented in the mind and when human knowledge is represented in an abstract format we call its propositions. Thus all knowledge representations take place in language. Here the language is one of the main things which plays important role to representational model of mind. The representational theory studies the mental representations in a formal language called the language of thought by Z. E. Fodor and this language of thought I will discuss in the next lectures very clearly. Let us see first what is this representational model of mind. A representation is something that stands for something else. For example, the words of any human language are forms of representations because they stands for objects, events and ideas. Words are an abstract representations because the relation between a word and the objects signified or the idea it represents is arbitrary. Words in our language can refer to the same objects and ideas and in few cases the represent of a word cannot be predicted from its auditory form. There are many words even if you say something which has no representations you can say even if golden mountain which have visual representation, actual representation it has no existence but you can have some kind of pictorial mind that there is something called golden mountain which is exist in this world. But there is nothing called such as golden mountain in the real or empirical sense. But in the case of mental representations mind preserves representations about objects or events in the world. For example, when we have a mental representations of table and this representation preserves location of the object in the space, it supports number of abilities including imaging the place, estimating the distance from the memory and so on many kind of things is happening. Whenever I am looking at a chair there is a distance is there on which special temporality existing how much the visibility is that chair and the various kind of angles that we have to see in the case of representational model of mind. And this mental representation is necessary because human behavior cannot be explained without specific how individual represent the world to themselves. Therefore, this representation model plays important role in the case of this Jerry Fodor and this representational model plays one of the vital role to explain cognitive cognitions or consciousness. And let us see now computational model of mind. According to cognitive scientist, all cognitive process are computational process and all computational process require internal representations as the medium of computations. And then the nature of this medium is such that the internal representation are symbols. The symbols systems facilitate the computational processes and the computational process is a kind of symbolic way can be explainable. And because without the help of symbolic system it is very difficult to explain any kind of computational model of mind. Therefore, the computational modeling in cognitive science and artificial intelligence has profoundly affected how human cognition is viewed and studied. Computational level of cognitions shows that the mind is a computer which is based on a symbolic information. In symbolic computations the abstractions provided are symbols and rules. With the help of these symbols and rules we are explaining about the human this computational model of mind. But according to the classical computational theory of mind, mental representations are symbolic structures. And the mental processes consist in the manipulation of these representations according to symbolic algorithms as computation is based on symbolic rules. And Albert Simon is one of the founder of computer science discusses the nature of cognitions while constructing models of human mental activities. According to him cognition is a mental process based on mechanism of the brain. The brain mechanism can be studied by neurophysiology. And further he argues that a human brain functions like a computer so that the human cognitive processes are computational in nature. And therefore, if we manage to program a computer to play chess we may have to discover how human thought proceeds. Thus Simon argues for a sharp distinction between brain as a physical system and the programs the brain executes. And therefore, he urges to concentrate our attention on the program. Because program is one thing through which we can able to study the human cognition or consciousness or human mind. This is one of the important aspect of scientific way of investigating the human knowledge and consciousness. And a great deal of modern study of cognition depends inside that representational level and neural level events can be linked through the development of intermediate computational theories of thought. And even if the both Simon and Alan Newell both of them are trying to show that this insight is based upon rather sophisticated notions both of thinking and the computation as activities that are carried out by physical symbol systems. As we know a machine or a computer is a physical device that manipulates electric signals and that stand for the symbols in the equations. The physical system translate signals into a symbol systems. Here computers and engineer paper pencil devices are generally computing system in the sense that they can in principle compute any computable function that is dependable by symbol systems. In order to actually compute something the physical device must be given a set of instruction which are stated in terms of symbols. Thus computing systems operate systems of symbols to arrive at particular results. And we have to note that algorithmic is not tattered in terms of the physical machine because the physical operation that achieve the primitive function such as writing down, multiplying and subtracting have not been specified. But according to Newell and in the modern way of explaining is that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent actions and they have been defining. When you put a computer model it can be called as physical symbol systems. It has a physical hardware is there, symbol is there and it is a completely system is there. Therefore, it is a physical symbol systems. Instead of calling a system a Turing machine we can call as a Turing machine, we can call as a physical symbol system and we can call as a computer and we can call as a robotic systems. Let us see all these definitions on computational model of mind very clearly. By necessary we mean that any system that general intelligence will prove upon analysis to be a physical symbol system. By sufficient we mean that any physical symbol system of sufficient size can be organized further to ex-habit general intelligence actions. And lastly by general intelligence actions we wish to indicate the same scope of intelligence as we see in the human actions. And here Simon and Newell are trying to say that there is no distinction between human intelligence and this computational intelligence. There is one kind of synthesis, that synthesis one kind of the similar way of function. The way in which the human mind is functioning the same way is in the case of robotic system or a