 20 August 2021, Friday. Welcome to in the news analysis by Shankar I.S. Academy. The list of topics is displayed on the screen. We have wonderful collection of topics. We have a topic regarding smog. We have a topic regarding foundational learning. We have a topic regarding Abraham Accords. We have a topic regarding gender equality. And we have a topic regarding 3D printing. So wonderful collection of topics. Let us not waste any more time. Let us begin our discussion. Now take a look at this article. This article is regarding smog tower. See, according to this article, the Delhi government is going to inaugurate its first smog tower. So in this context, let us discuss about smog, smog towers and its uses. Very important topic from prisms as well as mains perspective. The relevant syllabus is displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can go through it. First, what is smog? To be precise, what is photochemical smog? See, as the term clearly indicates, smog is a combination of smoke and fog. These terms smoke and fog combine to create the word smog. So we can define smog as air pollution, which is a mixture of smoke and fog that reduces visibility. This is the common definition of smog. Then what is photochemical smog? See, photochemical smog is a smog which is produced when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. This is the definition of photochemical smog. Sunlight, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, they react to create a smog-like situation. This is photochemical smog. Let me explain this mechanism. See, nitrogen oxides come from car exhaust, coal power plants and factory emissions. So it is present in our atmosphere. Similar to nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds are also released from gasoline, paints and cleaning solvents. So nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are present in the atmosphere. They react with sunlight. Chemical reaction takes place. As a product of this chemical reaction, ground-level ozone and airborne particles are released. Let me repeat. Sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxide and volatile organic compounds present in the atmosphere. It creates a chemical reaction. In that chemical reaction, ground-level ozone and airborne particles are released. The mechanism of photochemical fog is illustrated in the figure. We can see motor vehicles, power plants and industrial activities releasing nitrogen oxides. And we can see volatile organic compounds being released by these products. They both react in sunlight. They create ground-level ozone and fine particles. See, this ground-level ozone and fine particles create a smog-like situation. It reduces visibility. This is photochemical smog. I hope aspirants can follow. See, ground-level ozone is a dangerous product. It is released during this chemical reaction. Ground-level ozone can damage lung tissue. It can cause respiratory illness like asthma. It can also cause itchy and burning eyes. So it is not good for human health. See, ozone present in the atmosphere is good ozone. It protects us from UV rays. We can see from this figure. The sunlight is emitting UV rays and good ozone protects it. Whereas ground-level ozone, that is ozone which is present near the surface, is bad for human health. I hope aspirants can understand the difference. This ozone can affect our lungs. It can cause respiratory illness. It can affect our eyes. It can burn our eyes. It can cause itching sensation. So when sunlight reacts with nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, it creates ground-level ozone and airborne particles. The airborne particles and ground-level ozone released by this chemical reaction creates a smog. It reduces visibility. It creates a smoky-foggy situation. This is photochemical smog. I hope the concept is clear. See, photochemical smog is harmful in many ways. It is unhealthy to humans and animals. It can kill plants. It can also cause premature deaths. So the consequences of photochemical smog are vast and dangerous. It reduces visibility. It is unhealthy to humans and animals. It can kill plants and it can cause premature deaths. Now coming to the issue. Now let us take Delhi. See, we all know that Delhi is suffering from severe air pollution. In recent times, the air pollution in Delhi has increased many folds and it is affecting health of people and environment. We all know this. See, this air pollution in Delhi is also causing photochemical smog. If you go to Delhi in winter time, you can observe this photochemical smog. It will reduce the visibility. It will cause a lot of harmful effects on humans, animals and plants. So, because of the increasing air pollution and photochemical smog, the Supreme Court of India intervened. It intervened and ordered the Delhi government to take several steps to mitigate air pollution. We all know this. So, now the Delhi government has taken one such step. It has created its first smog tower. The Delhi government has installed its first smog tower. What is a smog tower? See, smog towers are also called anti-smog towers or smog-free towers. See, as the name clearly says, it is a tower. Tower is a large structure and it performs the function of air cleaning. To put it in simple words, it is a big air purifier. You would have seen air purifier in rooms, right? Imagine the same air purifier for a city. That is, smog towers. It is a large-scale air cleaning system. It is a large-scale air purifier. Now, let me explain how it functions. See, the smog tower has a huge structure. Inside the structure, it has a lot of filters and fans. Okay? Using the fans inside the tower, the smog tower sucks in the polluted air. I hope aspirants can follow. This tower has a lot of fans and using the fans, the smog tower sucks in the polluted air. It sucks the polluted air from the top of