 This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans All, Immigrants All. By the United States Department of the Interior Office of Education. Section 1. The Programs and Their Purpose. The Americans All, Immigrants All programs are designed to promote a more appreciative understanding of our growing American culture through the dramatization of the contributions made by the many groups which are a part of it. What brought people to this country from the four corners of the earth? What gifts did they bear? What were their problems? What problems remain unsolved? This series dramatically presents the story of Americans All, Immigrants All. 1. Opening Frontiers. New trails are blazed, frontiers are pushed westward, and foundations of our great democracy are laid by newcomers from across the seas. 2. Our English Heritage. Rich experiences in self-government and basic liberties are introduced by the English in colonizing the northern Atlantic seaboard. 3. Our Hispanic Heritage. The Spaniards build missions and bring and elusion cattle and horses into the southwest. 4. Scots, Scotch Irish, and Welsh. Sturdy Scotch Irish and Scots, vanguard of March to the West, settle along frontiers. The Welsh, lovers of song, discover coal and develop our minds. 5. Winning Freedom. Through cooperation and willingness to sacrifice both wealth and life, colonists win the independence and preserve priceless principles and ideals. 6. The Negro. From early colonial days, the Negro, who composes one-tenth of our population, plays a large part in our economic and artistic life. 7. The French and Netherlanders. French fur traders and missionaries pioneer the Mississippi Valley. Netherlanders settle on Manhattan Island. French Canadians work in lumber camps in mills of New England. Diming cutters come from Belgium, and French-speaking Swiss build up our cheese industry. 8. Upsurge of Democracy. Frontiersmen and newcomers unite to bring about decline of aristocracy. Eastern wage earners march in the ranks of the new democracy. 9. The Irish. Sons of old Ireland develop canals, railroads, and factories, enter the ranks of public service, and bring song, humor, and literature of a high order. 10. The Germans. The Germans, Protestant, Catholic, and Jew, push frontiers westward, fashion the Kentucky Rifle, build Switzer, Barn, and Conestoga wagons, and develop agriculture, forestry, music, art, education, and science. 11. The Scandinavians. Swedes, Norwegians, and Finns settle north-central states, introducing log cabins, cooperatives, progressive dairy methods, social consciousness, gymnastics, and folk high schools. 12. Closing Frontiers. When there is no more good free land to settle, immigrants crowd into our cities to supply demand for unskilled labor. 13. The Jews. Participating in American life since early colonial days, the Jews make significant contributions to science, industry, music, literature, theater, law, medicine, and philanthropy. 14 and 15. The Slavs. The Slavs, northern and southern, succeed in making abandoned farms productive, and work in our mines, steel mills, automobile factories, packing houses, and forests. 16. The Orientals. Chinese and Japanese bring artistic sensitivity of Far East. Chinese answer call of railroad, ranch, and factory. Japanese reclaim California swamps and develop farms. 17. The Italians. Early explorers and artisans come from Italy, help to build grape and wine industry, work in our marble quarries, raise vegetables, and help to build railroads, bridges, and highways. 18. Near Eastern people. Armenians, Greeks, and Syrians bring philosophy, poetry, medical skill, manual skills, and unique artistic sense. 19. Other peoples. Hungarians, Romanians, Portuguese, Bulgarians, Lithuanians, Estonians, and Latvians bring ideas, labor, fine traditions, and aesthetic values. 20. Contributions in industry. Each wave of immigration contributes brain and brawn to American life. Group cooperation makes the United States leader of world industry. 21. Contributions in science. Our country is in the forefront of scientific progress, due to brilliance and inventive genius of individuals of diverse racial and national origins. 22. Arts and crafts. Cultural value of artistic gifts by immigrant groups since the early colonial days is a priceless gift enriching the United States of today and tomorrow. 23. Social progress. Champions of human freedom, drawn from many groups, preserve and develop ideals for which the founding fathers fought and died. 24. A New England town. The New England town, founded by early settlers, changes and develops as new groups participate and function in its life. 25. An industrial city. A panorama of a rapidly changing industrial city, people by groups drawn from many nations, who learn the American way of democratic life. 26. Grand finale. In a thrilling climax, outstanding people of various cultural backgrounds from different parts of our country summarize the story of Americans all, immigrants all. End of section. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans All, Immigrants All. By the United States Department of the Interior Office of Education. Section 2. What brought us to the United States? Have you ever played with a magnet and a bunch of iron filings? Wasn't it amazing to see the bits of iron leap across space to reach and cling to the magnet? This story is about a magnet much larger and more powerful than you have ever imagined. One 3,000 miles long and 1,500 miles wide. A different kind of magnet, too. One that attracted not iron filings, but human beings, real, live people. A magnet that attracted every type and variety of human being alive. White people, black people, yellow people, Catholics, Protestants, Huguenots, Quakers, Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, Jews, Spaniards, Danes, Chinese, Japanese, Dutch, Bohemians, Italians, Austrians, Slavs, Poles, Romanians, Russians, and I've only just begun. Farmers, miners, adventurers, soldiers, sailors, rich men, poor men, beggar men, thieves, shoemakers, tailors, actors, musicians, ministers, engineers, writers, singers, ditch diggers, manufacturers, butchers, bakers, and candlestick makers. That magnet was America. From We the People by Leo Huberman Ever since the dawn of history, man has been on the move, restlessly seeking new environments in an effort to satisfy his physical and other needs. In the main, his wanderings have been local in character, highlighted by occasional mass migrations which have had a marked effect upon the history of the world. Among such mass migrations may be cited the migration of the Israelites from Palestine to Egypt, of the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire, of the Saxons and Danes to England, of the Moors from the north of Africa to Spain, and of the Mongols and the Tartars from the Orient to Central Asia. Great as these migrations were, and important as their effect was on the course of history, they did not compare with the stream of humanity that began to flow to this country early in the 17th century, a stream that assumed flood proportions toward the close of the 19th century. Not only did the movement of peoples to our shores differ in magnitude from other migrations, it also differed in character. Whereas earlier mass migrations had consisted of the movements of tribes and distinct racial groups, the migration to the New World consisted of men of all races, nations, and creeds, a pageant of all the nations. Great historic freedoms. What motives impelled these people to uproot themselves from their homelands and to transport themselves to a country where it was necessary to adjust themselves to a new environment and culture pattern? Many came for the love of adventure, answering the challenge of the unknown. Some were mercenary soldiers seeking new exploits. Others came because they were friendless down and outers and narrow-dwells, seeking a chance to begin life anew. There were still others, like the Negroes, who although the majority did not come of their own free will, nevertheless contributed toil and labor to the making of America. Commercial enterprise and the hope of economic gain have, of course, been important factors in the peopling of our country. So also has the search for freedom. In fact, the cherished moral ideals and objectives of the immigrants laid the foundations of our democratic ideals. These great historic freedoms include, one, religious liberty, freedom of conscience. Number two, personal and political liberty, freedom from political tyranny and oppression. Number three, economic liberty, freedom to use brain, brawn, and initiative to earn the best living possible. Number four, intellectual liberty, freedom of opinion, speech, assembly, and press. Number five, cultural liberty, freedom to establish institutions and to practice certain traditions and customs. The search for human freedom can be advanced with historical warrant as the basic reason for the presence in this country of about 130 million people. Without question, this is the common denominator of our democracy. Religious liberty. The vanguard of those seeking refuge from religious persecution arrived on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. John Winthrop founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a refuge for Puritans. Maryland, later on, became the haven for persecuted Catholics. Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams and his group of independent religious free thinkers. Here, the Quakers found a ready welcome, and the Jews, driven out of Europe, were allowed to build their synagogues. Toward the end of the 17th century, William Penn and his Quaker followers settled in Pennsylvania and cultivated the most friendly relationships with Indians, colonists, and new settlers alike. To Manhattan Island and South Carolina came their French Huguenots, a group of French Protestants whose guarantee of religious liberty had been revoked by the Edict of Knot. During the 19th century, one of the early acts of the Mormons after settling in Utah was to contribute money toward building a Catholic church. Personal and political liberty. To escape political tyranny and oppression, thousands of people left their homes and crossed the Atlantic. Following their unsuccessful rebellion against the English, the Irish came in large numbers. So did the Germans when the Revolution of 1848 failed. Likewise, the Jews left Russia toward the close of the 19th century in order to escape intolerable conditions. Among the great champions of personal liberty has been Thomas Paine, who turned the tide of victory during the Revolutionary War when he declared, this is the cause for which we are ready to suffer and to die, freedom for ourselves and the rest of the world. Another outstanding champion of personal liberty was Carl Scherz, one of the German 48ers who supported men of principles and worthy causes regardless of political affiliations. Economic liberty. Coupled with other motives, the newcomer has almost always been imbued with the hope of making a livelihood or of making profits for himself or for his employers. The first permanent settlement was established at Jamestown by the London Company to profit from gold mining and trade. New Hampshire was founded by Georges and Mason for the purpose of profit from trade and farming. The Carolinas were founded by a group of nobles for the same purpose. It was a similar motive which led the Swedes to settle on the Delaware, the Netherlanders to settle on Manhattan, the English to conquer New Amsterdam, and Berkeley and Carterette to settle New Jersey. It was the hope of gain which brought the French to Louisiana and the Spaniards to Florida, New Mexico and California. Likewise, at the close of the 19th century it was the high wages and high standards of living which attracted the tide of people who poured in from South and Eastern Europe. Intellectual liberty. The fight of man to establish freedom of opinion, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly is as old as man himself. For the last 200 years his fight for the freedom of the press has been equally important. Peter Zenger, who founded the New York Weekly Journal in 1733, registered a great triumph for the freedom of the press when he won his fight against Governor Cosby of New York. Men of strong principles and ideas have always clashed with those who would mold them to a definite pattern and so enslave their minds. In this country the thoughts and ideas of all men may be expressed freely and analyzed by everybody. Cultural liberty. The United States has been greatly enriched as the result of cultural liberty. Here the immigrant has often found the opportunity to practice and pass on to others those customs and traditions which have been handed down to him by his ancestors. The Christmas tree, Easter Bunny and New Year festivities are German in origin. Many of the festivals in California and the rodeo are Spanish in origin. Singing societies, folk dancing, games, cookery and home life have been enriched by customs introduced from other lands. Immigration has indeed proved to be a wind that blows democratic ideas through the world. End of section. Section 3 of American's All, Immigrant's All. This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. American's All, Immigrant's All. By the United States Department of the Interior Office of Education. Section 3. When we came to the United States. 1536, Spaniards begin to settle in California and in the Southwest. 1565, Spaniards established St. Augustine, oldest city in the United States. 1607, English established Jamestown, the oldest English settlement in North America. 1619, Negroes are first brought in as slaves. 1620, English pilgrims land at Plymouth Rock. 1624, Walloons from Netherlands settle Fort Orange, now Albany, New York. 1626, Netherlanders established New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island. 1628, Persecuted Protestants established the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 1634, Lord Baltimore and a group of English Catholics arrive in Maryland. 1636, Roger Williams and his followers establish Rhode Island. 1636 as well, Connecticut is founded by Thomas Hooker and his religious group. 1638, Swedes and Finns settle along the Delaware River. 1639, John Mason and his followers come to New Hampshire. 1654, 23 Portuguese Jews land at New Amsterdam from Brazil. 1662, Huguenots settle in Massachusetts on the present side of Oxford. 1663, English nobles with grant from Charles II established North Carolina. 1664, English capture New Amsterdam and rename it New York. 1664 as well, Berkeley, Cartourette and others establish New Jersey. 1670, English make first permanent settlement in South Carolina. Also 1670, French fur traders and missionaries come to the Mississippi Valley. 1679, French Huguenots settle in South Carolina. 1681, the Quakers led by William Penn settle Pennsylvania. 1682, the first Germans come to Pennsylvania. 1690, about 200 Scotch-Irish settle in Maryland. 1693, English help to settle 600 Germans Swiss in North Carolina. 1699, the Acadians come to Louisiana and reach as far as Biloxi in present day Mississippi. 1700, the Scotch-Irish settle along the frontiers. 1710, first German Protestants arrive in New York. 1719, Acadians establish New Orleans, Louisiana. 1720, between 1720 and 1750, 60,000 Germans come to Pennsylvania. 1732, Oglethorpe founds Georgia. 1733, German Lutherans, Italian Protestants from Piedmont, Scots, Swiss, Portuguese Jews and English arrive in Georgia. 1737, Irish laborers come to South Carolina. 1749, about 600 Scots settle near Fayetteville, North Carolina. 1750, over 4,300 Germans and 1,000 English and Irish arrive in Pennsylvania. 1790, between 1790 and 1820, about 234,000 newcomers arrive. 1807, slave trade is forbidden. 1817, 20,000 people come from Europe. 1819, first United States passenger act marking beginning of systematic immigration statistics. 1842, annual immigration first reaches 100,000. 1847, annual immigration passes 200,000. 1845, large German influx begins as a result of political unrest. 1847, Irish begin to come in large numbers because of famine and political oppression. 1851, annual immigration passes 300,000. 1853, about 13,000 Chinese laborers arrive to work in the California gold mines. 1855, Castle Garden, New York established as principal immigrant station. 1860, Slavs and Southern Europeans begin to arrive. 1870, more than 15,000 Chinese arrive to work on the railroads. 1880, because of militarism and overpopulation in Germany, Germans again begin to arrive in large numbers. Also 1880, between 1880 and 1900, large numbers of Scandinavians arrive because introduction of machinery takes place of men on Scandinavian farms. 1881, for next 15 years an average of nearly 500,000 arrive each year. 1882, idiots, lunatics and persons likely to become public charges are excluded. 1890, for next 30 years Italians, Austrians, Hungarians and Slavs pour into United States to supply demand for unskilled labor. 1890, Ellis Island replaces Castle Garden as chief immigrant station. 1891, more than 1,000 Japanese arrive. Also 1891, the Office of Superintendent of Immigration is established in the Treasury Department. 1900, more than 12,000 Japanese arrive. Also 1900, between 1900 and 1914, more than 3 million Italians and about 6 million people from Slavic countries enter. 1905, annual immigration first exceeds 1 million. 1907, immigration reaches all-time peak of 1,285,349. Also 1907, Immigration Commission is set up. 1917, during World War and afterwards thousands of Mexicans cross the border. 1919, flow of immigrants from Europe again gets underway. 1921, temporary quota law restricting immigration. 1924, permanent quota law restricting immigration to 150,000 annually. 1938, annual immigration drops to about 70,000. End of section. Americans all, immigrants all. Section 4. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans all, immigrants all. By the U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Education. Section 4, the development of our immigration policy. Those who have come to our shores, representing many kindreds and tongues, have been welded by common opportunity into a united patriotism. By Franklin D. Roosevelt. Long before the Revolutionary War, the colonies enacted a restrictive immigration laws. Many of these laws were based on religious prejudices, which, although somewhat softened in intensity, still existed when the new nation was born. Fear and consequent hatred of foreigners and foreign influence were widely prevalent in the early years of the Republic. John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry, John Jay and other prominent statesmen opposed the introduction of aliens into the political or economic life of the country. Thomas Jefferson believed that natural expansion of the existing population would be sufficient to meet the country's needs. Even George Washington in 1794 said, my opinion with respect to immigration is that except of useful mechanics and some particular descriptions of men or professions, there is no need of encouragement. The prevailing spirit found expression in stringent naturalization laws which, however, were soon modified. The Open Door. While the federal government was not unmindful of its inherent right to determine who might or might not come or remain within its borders, yet for a hundred years after the Revolutionary War ended, the country's doors were open to all who chose to enter regardless of race, of physical, mental or economic condition, of religious or political affiliation, or even of moral character. An era of comparative tranquility prevailed toward immigration until the 1840s when a great flood of immigrants focused hostility against the Germans and Irish, a feeling which continued until the outbreak of the Civil War. A strong movement developed in Congress in favor of regulating or even limiting immigration, but nothing came of it. In a message to Congress in 1841, President Tyler gave expression to a sentiment that grew stronger with the passing of the years. He said, we hold out to the people of other countries an invitation to come and settle among us as members of our rapidly growing family and for the blessings we offer them, we require of them to look upon our country as their country and unite with us in the great task of preserving our institutions and thereby perpetuating our liberties. The Open Door policy continued for Congress was reluctant to abandon the time-honored belief that the United States had been dedicated at the beginning as a refuge for the oppressed people of all nations. Such legislation as was enacted during this period, including three laws for the improvement of conditions on immigrant-carrying ships, indicated the sympathetic attitude of Congress toward the incoming multitudes. Congress again favored the foreign born by providing that aliens who had declared an intention to become citizens might enjoy the benefits of the Homestead Act of 1862. This privilege was later on destined to accelerate the settlement of public lands in the West. Because manpower in industry and agriculture had been depleted during the war between the states, a federal law to stimulate immigration was enacted in 1864, but it was soon repealed when peace was restored. Federal Control In the absence of federal action, several seaboard states attempted immigration control, but after many years of effort, the Supreme Court held that Congress alone had such power. Congress assumed this power in 1882 when it reluctantly passed the first general immigration law, which provided only that idiots, lunatics, persons likely to become a public charge, and criminals other than political offenders should be denied admission. This law marked the beginning of a policy of quality selection, which dominated all subsequent legislation. In 1882, because of Western opposition, Chinese laborers were excluded. A policy subsequently extended to include practically all orientals. In 1884, a law forbidding the importation of foreign labor under contract was passed, but necessary for the establishment of foreign labor contract was passed, but necessary skilled laborers and members of learned professions were exempted. Thus was Washington's opinion unwittingly honored. While Congress was developing a more stringent selective policy, immigration increased by leaps and bounds with a shift in the incoming tide from northern and western to southern and eastern Europeans. Unable to function economically, socially, or politically in their homelands, a steady stream of immigrants was spreading over the United States in answer to the demand for unskilled labor. For more than 30 years, the words of Emma Lazarus, carved on the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty, had vital meaning. Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, the tempest tossed, to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door, checking the tide. The endless stream of newcomers, whose economic and political backgrounds differed from those of the earlier immigrants, led to a search for some method of checking the new immigration. With this end in view, the application of a literacy test was advocated. Presidents Cleveland and Taft had vetoed acts which contained this provision, and President Wilson twice repudiated it. However, it became part of the general law of 1917 over presidential objection. In a reference to the immigrants, President Wilson said, Some of the best stuff in America has come out of foreign lands, and some of the best stuff in America is in the men who are naturalized citizens of the United States. In the meantime, during the administration of President Theodore Roosevelt, a gentleman's agreement had been made with Japan in 1907, whereby Japan undertook to check the immigration of Japanese laborers to the United States. Immigration from Europe was largely suspended during the World War, but it rapidly increased thereafter until it was checked by the Temporary Quota Limit of 1921, and definitely limited by the permanent quota limit law of 1924. By this law, immigration was restricted to 150,000 annually, with quotas allotted to the various nations based on the census of 1890. In 1929, the quota based on the census of 1920 went into effect, bringing the total immigration quota to about 153,000 annually. Our present policy. The theory that America should be a refuge for the oppressed of all nations has been quite generally honored in shaping our immigration policy. However, the United States is no longer a refuge for the oppressed people of all the world in the same way as it was in the past. Our present policy is that immigration shall be limited to a fixed number, that such immigrants shall be of good character and well-disposed toward American institutions. For, in the words of former President Coolidge, whether one traces his Americanism back three centuries to the Mayflower or three years to the Steerage is not half so important as whether his Americanism today is real and genuine. No matter on what various crafts we came here, we are all now in the same boat. Cybar, ourselves and our neighbors. A recent dinner in Chicago with Catholic friends whose parents came from Italy, a conference with a group of 25 cultured Negro men and women at Chicago University and a visit in Des Moines, Iowa with a close personal friend of mine, a rabbi, or a few personal experiences which show in a very real way how a relatively free society enables us to enrich our lives through fellowship with men of different races and religions. In this nation, to which more than 38 million immigrants have come during the last 120 years, the struggle of people of all races and of many creeds has been and is consciously toward the goal of human understanding and tolerance. This is an effort to elevate human welfare, irrespective of race, color, or creed, and to rise to new heights of civilization with the help of all contributions to our culture. A distinguishing characteristic of a true American is that he measures men of all races and creeds by their achievement, their honesty of purpose, and their humility. Signed J. W. Studebaker, commissioner of education. End of section. Americans all, immigrants all. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans all, immigrants all. By the United States Department of the Interior Office of Education. Section 5. The Immigrant and Our Economic Progress. The greatest wealth of any nation is its people. Attributed to Alan H. Eaton. To paint an adequate picture of the part which the immigrant has played in the economic progress of the United States it would be necessary, as Rudyard Kipling says, to splash at a 10-league canvas with brushes of Comet's hair. The industrial and agricultural greatness of the United States has been made possible by the brawn and brain of the immigrants and their children. Cotton. The important part played by the Negro and the agricultural life of the South is nowhere more vividly portrayed than by the story of King Cotton. Cotton production, which amounted to 85 million pounds in 1810, doubled every 10 years in 1840, two-thirds of the world's cotton supply was produced in the South and, by 1850, cotton valued at 98 million dollars was raised. In 1937 to 1938, the United States produced four times as much cotton as the rest of the world. USA, 18,946,000 bails. Brazil, as an example, 2,107,839 bails. Much of the credit for this amazing achievement goes to the Negro, whose labor has been the foundation of our cotton kingdom. Tobacco. The story of tobacco is, too, largely the achievement of Negro labor. In 1618 the Virginia planters exported 20 pounds of tobacco, which increased to 1,000 pounds in 1639, and reached a total of 53 million pounds in 1773. In 1937 the United States raised more than one-fourth of the world's tobacco supply. As an example, USA, 1,553,000,000 pounds. China, 1,400,000,000 