computer system is functioning. There is no distinction between mind and machines according to this physical symbol system thesis. And thus for physical symbol systems as we have seen gives rise an intelligent actions because of the presence of the symbol manipulations according to rules. Whenever we do any kind of activities we follow some kind of rules and regulations and we do also we express everything is through language and which are the symbolic representation of the world. In that way that representation is there in the case of computer systems and it is not necessary to explain mind in some different way and therefore mind can be explainable in computational term. The physical symbol system hypothesis plays an important role in showing computational levels of cognitions. Because the symbols system hypothesis implies that the symbolic behavior of humans arise because he or she has the characteristics of a physical symbol systems. Hence the success in modeling a human behavior on the symbol systems becomes an important part of the evidence for this hypothesis. The hypothesis helps research in cognitive psychology also. Research in information processing psychology involves two kinds of empirical activities. Firstly it conducts observations experiments on the human behavior in task require intelligence. Secondly it formulate the hypothesis about the symbolic process found in the human systems. Not only the psychological experiments required to test the human behavior but also they point out the experiments which are come out new idea of the design and construction of physical symbol systems. And even if with the help of this computational model for what Simon and Newell and many of them have been trying to explain computational model of mind. For them that is mind is a computational process and consciousness is nothing but a computational process and brain process is nothing but a computational process and whatever is happening in the human brain is not nothing but the computational process that can be analyzable in mechanistic way with the help of this physical symbolic systems. And let us see now another model isomorphic models of mind. According to this isomorphic model of mind two systems are functional isoponomic if there is a correspondence between the state of one and the state of other that preserves the functional relations. This model I have already explained in the functionalism in the last lectures. Remind you I am introducing this model of cognition and mind here. This isomorphic model is one kind of functional isoponomic according to this isomorphic isoponomic. There is a isomorphic between mind and a machine. This functional isomorphic hold due to the causal capacitive of functional state of the machines. And for example, when I have a pain that is a neuro physiological process corresponding to the mental state because of the firing of the C fiber the brain identity follows as there is a functional identity between the two. Whenever there is a C fiber firing is happening then I am getting pain. And here there is identity between the identity between the one state to another state and there is also identity between mind and machines. Therefore, there is no distinction between mind and machines. Thus the identity between the mental state and the physical process of the brain establishes from the functional point of view. That is in functional terms the brain state is isomorphic with the mental state. That is to say that there is identity between software that constitutes the program and the hardware of the machines which helps the software to be realized in the machines. And here machine can realize this software and software can realize this hardware and there is one kind of identity relations between mind and machines. And even if mind can be explainable in terms of mechanistic way and machine can be explainable in terms of mentalistic way. Now, let us see the another model of mind is multiple realizability model of mind. And this model I have already explained in the last lectures on functionalism. There can be indefinitely many different physical properties which consider the realization of the same functional property. However, it is also true that the same physical state can realize different functional properties at different times or in different circumstances or in different cases. What is the motto of explaining this multiple realizable model of mind in this way? The functional state are multiple realizable in the sense that a functional state cannot be identity called to any particular physical realization of it. For example, someone could write a program using two completely different types of a computer which use different sorts of hardware to run the same program. Here they are trying to say that there are different hardware but one software program. But one software program can be implemented in different kind of software systems. In this sense, the program said to be multiple realizable any number of computers may be used to realize same program. Functionality takes states of minds and mental property to be a functional states and properties. Mental properties are realizable by but not identical with material properties. Because as I told you that functionality there is no identity between hardware and software. In the same way mental properties are different from the physical properties for them. Here the mental properties are they are explaining in terms of functional properties. For example, the same mental property, the property of being in pain may be realized by one property in a human being and to a certain extent by another property invert a breath. Here for the functionalist if someone has now a particular pain then he or she can imagine that this pain is realized through a particular neural states and that neural state has an identifiable material structure and this may be studied by a low level hardware science like neurobiology or like even if the hardware in the computer systems. In the case of neuroscience we can see from the neurobiology but in the case of computer model we can see from the hardware systems. Therefore for functionalism what makes the state a realization of pain is not its material constitution but its occupying a particular kind of causal role within our nervous systems. Multiple realizable thus implies that there is a higher level of functional description of physical state in terms of their causal role which abstract from constitutions it is with such functional properties that mental properties can be identifiable. Here this multiple realized model is one of the was one of the finished model to develop high technical system because philosophical model behind any kind of computer systems and which philosopher have tried to understand the human mind then they have tried to implement in the system that this multiple realized model is now possibility that even thus possibility may not keep sufficient explanation of the human mind that may keep sufficient explanation on machines. Now we will see multiple draft model of mind and sub-personal model of mind. These two model has been advocated by Daniel C. Dennett and Dennett is