the tower. Okay? So, from the top of the tower, the polluted air enters into the tower and it passes through the filter. As I already said, this tower has a lot of air filters. So, the fan sucks in the air and it passes the polluted air into the filters. After passing through the various filters, the air is cleaned and finally the cleaned air is released into the atmosphere from the bottom. This is the functioning of the tower, which is installed in Delhi. This approach is called downdraft approach. Since the air is sucked at the top and released at the bottom, this approach is called downdraft approach. Let me repeat it. The tower, using the fans, sucks the polluted air from the top. Then it passes the air into the filters. After passing through the filters, the clean air is released at the bottom. This is the tower installed in Delhi. This approach is called downdraft approach. Now, let me talk about the filters installed in the towers. See, the filters used in the towers are HEPA filters. They use air ionization technology. See, HEPA stands for I-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, H-E-P-E. I-Efficiency Particulate Air Filter. These kind of filters are used in the Delhi Tower. As the name clearly says, this filter is highly efficient. It removes at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria and airborne particles. So, it is highly efficient. And these kind of filters are used in the Delhi Tower. So, the keywords are anti-smoke towers, large-scale air purifier, multiple layer of air filters, downdraft approach, HEPA filters, air ionization technology. These are the important keywords regarding the Delhi Towers. This tower will be 24 meter in height. It has a lot of fans and air filters. So, this is how the Delhi Smoktower functions. See, as I already said, Delhi Tower uses downdraft approach. It sucks the polluted air from the top and releases the clean air at the bottom. There is also another approach. This is additional information which I am going to give. Similar to downdraft approach, there is also updraft approach, where the polluted air is sucked from the bottom and clean air is released from the top. China uses these kind of towers. It uses updraft approach. The basic methodology is the same. The entry and exit is different. The updraft approach of China Smoktowers is displayed in this figure. You can see the polluted air getting sucked at the bottom, travels up the tower, it passes through the filter and finally, clean air exits to the top of the tower. This is additional information. Now, coming to Delhi Tower. See, many experts are actually criticizing the idea of Smoktower in Delhi. This is because Smoktower are not efficient in cleaning outdoor airs. Because in outdoor air, there will be a lot of mixing. There will be a lot of air movements, dust particles from nearby towns, nearby states will come inside. So, the influence is maximum. Outside influence is maximum. So, Smoktowers are least efficient when it comes to outdoor environment. They are less efficient when cleaning indoor environment. Because in indoor environment, you can control the air flow, you can make it less ventilated and you can increase the efficiency of air purification. Whereas outdoor, it is not in your control. So, many experts are actually criticizing the idea of Smoktower in Delhi. This is because outside air environment cannot be controlled. The influences of air movements are maximum in outside environment. So, Delhi Smoktower has received some criticism from environmental experts. These are the important points regarding Smoktowers. Only with time we can say whether this idea is successful or it is just a waste of money. Let us hope it becomes successful and people of Delhi get some relief. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we saw about Smok, we saw about photochemical Smok, we saw about Smoktower, the working of Smoktower, we saw about downdraft Smoktower, updraft Smoktower and the criticism regarding Smoktower. Very important topic from prelims as well as mains perspective. Please make use of it. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, take a look at this editorial. This editorial is regarding foundational education. So, let us discuss the important points discussed in this editorial. Foundational education is an important topic from mains perspective. Let us begin this discussion. Now, we have a question. What is foundational education? See, from the name we can guess what is foundational education. See, foundational education is an education which is provided to the children at early stages of development. The initial days of schooling. Why this education is important? Why foundational education is important? See, according to medical experts, once we become an adult, it becomes tough to learn things. It is time consuming. Adults take more time to learn things. It is also tough for adults to unlearn and relearn something. Once we are fixed in our ways, it is tough to change. This is why foundational education is very important. Otherwise education becomes difficult and time consuming. This is what the author in this editorial stresses. The importance of foundational education. And according to the author of the editorial, India should focus on its foundational education to achieve the overall development. But there are a lot of problems. India is facing a lot of issues in the context of foundational learning. Let us discuss this major shortcomings one by one. You can use it as a value addition in your main answer. The first major shortcoming. See, the first and foremost comes the issue of nutrition. See, according to medical experts, children are expected to consume between 1000 to 3200 calories per day for overall development. The number of calories varies based on their age and gender. But the general number is children should