pounds. India, 1,200,000,000 pounds. In addition to his labor in the cotton and tobacco fields, the Negro has also helped to make profitable the production of rice and sugar. Railroads. The railroad played a great part in the settling of the West. With the completion of the Erie Canal, the Irish transferred their energy and labor to building tracks for the transcontinental railroad. The Chinese also labored on the Western end. Irish, Chinese, Italian, and Mexican laborers helped to maintain the railroads. In 1937, almost one-half the world's miles of railways were in our country. As an example, USA, 238,539 miles. Russia, 52,425 miles. India, 43,128 miles. Automobiles. Natural resources and inventive genius have enabled us to produce each year three times as many automobiles as the rest of the world put together. The work of the Poles, Slavs, Mexicans, and other groups has been an important factor in this phenomenal growth. USA, 4,808,975 miles. Britain, 490,366. Germany, 331,894. Steel. Early colonial iron mills were operated by the Germans, whose muskets, made in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, were used by the Continental troops. In later years, the Poles and Slavs have labored at steel mills of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and New York. It is the endurance and physical heritage of these sturdy people that have made it possible for us to lead the world in the production of steel. USA, 50,569,000 tons. Germany, 19,536,000 tons. Britain, 12,964,000 tons. The Welsh, with the Scotch Irish, were the first to develop our coal mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. These, together with the English, Irish, Germans, Poles, and Slavs, have made us the chief coal producer of the world. USA, 488,692,000 tons. Britain, 224,000,000 tons. Germany, 146,696,000 tons. Farming. Our debt to the German farmer is great, for he made the wilderness blossom in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Missouri. To Minnesota and surrounding states came the Swedes, Norwegians, and Finns with their advanced cooperative methods, and the Danes with their dairy methods. Sturdy Czechs, farm Nebraska and Iowa. The Swiss and Wisconsin helped us to become the greatest cheesemakers in the world. The Russians brought us important seed varieties of wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, sunflowers, and millet. Finns and French-Canadians and the lumber camps of Maine and Washington have made it possible for us to produce more than 30 million board feet of lumber in one year. Portuguese are prominent in the New England Fisheries as are the Finns on the Pacific Coast. The Greeks have developed a flourishing sponge industry in Florida. Italians are engaged in the marble quarries of Vermont and on truck farms of New Jersey and California. End of section. Section 6 of American's All, Immigrants' All. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. American's All, Immigrants' All by the United States Department of the Interior Office of Education. Section 6, Pulling Together the American Way. America is made up of the cultural strains of many countries. The mere knowledge of this matchless wealth is an inspiration to anyone who knows it. Alan H. Eaton. Nature has blessed this country with great natural wealth but immigration has brought us even greater riches in the form of human resources. Andrew Carnegie, himself an immigrant, says, Take away my factories, my railroads, my ships, take away my money, strip me of all these things, but leave me my men and in two or three years I will have everything back again. Priceless Gifts. Transforming her immigrants as they have come, the United States has in turn been enriched and transformed by them. The immigrant has played a role in American life. One immigrant, Franklin K. Lane, who became Secretary of the Interior, wrote feelingly of the contributions which the immigrant has made to American life. Their music, dirge and dance and wassail song, proud march and religious chant and their instruments for the making of music, their poetry, winged tales of man's many passions, of the sea, looting scraps caught from the sky and field, or mighty dramas that tell of primal struggles of the profoundest meaning. Their art, fancies of the mind, woven in wood or wool, silk, stone or metal, rugs and baskets, gates of fine design and muddled gardens, houses and walls, pillars, roofs, windows, statues and painting, interior things, a favorite tree or fruit and a custom flower, a style in cookery or in costume, hands with which to work, mines that could conceive, hearts filled with home, stout hearts to drive live mines, live mines to direct willing hands. Irish song in wit, German thrift in industry, Scottish virility in genius, English love of law and order, Scandinavian honesty and love of home, Negro fervor in song and story, Mexican enjoyment of life, Indian customs and traditions, Slavic dance and folk song, neatness and thoroughness of the Netherlanders, Italian love for art and music and philosophic tendencies of the Oriental for the beautiful are but a few of the strands that may be found woven into our national pattern. The art of living together. Barriers that once existed between racial and national groups in this country are fast disappearing. Cooperative effort and healthy respect are taking their place. We are learning to understand other peoples to understand ourselves. The newcomers brought with them an ardent desire to improve their conditions. They quickly availed themselves of the opportunity which the public school offered them. The school took the child of the exiled of Hungary, of the half-starved immigrant from the Emerald Isle and of the hearty Norwegian and placed them on the same bench with the offspring of those whose ancestors' bones bleached upon the fields of Lexington. The library, the church, the motion picture and radio are also powerful educational agencies emolding the pattern of the new American. Milestones of progress. The immigrant has always been a firm devotee of the ideals of democracy. For in most cases he has suffered religious, political, military or other oppression. Even in the United States democracy did not begin full tilt. But just as the frontier has been conquered so too the areas of human rights and freedoms have been extended. The abolition of slavery, universal suffrage, citizenship to women, labor legislation and property rights have all been milestones in the onward march of democracy. The immigrant has not been unmindful of the blessings conferred upon him in this country. He has adjusted himself quickly to his new environment. In every crisis he is faithfully stood by our country and institutions. He is striven to teach his children to love and honor and to be free teaches us that the price of human liberty is the continuous enlargement of that liberty. The only safe principle of democracy is justice, equity and equal respect among all our people. Great unfinished tasks remain for us to solve. Our common loyalty must hold high the torch and pass it on with fire unquenched to the citizen of tomorrow. Section 7 of Americans All Immigrants All This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans All Immigrants All by the United States Department of the Interior Office of Education Section 7 Are people really different? Democracy means not I'm as good as you are but you're as good as I am. Theodore Parker Immigration has made the United States the most composite nation on Earth. More peoples of widely different national and racial origins have been brought together by a political, economic and social system that anywhere else in the world. What constitutes a race? Does each race have certain hereditary characteristics which determine its mental life and social behavior? Is there a racial stock which is superior physically, mentally and morally to other racial stocks? Just what differences if any exist between those who were born here and who are in the land? There is no such person as a Native American nor was there ever such a person if we are to be strictly accurate. We are told that even the American Indian is an immigrant who came from far off Asia by way of the Bering Straits in Alaska. Our ancestors may have come on the Mayflower or in the Stereoge. We may be descended from immigrants who settled here generations ago or we may have come directly from the Bering Straits. But what remains crystal clear, we are all immigrants. Physical characteristics From the physical standpoint races do have certain very definite differences that are obvious. One of the most obvious is that of color. White, black, yellow, red, brown and yellow brown are the colors we usually associate with certain racial types. Blonde and blue-eyed. Others are short, dark and brown-eyed. Some people have long, narrow heads while others have short, round heads. However, the same physical differences may be found not only between racial and national peoples but also between individuals within the nation, tribe or family. Mental characteristics In answer to the contention that certain racial groups are mentally superior to others and men's boas an outstanding scientist says no one has ever proved that a human being through his descent from a group of people must of necessity have certain mental characteristics. If