one of the propaganda of functionalistic model of mind or a mechanistic model of mind and he has been arguing that mind can be explainable in terms of machines. Let us see this PPT. The multiple draft model given by Dennett suggest similarity between the function of the human mind and those of the computer. The brain system functions in relation to different of systems so there are multiple draft which operate within an artificial systems. According to Dennett such an analogy is beneficial because it analysis consciousness from the point of view of the language processing. This is given important precisely in the sense that a linguistic or language speaking being is considered not only as a conscious being but also a rational being. Even the robots as information processing system can also be characterized as intelligent systems. According to Dennett's we see and he has been arguing that we are machines and we are just very sophisticated machines that has been organized molecule instead of metal and silicon and we are conscious so there can be conscious machines like us. It is when a machine is a component of material object in the same way human beings are also component of material objects in this way this material components are existing in both the cases and if anything at all the so called mind is there and it can be explainable in terms of machines. So the human thought processes and language processing in the artificial systems are analogous to each other. In the case of conscious thought process we are aware of thoughts at the same time there is a psycho-chemical processes which goes in our brain and Dennett's functions analysis of consciousness is divided into two parts firstly sub-personal view of consciousness and the multiple draft model of consciousness and both these models plays vital role you know to explain the mechanistic model of mind. The sub-personal model explains consciousness and other mental activities through the help of neurological states and process of the organism. Whereas in the case of multiple draft model if we see it discusses how an artificial system behave intelligently and if we see if you make the difference between these two models then one model is explaining from the macro level and one level is explaining in the sub-personal level. According to this multiple draft model all varieties of perceptions indeed all varieties of thought or mental activities are composed in the brain by parallel and there is also multi-track process of interpretations and elaboration of sensory inputs that is to say that it functions different multiple draft as well as in the parallel. It is like crisscross relationship among the neurons and this even if one neurons functions in different directions in different situations. It is not like that one neurons is functioning for one activities another neuron is functioning for another activities. Even if one action there must be a function which are giving rise the conscious experience and then it offers a functional explanation of consciousness at the sub-personal level and this sub-personal level because this sub-personal level is concerned about the particular neurons and he says that this sub-personal theories proceed by analyzing a person into an organization of subsystems like organs, routines, knobs, faculties components of even atoms like that and it is also attempted to explain the behavior of the whole person as the outcome of the interaction of these sub-systems. The sub-personal level of consciousness tries to explain now how the human beings are system of organism. Now the question is how the system is being constituted and how the various functions involve in different physiological parts of the organism function together. This is one of the important problem for sub-personal level but then it says that this functional structure would help us in defining the capacity involved in causing consciousness of what we call conscious behavior. Therefore a state of consciousness is simply one which exhibit certain characteristics pattern of causal relation to other states both mental and physical and here he has been trying to say that the relationship between mind and even if the body or even if mental things and physical things are existing in a causal relations. Therefore all the level of cognitions which we have discussed are universally accepted. There are different kinds of model we have seen. Even in psychological model to computational model, isomorphic model, multiple realized model, multiple draft model, sub-personal model all these models are not acceptable although they have explained differently about the human mind and about the consciousness but those are not acceptable really you know to explain about consciousness experience because which need different kinds of explanations and that different kinds of explanations is possible with the help of philosophical clarifications and these philosophical clarifications will give one kind of tentative explanation on mind or consciousness. Even if here I have discussed varieties of cognitive mind what I have not explained about connectionist model of mind which is also part of the varieties of mind but that I will be explaining in different sections special difference to phoch psychology but if you see there are many kind of reactions to these varieties of cognitions and according to David Chalmers a computational basis of cognition can be challenged into ways. First it can be argued that competition cannot do what cognition does that a competition simulation cannot reproduce a human cognition because the causal structure in human cognition goes beyond what a computational description can do secondly competition might capture the human capacities but something more is required to replace the human capacity. The human cognition can be applied to what is known as memory attention, pattern recognition, language problem solving and etc. The most important aspect of the human mind is the selection of information information of further proceeding and storage and the information available during the moment except sleep and unusual occasions that are very vast and complex and we are constantly bombarded by our senses because in the case of cognition sense one plays very vital roles we get knowledge not only from the inside it is because of the sense experience we get knowledge from the outside also and both the things are mutually supplementing each other all the externalized senses gives us information which the mind deals with which is a very long process of getting the inputs and here although this mechanistic all these variety of cognitive mind or functionalistic model of mind are explaining about the mind in different ways they are giving a way to explain consciousness and mind but this explanation has some kind of limitations that we will see later on although these models help us to study the human mind human cognitions and there are cognitive disorders and this may help for scientific community to explain something in definite way but in the case of if you see really the philosophical explanation of consciousness or mind it has different kind of explanations thank you