consume between 1000 to 3200 calories per day. But the problem is many children in India do not take this number of calories. They are malnourished. They are underfed. For example, take India's midday meal scheme. India's midday meal scheme is poor in nutrition. It does not satisfy this calorie requirements. So because of this shortcoming children do not receive the required number of calories for overall development. They struggle in education. Their brain development is slow compared to the children of other countries. So this is the first major shortcoming. Issue of nutrition. Now let us move on to the next major shortcoming. The issue of classroom instruction. See, as the name clearly says, classroom instruction is the instruction which a student receives in the classroom from teacher. In India, most of the classroom instruction are based on textbooks. We rely on wrought learning. We are relying on memorizing and also the curriculum in India is very ambitious. It is heavy and overloaded. So because of this outdated classroom instruction, many students lacked the competence to cope up with the classroom instruction. They struggle to follow the instruction in the classroom to put it in simple words. See, the issue of classroom instruction was also highlighted by a report. The name of the report is Human Development Report of 2019. You can use this report as value addition in your main sensor. According to this report, many students in India are struggling to follow classroom instruction because of ambitious curriculum and overloading of textbooks. Okay, this is the second major issue of classroom instruction. Now let us move on to the next issue. See, the next issue is regarding the automatic promotion in government schools. See, in many government schools, students are automatically promoted to the next grade without testing their foundational skills. This is a major problem. Without any testing of required foundational skills, students are automatically promoted to the next grade. So, according to the author, this is another reason why many people in India lack the foundational education. So, this is another major shortcoming, automatic promotion to the next grade. Now, let us discuss about the next issue. See, the next issue discussed by the author is about National Education Policy 2020. See, according to the author, the National Education Policy 2020 is also content-a-v curriculum. This is the keyword. It is also ambitious. It is also content-a-v curriculum. So, we haven't learned anything from the past mistakes. We are still doing the same mistakes of the past. See, why content-a-v curriculum is a problem. See, if the syllabus is content-a-v, then there won't be much time to do constructive learning. Teacher will be hard pressed for time. They can't do anything innovative. They only aim will be to finish the syllabus, not teach the students properly. Many of us have experienced this issue right? We know teachers borrowing PT periods, games periods to finish the syllabus. So, this kind of mistake will keep on repeating. So, this is another major issue discussed by the author. National Education Policy 2020 content-a-v curriculum. See, if the syllabus is ambitious or the curriculum is content-a-v, then the students knowledge will be limited to the books. They will lack creative and practical skills. This is why syllabus should be more oriented towards innovative, creative and practical learning. Let me repeat the issues we have discussed so far. Issue of nutrition, issue of classroom instruction, issue of automatic promotion to the state, and content-a-v curriculum of National Education Policy 2020. Now, let us move on to the next issue. See, the next issue is regarding the skill level of teachers. See, according to the author, our Indian education system lacks skilled teachers. Only if the teachers are skilled, then they can teach properly in the class. They can do some innovative, constructive and practical learning in the class. If the teacher itself lack the teaching skills, then how can we expect the students to progress? So, this is another major issue discussed by the author of this editorial. Lack of skills among Indian teachers. Now, let us move on to the next issue. See, the next issue is regarding the urban-rural divide. When we are talking about education in India, rural education is far worse than urban education. This is because rural areas lack adequate resources. They lack time and they lack personal support. Because of these issues, rural education is far worse than urban education. So, these are the major shortcomings discussed by the author of the editorial. Let me repeat it one more time. Issue of nutrition, issue of classroom instruction, issue of automatic promotion, content every curriculum of national education policy 2020, and issue of lack of skill among Indian teachers, urban-rural divide in Indian education. So, these are the major issues discussed by this editorial. Now, let us see the way forward. See, let me give you a trick. Whenever you are writing solution in the main's answer, think about the problems. Then, think the solutions for the problems. You will get many points. So, we have already discussed about the major shortcomings. Discuss the solution for this major shortcomings. You will get the way forward. This is how you write your main's answer. You will get points from 360-degree perspective. But, since we are discussing about this editorial, the author of this editorial has discussed only few solutions. Let us see about it. The first solution is regarding mobilization of students in higher education. See, according to the author of the editorial, government through various schemes should mobilize students in higher education to educate the children and teachers in remote and underdeveloped areas. The author believes that this solution will bridge