we were to select the most intelligent, imaginative, energetic and emotionally stable third of mankind all races would be represented. Houtan, another scientist is even more emphatic. Each racial type runs the gamut from idiots and criminals to geniuses and statesmen. No type produces a majority of individuals from either end of the scale. There are no racial monopolies of either human virtues or vices. Carefully controlled intelligence tests given by educators and scientists to different racial groups show that where environment and social conditions are the same no group can claim mental superiority. In fact it has been clearly apparent that man everywhere is basically and fundamentally similar and that his differences be they physical, mental or moral are determined not by race so much as by the social conditions and opportunities around him. Important findings The assimilation of different groups within the United States would seem to show that one, under favorable conditions of equal opportunity all racial groups whatever their original homeland conditions and status are capable of rapid social change both as individuals and as groups. It can be easily shown says one scientist how dependent mental differences are upon social conditions for instance exact observations have been made on Negroes from the country to the city and it has been shown that assimilation of these people to the behavior of the city population takes place within a few years. Likewise it has been shown in the case of Italian immigrants that they grow to resemble the Americans in behavior the longer they have been in this country provided they do not remain isolated one of the most instructive illustrations of this assimilation is the ease with which children adopt the dialect and manner of expression of their environment. Number two all groups under the stimulus of opportunity and contact have capacity to produce exceptional individuals of high creative ability or genius and thus help build up and perfect human culture. The Nordic and Slav the Southern European and Jew black, white, brown and yellow have all produced men and women of outstanding brains and genius. To confirm these statements it is only necessary to read in the pages that follow the contributions of the immigrant and his descendants to American life. Research studies conducted on an objective basis prove that individual brilliance may be and is found in all groups. Number three under the influence of a common environment physical and cultural the offspring of different racial and national groups in a democracy tend toward a common culture with common customs and ideals. John Dewey has emphasized that in a democratic society individuals give freely to others of the peculiar value, essence, quality and contribution of the group to which they belong and receive freely the corresponding treasures of other groups and this without violence to the complete uniqueness of the group. At birth, though individual has any culture and so the culture he eventually acquires is the one he finds around him and is capable of assimilating. However, new conditions bring the need of new ideals and new emphasis on certain aspect of old ideals. Civilization itself is not only safeguarded but advanced when a nation composed of many races finds it possible for each racial group to function creatively in building the culture of the race into the whole culture pattern. Number four within the framework of common political and economic institutions a variety of cultural elements makes for a richer and more active social culture. In all history some of the most advanced civilizations have been the product of a mixture of cultures. No great nations or civilizations have been born in isolation. Inbreeding inevitably results in one-sidedness and eventually in stagnation and decadence. Spain was at its greatest when the mixture of peoples was at its height. England grew great because the ingredients of many racial groups ran in the Englishman's blood. The United States will continue to build a culture of many groups tends to build a culture or civilization that unifies the best of their contributions. Number five a civilization of many different elements develops religious, social and cultural tolerance. It also creates ability which may permit it to grow and change. End of section. Section 8 of Americans All Immigrants All This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans All, Immigrants All by the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Education. Section 8 Immigration from 1820 to 1936. Now a note from the narrator to you. This section is entirely data of how many people came from different countries. So if that will be too tedious for you, I encourage you to skip this section. Proceeding. Albania 2846 Austrian Hungary 138,333 from Belgium 155,024 Bulgaria 65,424 Czechoslovakia 110,928 Denmark 333,900 Estonia 1839 Finland 18,310 France 588,023 Germany 5,938,822 Great Britain broken down by area England 2,629,335 Scotland 732,587 Wales 86,233 not specified 793,741 Now proceeding with other countries. Greece 427,006 Ireland 4,588,464 Italy 692,447 Latvia 3,918 Lithuania 7,166 Luxembourg 854 Netherlands 249,059 Norway and Sweden 2,018,640 Poland 407,366 Portugal 254,499 Romania 155,496 Russia 3,343,088 Spain 168,913 Switzerland 292,153 Turkey in Europe 155,568 Yugoslavia 53,394 Other parts of Europe 21,309 For a total from Europe of 32,434,685 China 379,982 India 9,704 Japan 277,162 Turkey and Asia 205,317 Other areas of Asia 38,858 For Asia Complete total of 911,023 Canada and Newfoundland 2,957,422 Mexico 768,453 Central America 46,919 West Indies 438,633 South America 117,649 Other parts of America 40 America Total 4,329,116 Africa 25,311 Australia and New Zealand 53,739 Pacific Islands 10,610 Not specified 254,066 Total from all countries 38,018,550 From 1931 to 1938 Departures have exceeded admissions by 203,694 And a section 9 of Americans All Immigrants All This is the LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina Americans All Immigrants All by the United States Department of the Interior Section 9 Our Gifts to Science and to Agriculture The brawn brain and inventive genius of the immigrants and their descendants have made the United States a world leader in science and industry. In reading about this pageant of achievement which is unique in human history you will also learn something about the diverse racial origins of those who laid the gifts on the altar of America Here they are immigrants, sons of immigrants and sons of sons of immigrants men and women who have thrilled the worlds of science and industry the arts and crafts and social progress and government The italics indicate the racial origin of each individual or a major racial group from which he has descended although it should be kept in mind that a person's ancestors frequently include many racial strains that are more suggestive rather than exhaustive Medicine Use of cocaine as local anesthetic first introduced by Carl Kohler German Jew Ether first demonstrated to the world in surgical operation by William Morton, a Scott First successful operation on human heart performed by Daniel H. Williams Negro Schick diphtheria test developed by Dr. Bela Schick Hungarian Jew Pioneer work in antiseptics by Henry Banga, Swiss and many lives saved during World War through contributions to aseptic surgery of Alexis Carroll, French preventive compound for cholera and typhoid fever discovered by F.G. Novi, Slovak apparatus for electric blood transfusion perfected by D.J. Caligio, Italian Charles and William Mayo, Irish have made surgery almost as reliable a scientist bookkeeping Charles McBernie, Scotch, Irish discovered McBernie's point as a sign for the necessity of operating for appendicitis discovery that the disease Pallagra was due to faulty diet made by Joseph Goldberger German Jew typhus and typhoid fever distinguished by Alfred Stille Swede human blood classified in different types by Carl Lennsteiner Austrian Jew research work in combating syphilis and yellow fever by Hideo Noguchi Japanese expert on infantile paralysis and meningitis is Simon L. Noguchi expert on infantile paralysis and meningitis German Flexner German Jew first removal of human ovary by Ephraim McDowell, Scotch one of the famous authorities on plastic surgery is V.Kanzangian, Armenian World authority on venereal disease is Veky Viktor, a Yugoslav Edward Trudeau, French began sanatorium treatment for tuberculosis Clifford Beers English Netherlander founder of mental hygiene movement Discovery that mosquitoes carried yellow fever made by Walter Reed English Malaria driven out of Panama by General William C. Gorgas Scotch Irish Netherlander First hospital in colonies founded by Dr. Thomas Bond Welsh Physics Our greatest electrical wizards Thomas Edison Joseph Henry Scotch Irish who helped to invent the telegraph Charles Steinmetz German Polish mathematical genius and electrical scientist who had one of the world's most inventive minds Thomas Edison Scott Netherlander who invented electric light bulb and phonograph Michael Pupin Yugoslav with the use of electrical power possible Vladimir Karapetov Armenian inventor of electrical devices Most distinguished physicist on light rays is Albert A. Mickelson German Jew on X-rays Arthur H. Compton