the urban and rural education divide. I hope aspirants can follow. Mobilization of students in higher education to educate children and teachers in remote and underdeveloped areas. Now, moving on to the next solution. The next solution is regarding private companies. See, according to the editorial, private companies should be made to sponsor mentorship programs. Through these mentorship programs, the private companies should send their employees a month on the field. They should move to the rural areas and underdeveloped areas and they should teach them. They should guide them. This is another solution given by the editorial. Private companies sponsorship of mentorship programs. See, the first solution is regarding mobilization of students in higher education. The second solution is regarding private companies. Now, let us come to the most important point in this editorial. This point is about a report. See, reports are great value addition to your main sensor. So, whenever you come across it, try to make a note of it. This report was published by Lego Foundation. This foundation is Denmark. See, we all know about Legos, right? The bricks, plastic bricks which you build houses. These are Legos. The headquarters of Lego is in Denmark. This company establishes a foundation for education. That foundation is called Lego Foundation. It has published a report. According to this report, students have better foundational learning if they have good peer interactions, good teachers, fun learning content and experimentation in knowledge. These are the key points. Peer interactions, good teachers, fun learning content and experimental knowledge. If education has all these qualities, then the students have better foundational learning. So, according to the editorial, India should also try to implement these qualities in their education. This is why this point is very important. When you are writing your answer, if you include a report to support these points, it will get more credibility. It will boost up your score. So, make a note of this report. Report by Lego Foundation in Denmark. So, with this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion, we discussed about foundational learning. We discussed why foundation learning is very important and we discussed about the problems in India with respect to foundational learning. And finally, we discussed about the way forward. In the way forward, we discussed about a report published by Lego Foundation in Denmark. These are the important points discussed in this article analysis. Now, let us move on to the next topic. Now, take a look at this editorial. See, as I already said, whenever you are reading an editorial, try to understand the context behind it. Know why that editorial has been written. Now, let us discuss the context behind this editorial. See, in the past few years, India is getting closer with Israel. The Israeli-Indian relationship is getting stronger. For example, Indian Air Force Chief, Air Chief Marshal R.K. Baduria recently visited Israel. Also, Indian Air Force will visit Israel in October to take part in multilateral military exercise. So, we can see both the countries are getting closer. Their bonds are getting stronger. Now, let us come to the topic discussed in this editorial. Abraham Accord Steel. See, according to the book of the editorial, since India is getting closer to Israel, India should take advantage of the Abraham Accord Steel. This is the gist of this editorial. We are getting closer to Israel, so we should take advantage of the Abraham Accord Steel. By taking advantage of this accord, we will get more access to West Asia. India's interest in West Asia will be satisfied by this accord. This is what the author is trying to convey in this way. So, with this knowledge in mind, let us now discuss about Abraham Accords, its objectives and its significance. First, what is Abraham Accords? See, Abraham Accords is a peace agreement. It is a peace agreement signed between Israel, UAE and Bahrain. This is the most important point. This accord was mediated by USA. So, let me repeat, Israel, UAE and Bahrain are the signatory of these agreements. This agreement was or this accord was mediated by USA. See, the Abraham Accords was signed at White House last year, September. That is September 2020. Donald Trump was the president of the US at the time. He mediated this accord. Now, we have a question. Why this accord is so significant? Why it is very important? See, the Abraham Accord is the first Arab Israeli peace deal signed in past 26 years. This is why this agreement is very important. See, as we already know, Israel is a predominantly Jewish country. Arab nations are predominantly Muslim countries. So, there have been historical tensions between Israel and Arab nations. This is why this agreement is very important. It is the first Arab Israeli peace deal in the past 26 years. So, we can see Israel and Arab nations of UAE and Bahrain are getting closer. They are cooperating. The tensions are going down. This is why this agreement is very important. The main objective of the agreement is to pursue a vision of peace, security and prosperity in the Middle East. See, Middle East and West Asia means the same region. India calls this region as West Asia in its foreign policy, whereas other countries call it Middle East. It consists of countries like Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, UAE, Iraq, that region. This region is very important. It occupies a strategic position. It is very important for India because a lot of important water bodies surrounds this region. And India also has a lot of citizens in this region. So, the peace, security and prosperity in the Middle East or West Asia is important to India and this Abraham Accord is a right step in this direction. Also, according to this agreement, UAE, Bahrain and Israel will work together in sectors like tourism, trade, healthcare and security. So, this agreement can lead to the prosperity of Middle East. It can ensure peace, security and prosperity in Middle East or West Asia. See, there is another reason why this agreement is very important. Take Israel. As I already said, Israel is a predominantly Jewish country. But Israel has a lot of Islamic pilgrimage sites. Because of the historical tensions between the Israel and Arab nations, these sites were not given access to the Muslim population of the world. But with this Accord, the Muslims around the world are given access to the historic sites in Israel. For example, take Al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem. It is the third holiest site in Islam. This site is located in Israel and it was not given access to the Muslims of the world because of the tensions between the Israel and Arab nations. But after this Accord, this site has been granted access for the Muslims all around the world. So, this is why this agreement is very important. It is breaking the countries of Israel and Arab nations of UAE and Bahrain closer. It is also de-escalating the tensions between Jews and Muslims. This can ensure peace, security and prosperity in the Middle East or West Asia. Which is very important to India. I hope aspirants can follow this information. So far we have discussed about Abraham Accounts, its objectives and significance. Now, coming to India Since we are studying for civil service exam, we have to approach everything from India's perspective. So, coming to India See, in the past few decades, India is deepening its ties with West Asia or Middle East. As I already said, West Asia and Middle East means the same region. So, in the past few decades, India has been growing its cooperation with the West Asian nations. We have been conducting a lot of naval exercises. For example, Take Zayed Talwar. It was a naval exercise with UAE. It was conducted near the coast of Abu Dhabi. So, this exercise increased the ties with West Asia. It enhanced the relationship between India and UAE. We are getting closer and closer to West Asia. Let me explain this point with another deal. See, India signed an agreement with Oman. Oman is a country in West Asia. According to this agreement, India was given access to the facility of Dukam Port. This port occupies a strategic position in Middle East and India was given access to this port. So, we can see India is getting closer to West Asia. It is increasing its ties with West Asia. The strategic and military cooperation between India and West Asia is developing at a fast pace. We are increasing our interest in West Asia. So, this is why the Abraham Accord is very important. See, previously, when India was approaching West Asia, it has to approach Israel separately. It has to approach Arab nations separately because they had historic tensions. So, we have to be conscious in our relationship. We have to get closer to Israel. We have to get closer to Arab nations. But, at the same time, we should not antagonize any of the nations. It is like playing a chess game. We have to be careful. If we get closer to Israel, Arab nations will get pissed off. If we get closer to Arab nations, Israel will get pissed off. So, we were playing like a chess game. We were conscious in pursuing relationship with West Asia. But, after the signing of Abraham Accords, this obstacle has been removed. Since Israel and Arab nations are getting closer, India does not have to be conscious. It can have a common policy with West Asia. This is what the author is trying to convey. And according to the author, we should take full advantage of this Accord. We should increase our tie with the nations of West Asia. But, there is a problem. What are the problems? See, not all Arab states have accepted this agreement. This is the biggest problem. For example, take Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has maintained a distance from this agreement. Saudi Arabia is a key player in West Asia. And, it has maintained a distance from this agreement. This decision by Saudi Arabia may affect India's interest to a certain extent. It may create problem. Now, moving on to the next big obstacle. Take Iran. Iran is another important key player in West Asia. India has a strong strategic cooperation with Iran. Even Iran has not agreed to the terms of Abraham Accords. It has not welcomed the agreement. So, this is another major problem. See, both Saudi Arabia and Iran are important allies of India in West Asia. We import almost 80% of our annual oil requirements from Iran and Saudi Arabia. So, they are important allies. And, they have not agreed to this agreement. They have not accepted the Abraham Accords. So, we have to be careful. According to the author, we have to take advantage of Abraham Accords. But, at the same time, we have to balance the relationship between India and Saudi Arabia and India and Iran. And, if possible, in future, we can pursue Saudi Arabia and Iran to join this agreement. This is the way forward. I hope aspirants can follow. The main obstacles are Saudi Arabia and Iran. Since India has strong relationship with both Saudi Arabia and Iran and they have not agreed to the terms of Abraham Accords, we have to be careful in pursuing the Abraham Accords. We should take advantage of this opportunity. At the same time, we should be careful to maintain the strong relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran. This is the gist of this editorial. So, in this editorial, we should be careful about Abraham Accords, its objectives, its significance, why India should take advantage of the Abraham Accords and what are the obstacles in pursuing that goal. These are the important points we have discussed in this editorial. See, West Asia is an important strategic region of the