English on cosmic rays Robert Milliken Scotch Irish Outstanding investigator of electrical technologies through work on electrotechnics expansion of telephonic and telegraphic communication made possible by E. F. W. Alexander's John Crucey Swiss helped Edison develop electric and condescent lamp, dynamo and phonograph Astronomy First observatory put up by Ephraim Williams Welsh with astronomical studies and computations of David Rittenhouse German Welsh Lick Observatory, California and Yerkes Observatory, Wisconsin founded by James Lick and Charles Yerkes Germans For pictures of many of the stars Dorothy Klumpke German Achieve much fame Famous mathematician and everyday Almanac maker was discovered to lay out Washington, D.C. Chemistry Ephedrine, drug used as base for cold remedies discovered by K. K. Chen, Chinese Adrenaline and diastase discovered by Jokichi Takamine, Japanese Grape sugar changed into tartaric acid by Musheg Vagoni, Armenian George Washington Carver, Negro made 145 products from peanut, 100 products from sweet potato and 60 products from the pecan Firmated milk product of high curative values discovered by H. M. Dodurian, Armenian Exploration A pilot on one of Columbus' ships was Pedro Alonso, Negro First explorers in New Mexico led by Estevanico, Moroccan First settlers of Alabama who accompanied De Soto in 1540 were Robles, Negro and Feryata, Greek First reliable map of Virginia and Maryland made by Augustine Herman, Czech Lewis, Welsh and Clark, English led the famous expedition to the Northwest 1903 Ziggler expedition to the North Pole led by Anthony Fiala, Czech North Pole discovered by Robert Peary, French English accompanied by Matthew Henson, Negro First to fly across South Pole was Richard Byrd, English Other Sciences First of American geologists was William McClure, Scott The great naturalist John J. Audubon, French Spanish taught us about birds of America Many inspired to study natural sciences by Louis Agassiz, French Henry D. Thoreau, Huguenot was great naturalist and writer Famous anthropologists are Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, German Jews and Alice Hridlicka, Czech International authority on zoology and botany is Leonhard Steinerger, Norwegian Expert on function of cell and fertilization is Ernest Just, Negro First botanical garden and world founded near Philadelphia by John Bartram, Welsh early in 18th century Public garden established in Georgia by General Ogathorp English served as our first agricultural experiment station Scientific breeding of plants Demonstrated by Luther Burbank English, French, Netherlander, Scott Philosophers Famous philosophers William James, Welsh, English John Dewey, Irish Santayana, Spaniard Jidu Krishnamurti, Hindu Agriculture First vineyard in our country was set out by Jean Jacques Dufour, Swiss Oranges, olives, dates and grapes were brought to California by Fray Junipero Cera, Spaniard Fig cuttings were imported by Nedetotovich of Fresno, Yugoslav Wild strawberry developed into large table variety by Johann Schwerdkopf, German who came to Long Island before Revolutionary War Alfalfa seed known as Lucerne brought to Minnesota and developed by Wendelin Grimm, German in 1858 Hardy Alfalfa for Prairies of Northwest brought from Siberia and Turkestan by Niels Hansen Dane Moer and Reaper invented by Cyrus McCormick, Scotch, Irish Simple tests to determine whether soil needs nitrogen, phosphates or potash devised by George Huffer, German Pasteurization introduced by Julius Moldenhauer, Dane Orange that will stay on tree for months after ripening propagated by Lu-Gim Gong, Chinese Honey industry revolutionized by Frank Jaeger, Yugoslav Early Cooperative Creamery at Clark's Grove, Minnesota organized under leadership of Hans Jensen, Dane First defined trachina Esperalis and hogs and hookworm and cats was Joseph Leide, German International Institute of Agriculture established by David Lubin, Polish Jew End of section Section 10 of Americans All Immigrants All This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org Mark Smith of Simpsville, South Carolina Americans All Immigrants All by the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Education Section 10 are gifts to industry and commerce Inventions First Clock in America constructed to strike the hours built by Benjamin Bannecker Negro in 1790 Early Flower Milling Machinery Iron Comb made by a Negro to help cotton pickers gave Eli Whitney English idea for his cotton gin Screw Propeller and Revolving Turret on Battleship invented by John Erickson, Swede First Patent to a Negro Granted to Henry Blair for Corn Harvester in 1834 Comb Making Machinery Built by Nathaniel Jones, Welch First Zipper Fastener invented by Gideon Sunbaik, Swede Green Coloring Matter used in our paper dollar invented by Dr. Seropian, Armenian Machine for Lasting Shoes built by Jan Metzeliger, Haitian in 1852 Self-Starter Automobile Clutch invented by Victor Bendix, Swede also developed four-wheel brakes steam boiler furnace electrical air brakes and incubator invented by Granville T. Woods, Negro inventor of Carborundum was E. G. Atchison, English Sewing Machine invented by Elias Howe English in 1846 Lubricating Cup used on locomotives and marine engines invented by Elijah J. McCoy, Negro Discovery of Artificial Rubber invented by Robert Newland of Notre Dame, Belgium broke the British hold on rubber induction motors invented by Nikola Tesla, Yugoslav Co-Discoverer of Process for Making Luminous Paints was John Soshaki, Ukrainian Fireproof Stairs and Library Bookstacks invented by Niels Polsen, Dane Stillson Wrench invented by Daniel Stillson, in 1875 Bakelite, a substitute used for Ivory and Bone in Making Toilet Articles invented by Leo Bakelund, German He discovered Velox, a paper used by photographers and made several other discoveries through experimenting with the electrolytic cell One of our earliest elevators was built by Dr. Niels Collins, Swede, a Philadelphia pastor The condenser used in radios and electric motors is the result of work done by Alexander Georgiev, Bulgarian Numerous inventions of a wide and varied nature in connection with steam turbines were developed by Oscar Jungren and by Carl Soderberg, Swedes Huge machines used for knitting are the invention of Ladislas Robachinsky, Armenian Outstanding typewriter designer is Carl Gabrielson, Swede invented by George Westinghouse, English Netherlander Scientific divining rod used in electromagnetic method of locating metal ore, petroleum and other minerals devised by Hans Lundberg and Carl Sundberg, Swedes In inventing telephone transmitter and motion picture projector Edison, Scott Netherlander helped by Emile Berliner, German Jew Accuracy gauges from which precision machinery is made invented by Carl Johansson, Swede Process for making artificial stone invented by Michael Timofiev, Ukrainian Pioneer in radio work and sound motion pictures was Lee de Forest, French English Transportation First steamboat built and taken down Ohio and Mississippi by Nicholas Roosevelt, Netherlander First elevated railroad in New York City was built by Jose Francisco de Navarro a Spaniard in 1878 First demonstration of steam railroad in practice by John Stevens English in 1825 The Clermont Our first commercially successful steamboat built by Robert Fulton, Irish Greatest of clipper ships Rainbow and Sea Witch built by John Griffith, Welsh Wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker Brothers, German Inventor of modern suspension bridge was John Robling, German who built beautiful Brooklyn Bridge The Niagara Cantilever Bridge for heavy railroad traffic invented by Charles Schneider, German The Northwest opened up by railroad bridge and built by the builder James J. Hill Scotch Irish Transatlantic Flyer Charles Lindberg and Airship Commander Charles Rosendahl Swedes Manufacturing Window glass manufactured by Kasper Wistar, German in 1739 Decorative stows and glass of highly prized nature manufactured in 18th century by Heinrich Stiegel, German cotton mills established by Samuel Slater, English First to unite all processes for manufacturing finished cloth in one factory was Patrick Jackson, Irish Art of making gunpowder perfected by Iluthier Dupont, French Great steel works of Pittsburgh founded by Andrew Carnegie, Scott assisted by William Jones, Welsh Iron and steel industries of Pueblo, Colorado established by Daniel Jones, Welsh Famous pioneer organ builder Matthias Muller, a Dane Pianos and other instruments by Steinway, Neba, Weber Wurlitzer, Gemünder, Germans Steel manufactured by Charles Schwab, German Sugar produced by Havemeier, German Food products by Heinrich Heinz and Fleischmann, Germans World-noted symbols made by Zildigian, Armenian Airplane builders are Igor Sogorsky, Russian Belanka, Italian Douglas, Scott Boeing, German and Curtis, English, German Communication The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell, Scott The telegraph was invention of Joseph Henry and Samuel Morse, Scotch, Irish Steam-cylinder printing press making possible our great daily newspapers was brainchild of Robert Ho, English Erie Canal built by DeWitt Clinton, Irish Netherlander Long-distance telephone and wireless telegraphy made possible by Michael Pupin, Yugoslav The computer of wireless switch was Fritz Lowenstein, German Jew New