world. India's economic growth depends on the peace, security and prosperity of West Asia. So, we have to associate with West Asia. Only by associating with West Asia, we can achieve the full potential of our country's growth. Using our interest in West Asia, we can also occupy an important place in the global order. But, we have to balance the intricate dynamics of this region. For example, we have to balance our relationship with Saudi Arabia and as well as Iran. So, these are the important points mentioned in this editorial. Now, let us move on to the next discussion. Now, take a look at this article. This article is regarding 3D printing technology. See, according to this article, Art Valve was recently manufactured using 3D printing technology. See, Art Valve is an important organ in human body. Human beings have four Art Valves. These Art Valves allow blood flow in only one direction and prevent backward flow of blood. They form an important part of human art and this organ was manufactured using 3D printing technology. According to this article, experts have used specialized biopolymers to manufacture Art Valve using 3D printing. These biopolymers are similar to human tissue and they were used to manufacture the Valve. These are the important points given in this article. So, in this context, let us discuss some details about 3D printing. Now, what is 3D printing? See, 3D printing is also known as additive manufacturing. See, additive manufacturing is the process of making an object by depositing material layer by layer. So, we can say 3D printers use layering method to create the desired object. These printers work from the ground up and pile layer after layer until the object looks exactly like the desired product. This is additive manufacturing. Let me explain this with an example. Imagine you want to manufacture a water bottle with 3D printing. The 3D printer will start the manufacturing from the bottom. First it will deposit the lower layer, then it will go to the upper layer, then it will go to another layer. So, from the bottom it will go up. It will keep on depositing the material. And finally, it will come to the bottle cap. This is additive manufacturing process. See, the usage of 3D printing for manufacturing is extremely advantageous. This is because 3D printers are flexible. They can print or manufacture any kind of objects. Rigid objects, flexible objects, strong industrial products, any kind of objects can be printed using 3D printing. To manufacture strong industrial products, 3D printers use carbon fiber and metallic powders as raw material. Using this raw material, 3D printing can manufacture strong industrial products. When it comes to rigid objects, 3D printers use plastics to manufacture them. For example, take sunglasses. 3D printers can manufacture sunglasses using plastic as raw material. Again, it will use layering method. From the bottom it will keep on depositing the material until sunglasses formed. When it comes to flexible objects, 3D printers use hybrid rubber or plastic powder to manufacture flexible objects. For example, phone cases, by candles, these kind of flexible objects can be manufactured using 3D printing. So this is the technique behind 3D printing. It use layering method and it is extremely flexible. It can print or manufacture any kind of objects. Rigid, flexible, strong, any kind of objects can be printed using or manufactured using 3D printing. Now moving on to the working of a 3D printer. See as I already said, 3D printing uses additive manufacturing technology. It deposits material layer by layer. This method was used in traditional ancient printer also. But the traditional printers printed the object in two dimension whereas 3D printers will manufacture object in three dimension. This is the major difference. The methodology and technique used behind the 3D printers are the same. The dimension differs in 2D in 3D. That is the major difference. The printer we use to print documents prints in two dimension whereas 3D printers manufactures the object in three dimension. Now coming to the components of 3D printers. See 3D printers has three components software, raw material and tools. So the printing starts with the software. In using this software will create a 3D blueprint of the object which we want to manufacture. Again will take water bottle. In order to manufacture water bottle first will create a 3D blueprint of this water bottle using this computer aided design software CAD. Okay. After creating the 3D blueprint we will prepare the printer. We will fill the raw materials and after that will start the manufacturing. Once the manufacturing started the precision tools will take the control. It will build the desired object by depositing layer after layer. This is the working of 3D printers. Software raw materials, tools okay three components of 3D printers. See the manufacturing using 3D printing is very advantageous. This is because we can manufacture even complex shapes using 3D printing. Another important advantage is 3D printing is easy. It is simple and it is quick and we also use less materials in manufacturing a product. This is why many industries and companies are now prefer 3D printing. They can print complex shapes. 3D printing is easy simple and quick. They also use less materials compared to traditional manufacturing methods. So so far we have discussed about 3D printing. The methodology behind 3D printing. How it works advantages of 3D printing. Now let us move on to its applications. See as I already said 3D printing has got application in almost every industry. This is because 3D printing has great accuracy and speed. So it is used in almost all manufacturing sectors. Using 3D printing many manufacturing sector produces finished products. In addition to producing finished products they also use it to produce prototypes. See prototyping is a important part of manufacturing process. What is a prototype? See prototype is a preliminary version of a device. Creating a prototype is the first step in manufacturing. And 3D printing technology is used for rapid prototyping. You can create prototypes in a simple quick fast manner. See why prototyping is important. See if you want to manufacture a water bottle. First you will manufacture the prototype. The preliminary version. After creating the prototype you will show it to the management. You will show it to the experts. You will find the flaws. You will find the defects. Then you will recreate your design. This is why prototype is very important. Traditionally creating a prototype will take a lot of time because we will use traditional manufacturing methods. Whereas in 3D printing technology you can create a prototype in a quick fast efficient manner. Within seconds you can create a prototype. Within seconds you can make changes to the prototype. For example if the bottle cap is defective you can change the dimension in the software within seconds and you can manufacture another prototype. So this is why 3D printing is the future tool of the world. We can create rapid prototypes using 3D printing. So in manufacturing it is used to create finished products and rapid prototypes. In aerospace and defense sector 3D printing is used to create small parts and components. It is also used in prototyping in aerospace and defense sector. It is also used to create earring aids. So physically challenged people can benefit from 3D printing technology. 3D printed models are also used in classrooms for learning. For example if the teacher is teaching about solar system you can create a solar system by 3D printing technology. You can enhance visual learning. So in many western countries 3D printers are used in classroom learning. If they are teaching about some object or some planet you can manufacture it using 3D printing. Now even common consumers are using 3D printing to create small objects like ornaments toys etc. So its potential is vast. So these are the important points regarding 3D printing. With this we have come to the end of the discussion. In this discussion we saw about 3D printing the technology behind 3D printing steps involved in 3D printing advantages of 3D printing and the applications of 3D printing. Very important topic from Prelims perspective. Please make use of it. See now let us take up this editorial for discussion. As I already said when we are discussing editorial we should know the context behind the editorial. Why the editorial has been written. Now let us discuss the context behind this editorial. See recently the judicial system of India has passed an interim order. Interim order means temporary order. This order was regarding national defence academy entrance exam. This exam is scheduled to be conducted on September 5th and our judicial system has passed an interim order regarding this exam. What is the order? See before the interim order women were not allowed to appear for this exam. They were not allowed to write national defence academy entrance exam. But with the passing of interim order now women are allowed to appear for national defence academy entrance exam. So finally women are given the equal opportunity to appear for this exam. This is the context behind this editorial. This editorial is written in this backdrop. I hope aspirants can follow. Now let us discuss some important points discussed in this editorial. See first this editorial talks about an important case. The name of the case is Secretary of Ministry of Defence Vs. Babita Pune. This case was held on February 2020. See this case is very important because as a result of this case Supreme Court passed many landmark judgments. What are the landmark judgments? Let us see them one by one. First the Supreme Court asked the government to grant permanent commission to women in the short service commission. See short service commission means limited period career. For example 10 years. Supreme Court asked the government to give permanent commission to women in short service commission. To put it simple, Supreme Court asked the government to give permanent job for women in short service commission. Previously they weren't given permanent commission. Now because of the Supreme Court order, government should give permanent commission. Okay, I hope aspirants can follow. In addition to this, the Supreme Court of India asked the government to give command postings to women in all services other than combat. This is the another important order passed by the Supreme Court of India because of this case. Permanent commission to women in the short service commission, commanding postings to women in all services other than combat. See these orders are very important because it establishes equality of women in armed forces. This is why this case is seen as landmark judgment. Secretary of Ministry of Defense versus Babitta Punea. You can use it as value addition in your mains answer. See according to the author of the editorial irrespective of positive judgments like this, there is still gender inequality in armed forces. See previously women could join army through Indian military academy and officer straining academy. Only these two avenues were available for women to join Indian army. As I already said, they were not allowed to write national defense academy entrance exam. Only by approaching the court and getting an interim order, they are now able to write this exam. They have another opportunity to enter Indian army. Previously only two avenues were available. Now they have another avenue. This example shows gender inequality still prevails in our armed forces. They have to go to the court and still get their equal rights. They have to fight for it. It is not being given to them. See women have