device for transmitting radio photographs by Arthur Korn, German Jew Loudspeaker, invented by Peter Jensen, Dane Swarkin, Russian pioneered in television First printing press imported to California by Augustin Zamirana, Spaniard Commerce and media by Scott Bond, Negro Our leading industrialists include Astor, Vanderbilt and Rockefeller Germans Julius Rosenwald Chicago Mail Order Executive, German Jew Alfred Knudsen, Dane Automobile Manufacturing Executive Leading rug merchants are Karagussian, Gubenkian, Kaleckian and Pushman, Armenians Lenin and lace merchants are Maluk, Kassab, Bardwell, Jabara, Mamory and Butros, Syrians Largest razor of orchids and specialist in cacti is J.A. Manda, Yugoslav First American circus opened in Berabu, Wisconsin in 1854 by Ringling Brothers, German Virginia Tobacco Trade founded by Augustine Herman, Czech Gas first introduced in 1830 by Edward Jones, Welsh in Boston Mining First oil well drilled at Titusville, Pennsylvania by Edwin Drake, English in 1859 In Texas, oil was first struck by Anthony F. Lucas, Yugoslav Coal in Pennsylvania first discovered by William Jones, Welsh Pioneer miner of Colorado was Vaso Cekovic, Yugoslav First California gold found on ranch of John Sutter, German Swiss Ammonet mining industrialists include Simon and Daniel Guggenheim, Swiss Jews and Adolf Lewensohn, German Jew Banking Leading bankers include J. Pierpont Morgan, Welsh Nathan Strauss, Felix Warburg Jacob Schiff, Otto Kahn and James Speyer, German Jews Charles G. Dawes, English Amadeo Janini, Italian and Jesse Jones, Welsh Building First American iron seagoing steamship built in 1859 by Jose Francisco de Navarro, Spaniard who also laid foundation of cement business in this country Panama Canal built by General Gothels, Netherlander George Washington Bridge built by Othmar Anman, Swiss Manhattan Bridge in New York and Interstate Bridge connecting Philadelphia and Camden built by Leon Moiseuf, Russian Hetch Hetchy water system from Sierra Nevada to San Francisco built by Michael O'Shaughnessy, Irish Ralph Mojeski, Polish Jew Chairman, Board of Engineers San Francisco Oakland Bridge Peter Demianoff, Russian Railroad Builder End of section Section 11 of Americans All, Immigrants All This is the LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer please visit LibriVox.org This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina Americans All, Immigrants All by the U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Education Section 11 Our Gifts to the Arts and Crafts Literature Outstanding novelists have been James Fenimore Cooper English Swedish Oliver W. Holmes English Netherlander Mark Twain English Irish English German Mary Wilkins Freeman English Nathaniel Hawthorne Irish Theodore Dreiser German James W. Johnson Negro Frank Norris English Booth Tarkington English Fanny Hearst Edna Ferber Yugoslav Our leading poets include Longfellow, Lowell and Whittier English Edgar A. Poe Scotch Irish English Walt Whitman English Netherlander Sydney Lanier French Eugene Field English Robert Frost Scotch English Edwin Markham Edna St. Vincent Millay English French Joaquin Miller and Joyce Kilmer Germans Louis Untermeier German Jew and Arthur Guderman Austrian Jew Christopher Morley Irish Phyllis Wheatley and Paul Dunbar Nygros Pioneer heroism immortalized Russian Good literature circulated in humble homes by P. F. Collier Irish Historian, writer and lecturer William Hendrick van Loon Netherlander Music Father of our orchestras and founder of Handel and Haydn Society was Gottlieb Graupner German First organ builder and maker of spinnets was Ernst Bloch Swiss Jew Carry me back to Old Virginie composed by James Bland Nygro Johnny Comes Marching Home composed by Patrick Gilmore Irish Old Folks at Home by Stephen Foster Scotch Irish and Italian Campanini was first director and leader of Metropolitan Kazessa Italian Famous director of Metropolitan Organizer of Flanzelli Quartet was Alfred Ponchan Swiss Famous composers include Victor Herbert Irish Edward McDowell Scott John Philip Sousa Portuguese Percy Granger Australian Eugene Goosens Still Nygro Daniel Prothero Welsh Sigmund Romburg German Jew George Gershwin and Irving Berlin Russian Jews Amogluq Romanian Rudolf Friml Czech Outstanding conductors include Gebrilovic Russian Jew Stokowski Polish Ormone and Rapi Hungarians Gantz, Swiss Koshets, Ukrainian Salady Russian Bush, Dane Kindler, Netherlander Damrosz, German Radzinski, Yugoslav Victor Kolar Czech Leading violin players of F.A.M.R. Elman, Heifetz, Symbolist Russian Jews And Yehudi Menuhin Romanian Jew Ese, Belgian Devonk Czech Pridakovic Ukrainian Famous pianists include Rachmaninoff, Russian Iturbi, Spaniard Honte, Hungarian Leading flutist is Why Hiroyoka, Japanese Among the great concert artists are Sophie Breslau, Russian Jew Ladi Lehmann, German Rosa Reza, Italian Jew Schumann Haink, Austrian John Charles Thomas, Welsh And Paul Robison, Jules Bledsoe Marian Anderson, Roland Hayes, Negroes Art Father of American painting was Benjamin West, English Portraits of Washington, Adams, Jefferson and Madison by Charles Gilbert Stewart, Scott Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emanuel Lutze, German Famous portraits by John Copely, Irish Famous etchings by Joseph Pennell English, Irish Artists' Mother by James McNeil Whistler, Scotch, Irish Swing Low, Sweet Chariot by Malvin Johnson, Negro Return of Prodigal Son by Henry Mosler, German Jew Gast and Portraits by John S. Sargent English, Italian Autumn Oaks by George Innes Scott Conquerors, Building of Panama Canal by Joseph Lai, Norwegian Resurrection of Lazarus by Henry O. Tanner Negro Still Life by Yasu Kuniyoshi, Japanese First Modernist in America was Arthur Davies, Welsh Corrupt Tweed Ring in New York City Smashed by cartoons of Thomas Nast, German Leader in Landscape Painting Frederick Detweller, Swiss Master of Miniatures, Malthy Hethelrius, Dane Famous frescoes in National Capital by Brumidi, Italian Illustrator of Folktales and Fairy Stories Willie Pogany, Hungarian Journalistic cartoons by Harrison Fischer Czech Sculpture Puritan, Shaw Memorial and other statues by Sungardin, Irish French Memory and Lincoln statues by Daniel Chester French, English Work on Stone Mountain, Georgia and Mount Rushmore, South Dakota by Gutson Borglum, Dane Pioneer Mother at Kansas City by Femester Proctor, Canadian The Sower on the Nebraska State Capital by Lee Lawry, German Sower by Ivan Mestrovich, Yugoslav McKinley Monument by Heg Patidzian, Armenian Italian Sculptors who helped adore National Capital were Franzoni, Bronze Clock with Statue of Storia on top, Valperty, emblematic Eagle, Amateus, Bronze Doors Kausicci, Statue of Liberty Proclaiming Peace, Trentanova Pair Marquette Statue Vincente, Indian Chief, Bishiki Architecture Skyscraper, developed by Louis Henry Sullivan, Irish French, German Fanoia Hall, Boston, designed by John Smilbert, Scott Via Carré, New Orleans, laid out by Adrien de Pogey, French Foremost architect in stone was English. Frank Lloyd Wright, Welsh Harmonized Buildings with Surroundings St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York City Built by Josik Sivak, a Czech Prominent naval architect is William Hofgaard, Dane City Planning by Eliel Saurinian Finn, Bertram Goodhew, Scott English, developed and refined Gothic in public buildings. Folger Library Building in Washington by Paul Krett, Belgian Banks and Office Buildings by Stephen Fourhees, Netherlander Church Architecture by Ralph Cram, German and Charles McGinnis, Irish Motion Pictures Outstanding Motion Picture Stars Antonio Moreno, Spaniard Francis Laterer, Czech Jean Herschelt, Dane Pola Negri, Pole Anna Sten, Ukrainian Laura LaPlante, Yugoslav Leading Producers, Meyer, Lasky, Warner, Russian Jews and Goldwyn, Polish Jew Pioneers of Industry were Polish, Zucker & Fox, Hungarian Jews and Low, German Jew Technique of Cinematography modernized by Vorkapec, Yugoslav Theatre Pioneer of Modern American Theatre Augustine Dali, Irish Geniuses of the Theatre include Belasco, Portuguese Jew Selwyn, Warfield, Hammerstein, German Jews and Nazimova, Russian Jew John Drew, Irish Richard Mansfield, Julia Marlowe and Barrymores, English Paul Robeson, Negro The Magician, Houdini, Hungarian Journalism New York Weekly Journal founded by Peter Zenger, German 1933 New York Tribune founded by Horace Greeley, Scotch, Irish Publisher of St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World was Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian Jew First Great Newspaper Syndicate established by SS McClure, Irish Magazine famous as a militant muckraker founded by P. F. Collier, Irish First Modern Newspaper The New York Morning Herald founded in 1835 by James G. Bennett, Scotch New York Times founded by Henry Raymond, Scotch and George Jones, Welsh Chain of Newspapers founded by James Scripps, English Chain of Newspapers founded by William Randolph Hearst, Scotch, English Editor of a Ladies Magazine The New York Post-Dispatch and New York News American's All, Immigrants All American's All, Immigrants All American's All, Immigrants All American's All, Immigrants All American's All, Immigrants All This is a LibriVox recording This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina Office of Education, Section 12. Our Gifts to Social Progress and Government. Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson Welsh. Signed by one swede, three Irish, four Scots, five Welsh, five Scotch Irish, thirty-eight English, with John Morton, swede, casting deciding ballot. The thirteen colonies were christened the United States of America by Thomas Paine, English. Social Welfare. Our first social reformer was Robert Owen Welsh. First one to make use of music and social work was William van der Waal, Netherlander. Founder of Reg Cross, Clara Barton, English. Founder of Chicago's famous Hull House was Jane Addams, English. Slums attacked by Jacob Rios, Dane, in How Other Half Lives. Welfare Library on Ellis Island, organized by Reverend John Quieten, Latvian. Anti-Salunist and Feminist, Kerry Chapman-Cat, English, German. Atlanta School of Social Work. Directed by Forrester Washington, Negro. Lillian Wald, German Jew, a Social Welfare leader. Famous Home for Boys, Father Flanagan, Irish. Government and Politics. Two-thirds of our presidents, including Washington, are of English descent. Martin Van Buren and Herbert Hoover, German. Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Roosevelt, Netherlanders. Jefferson, Madison, John Adams, John Q. Adams, Harrison and Garfield, Welsh. Monroe, Hayes, Grant, Wilson and McKinley, Scots. Among our leading statesmen were Hamilton, Calhoun, Webster, Jefferson Davis, Scotch, Welsh. James Blaine, Chauncey De Pew, Stephen Douglas, mainly Scots. Patrick Henry, Scott, English, Welsh. Leading civil service and tariff reformer was Carl Schertz, German. Iron puddler who became Secretary of Labor, James J. Davis, Welsh. First governors of Delaware, John McKinley, Georgia, John Houston, Illinois, John Boyle, Kansas, James Denver, Louisiana, William Claiborne, all Irish or Scotch Irish. Present Governor of New York, H.H. Lehman, German Jew. Of Illinois, Henry Horner, German Jew. First Governor General of Florida, Bouquet, Swiss. First President of the Republic of Texas, Sam Houston, Scott. Tammany Society founded in 1789 by William Mooney, Irish as protest against attempt of wealthy Tories to prevent soldiers and others from voting. First Secretary of Treasury under Jefferson, responsible for arranging Louisiana Purchase, was Albert Gallatin, Swiss. First to fight for conservation of our forests was Carl Schertz, German. Philanthropy. Aster Library, now part of New York Library, founded by John Jacob Aster, German, in 1848. 4,000 Negro schools founded by Julius Rosenwald, German Jew. Chautauqua Movement begun by Louis Miller, German. Gifts during Panic of the 90s, penny meals during World War, food ships to Palestine, and milk fun by Nathan Strauss, Austrian Jew. 42 million dollar gift to General Education Board by John D. Rockefeller, German. Libraries founded throughout United States by Andrew Carnegie, Scott. Funds raised to bring Statue of Liberty from France by Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian Jew. Appreciation of arts and literature stimulated by Edward Bach, Netherlander. Boy Scouts of America helped by Jacob M. Mortimer Schiff, German Jews. 6 million dollars to Princeton University by H. C. Frick, German. Colgate University founded by William Colgate, English. 122,000 dollars to Fisk University by James Burris, Negro. Foundations for opportunities to study abroad and to promote well-being of mankind, established by Simon and Daniel Guggenheim, Swiss Jews. Champions of Human Liberty. Protest Against Slavery by Pastorius, German. Author of Common Sense, The Crisis, and Public Good was Thomas Paine, English. Powerful leaders against slavery were John Russwurm, Benjamin Banneker, David Walker, Harriet Tubman, William Brown, William Still, Samuel Ward, Frederick Douglass, Negroes. Peter Zenger, German, defended by Andrew Hamilton, Scott, registered great triumph for freedom of press when he won his fight against Governor Crosby of New York. National Defense. Minutemen roused by Paul Revere, Huguenot. Drillmaster of Continental Armies, who helped to plan West Point, was Frederick von Steuben, German. 600,000 dollars advanced to Congress and subsidies negotiated from France and the Netherlands by Chaim Solomon, Polish Jew. Father of American Cavalry was General Casimir Poleski, Pole. First to lose life in Revolutionary War was Crispus Attucks, Negro. First Commodore of Navy was John Barry, Irish. Naval hero John Paul Jones, Scott. Five million dollars contributed toward War of 1812 by Stephen Gerard, French. Famous privateer who abolished corporal punishment in the Navy was Uriah Levy, Jew. British defeated on Lake Erie by Captain Perry, Scotch, Irish. Labour. First President of American Federation of Labour, who improved living standards of workers, was Samuel Gompers, English Jew. Leader of CIO, John L. Lewis Welsh. Organizer of coal miners, John Mitchell, Welsh. President of AF of L, William Green, English Welsh. Leader of Amalgamated Clothing Workers, Sidney Hillman, Lithuanian Jew. Religious work. Participating in Washington's inaugural was Rabbi Syksus, Portuguese Jew. One of our greatest clergymen, Jonathan Edwards, Welsh. Leader in Welfare and Religious Work, Huey Kin, Chinese. First Protestant missionary to West Indies was George Leal, former Negro slave. Professor of Theology at Hartford Seminary, N. Y. Anidzion, Armenian. Authority on Early Church History is Professor Laplena, Albanian. Education. First book on pedagogy, published in 1770 by Christopher Duck, German. Harvard University, named after John Harvard, English. Yale University by Elihu Yale, Welsh. William and Mary by James Blair, Scott. Brown University by Morgan Edwards and Samuel Jones, Welsh. New York University by Gallatin, Swiss. Tuskegee Institute by Booker Washington, Negro World Famed Educator. Williams College by Ephraim Williams, Welsh. One of incorporators of Columbia University was Rabbi Syksus, Portuguese Jew. Hunter College by Thomas Hunter, Irish. Creighton University, Omaha by Creighton Brothers, Irish. Princeton University founded by Scottish Presbyterians. Bernard College founded by Annie Nathan Meyer, German Jew. Infant School, introduced in 1816 by Robert Owen, Welsh. First German kindergarten, introduced in Wisconsin in 1855 by wife of Carl Schertz, German. A primer, first book produced in Pennsylvania, written by Franz Pastorius, German, headmaster of First School in Germantown. College of Journalism at Columbia University, founded by Joseph Pulitzer, Hungarian Jew. School of Minds, founded by Adolf Lewisen, German Jew. First English kindergarten, founded in Boston in 1860 by Elizabeth Peabody, English. Father of modern American education was Horace Mann, English. World famous Orientalist P. K. Hitti, Syrian. One of foremost educators was Henry Susalo, Yugoslav. Angelo Patri, Italian, Council's parents and children. One of our greatest economists was Thurstein Veblen, Norwegian. Law and Order. First Chief Justice of Supreme Court was John Jay, French. Present Chief Justice Charles Evan Hughes, Welsh. One of the foremost authorities on international law is Stephen Lattice, Greek. Finns worked the iron ore fields of northern Minnesota. Netherlanders and Poles developed woodworking trades of Michigan. Italians, Portuguese, Greeks and Swiss have built up the grape and wine industry of California. Greek candy makers. Mexicans and Japanese in beet fields of Colorado, Nebraska and California. Italians, Poles and Slavs in meatpacking, textile and building industries. of section 13 of Americans All, Immigrants All. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. This recording is by Mark Smith of Simpsonville, South Carolina. Americans All, Immigrants All. By the United States Department of the Interior, Office of Education. Section 13. Dear Listener. April 15, 1939. Dear Listener. This booklet is presented in sincere appreciation of your interest in Americans All, Immigrants All radio series. I am deeply grateful for your patience in the face of delay in getting this booklet to you. When you read it, however, I feel you will be repaid, for no effort has been spared in making it worthy of being read and treasured as a permanent record of the Americans All, Immigrants All radio series. Since the programs themselves could give you only a general panorama of the many colorful and significant contributions made by peoples of many races and lands to the building of our nation, you will no doubt wish to be in a position to investigate for yourself some of the things which have impressed you as most interesting. The suggested readings and sources for more material given in the booklet and the special list should help you in doing this. If this office can be of further service, please feel free to call upon us. As an enthusiastic listener of Americans All, Immigrants All, you will no doubt be glad to learn that these radio programs have been perpetuated in the form of recordings which can be used on phonographs and on radio playback equipment. You may wish to give this news to teachers, club leaders, and others who would have a natural interest in promoting broader tolerance through understanding. You may also wish to put into their hands the enclosed reference list. Thanking you again for your abiding interest, I am cordially yours, J. W. Studebaker, Commissioner of Education. This is the end of Americans All, Immigrants All. Thank you for listening.