been fighting a tough battle for equal opportunities in the Indian army. See women were inducted into Indian army in 1992 and they have played a significant role in our army. They have contributed very well. In spite of those contributions and achievements, they are not given equal opportunities in Indian army. As I already said, they were not allowed to write the entrance exam. So these kind of discrimination still prevails for women in Indian army. Every time they have to go to the judicial system and get their rights. See, not giving equal opportunity to women in Indian army is violated of many constitutional articles. It violates many constitutional rights. For example, take article 14, 15, and 19. These articles talk about equality. It talks about equal opportunities at work. So by denying them this opportunity, by denying them this chance, we are violating these articles. We are violating their constitutional rights. So it is unjustified. So according to the author of the editorial, we should take all necessary steps to establish gender equality in armed forces, especially Indian army. Only by giving women equal opportunity, we can achieve overall development. See, we are taking some steps in this direction. For example, take this Independence Day. During this Independence Day, our Prime Minister made an announcement. According to that announcement, girls will be granted admission in signic schools. So this is a welcome. It will prepare women for equal role and life in military. So such kind of steps are welcome, but more such initiatives are needed from government armed forces. This is the gist of this editorial. So with this, we have come to the end of the discussion. Now let's move on to practice problems question. Practice problems question. Now take a look at this question. This question was asked in the year 2018. So it is a past question. 3D printing as application in which of the following. One preparation of confectionary items. Two manufacture of bionic years. Three automotive industry. Four reconstructive surgeries. Five data processing technologies. Select the correct answer using the code given below. A13 and 4 only B23 and 5 only C1 and 4 only D1234 and 5. See, as I already said, we can use 3D printing to create a lot of complex objects. Now let us take first statement. Preparation of confectionary items. See confectionary item means chocolates and candies. Yes, we can use 3D printing to create confectionary items. For example, there's a shop in United States of America. It uses 3D printer to create customized candies to customers. So it will have a lot of models regarding the chocolates. The customer can select the required model for the chocolate and they will use the 3D printer to create the chocolate. So first statement is correct. Moving on to the second one, manufacture of bionic years. This is also correct. See a researcher named Michael McAlpine as created bionic year using 3D printing. He printed artificial year using 3D printer, used specialized biopolymers and he created an artificial year. After creating the artificial year using 3D printer, he attached antenna and he created a bionic year. So it is a combination of tissue and electronics and it was created using 3D printer. The name of the researcher is Michael McAlpine. So second is also correct. 3D printer can be used to create bionic year. Moving on to the third statement, automotive industry. See this is an easy statement as I already said it can create a lot of complex objects. So in automotive industry there are a lot of screws, bolts, steering wheels, seats, car seats, seat belt. So all these products can be easily manufactured with 3D printing. So this is an easy statement. Third statement is correct. Now moving on to the fourth one, reconstructive surgeries. Yes, 3D printing has application in reconstructive surgeries. For example, if you are going for reconstructive surgery for your face to put it in simple words, if you are going for plastic surgery for your face, the surgeon will create a 3D model of your skull. You will know the specification, you will know the required changes and after constructing the 3D model of the skull, he will perform the surgery. He will create a prototype of your skull, how to adjust it, how to make changes, then he will go for the reconstructive surgery. So it has application in reconstructive surgery. So fourth statement is also correct. Now moving on to the fifth statement, data processing technologies. Yes, 3D printing has application in data processing technologies. For example, take big data. We know in big data there are huge volumes of data. Now, many experts are using 3D printers to visualize the huge volume of data in big data. They are infusing the big data and 3D printer and 3D printer creates a visual objects of the data presented in those technologies. So 3D printer has application in data processing technologies. So the answer is D1234 3D printer has application in all the following. It can create confectionary items, it can manufacture bionic years, it is used in automotive industry, it is used in reconstructive surgeries, it is also used with data processing technologies. As I already said, technology in the news is very important from prelims perspective. So when you come across some new technology in the newspaper, please make sure you learn about it. It has high chance of being asked. 2018, there was a question about 3D printing in 2020, there was a question regarding drone technology. So technologies are petty areas of UPSC. Make sure you give priority to such areas. Now moving on to main question. See, today's main question are displayed on the screen. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post in the comment section below. With this, we have come to the end of the news analysis. 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