 Okay, hi friends. We are going for the Yojana series and this month Yojana is June 2021 health and environment. So in this Yojana we are going to see two topics. The topics title is policy and practices. Next title is smart agriculture. So for this month we have only one video of Yojana because these two articles seem to be more relevant for our preparations. So we are going to focus on that. So the article is policy and practice written by Dr. Shubhash Sharma. Now if you see the credential of that author, a Rated IAS officer. So this immensely help our understanding the topic. So that is the reason why we always prefer to study Yojana and Gurushetra. Mostly people with experience in that particular domain will be writing this topics. This topic will be more from administrative angle. So what are the aspects regarding health for all? So that's a topic policy and practice health for all in that paragraph one page number 14. So this is about the historical perspective of health for all. Even envisaged a comprehensive integrated primary health care for all in Alma at a declaration in 1978 to promote equity and was driven by community needs. So in this the most important thing about health for all is so paragraph one health for all. There are two important criterias in that one is equity based and community needs based on community needs. So when you speak about health for all there should be the basic character. So you need to understand the difference between equity and equality. In public services the most important thing is equity. So understanding the historical disadvantages and providing the services that's called equity. That should be the criteria for health for all and community needs. What are the needs of the particular community need to be taken into consideration. So understanding the different nature of the communities needs and you are providing health for all. So where this we can use this information as this criteria of equity and community needs any social needs of the people right can be health education or related to weaker sections. You can relate all these ideas equity and community needs. And this is also historical perspective that Alma at a declaration of 1978 in 1978 itself the focus of health was taken into consideration. So that is in page number 14. Next we go for page number 15. We can put paragraph one paragraph two paragraph three and paragraph four is there. Okay. So in paragraph one so regarding this world development report had ranked common health care intervention according to the cost effectiveness. It's minimum health package for low income countries considered to be a word. One third of estimated disease burden and one fifth of middle income countries. So what we can understand based on this paragraph one is there's given by World Bank. So all development report of 1993. We'll see some factual information and see how it is related to our exam perspective. So health intervention. So health intervention mostly in a society is taken care by the government. Example of health intervention. Take example of primary health centers or insurance all can be related with health interventions. Okay. So health interventions mostly focusing on cost effectiveness. Focusing on cost effectiveness. And another most important thing we need to relate is especially countries like India when we come for health there's a term called out of pocket expenditure. What is out of pocket expenditure is now Indian society as citizens spend his own money for health that is called out of pocket expenditure. When public intervention is focusing on that to reduce this out of pocket expenditure there's a huge impact on health of public health of the society. So here they have given the fact that it's minimum health package for low income countries considered to avert one-third of estimated disease burden. If public health is concentrated on low income countries low income countries. So one-third disease burden one-third disease burden is reduced and that is around one-fifth for middle income countries that is one-fifth disease burden. So what we can understand from this factual information is sorry one-fifth just wait a minute okay. So one-fifth of disease burden is reduced. So what we can understand from this factual information is as per this world development report of 1993 when now there's a public intervention government intervention in health society's disease burden reduce a lot that is from in low income countries around one-third and middle income countries by one-fifth. This you can use it as an introduction for answers whenever government public expenditure is on health or any schemes on health is being promoted by the government. This factual information gives a very objective reason why we need to have government expenditure on health. So that's this is the factual information you can use for your answer writing whereas paragraph two structural adjustment or economic reforms during 1980s in poorest 37 countries public spending on health per head declined by half due to cuts in Mexico declining up to 60 percentage in Mexico declined 60 percentage. So what have happened is especially in late 1980s so we know that here we can relate with global events for understanding. So late 1980s and early 1990s you know that Cold War was ending and the era of socialism was ending especially communism. So a lot of changes happened in the society government and the economy that is called as structural adjustments. So this structural adjustments structural adjustments had a huge impact on public health or to give another example of structural adjustment is we can take India's 1991 that is LPG era where we moved from closed economy to open economy that's a structural adjustment and this structural adjustment have a huge impact on public health that is the data is being given. So where the public health cost is being public health cost is reduced by government. So as a failure of communism soon a lot of countries got into big trouble we can take India as an example. So that comes as structural changes where we went and asked the money with World Bank and IMF they asked to change the economy structure and they want to minimize a public expenditure and government's public expenditure first thing they touched upon us reducing the health expenditure and education expenditure these are certain understanding based on a preparation we get. So that is the point what they say in 1980s and structural adjustment happened public expenditure got the heavy beating and they have given some numbers for it for example in Mexico around 60 percentage. So examples Mexico 60 percentage public health expenditure was reduced. So you can understand what would be the impact on the society because government is not spending money especially in the developing countries where there is no great role of private players and also people doesn't have the affordability to pay the money for health services provided by the private. So this has a huge impact this is the information you can keep in mind. So any questions regarding LPGRS challenges or critical aspects you can give all these points. So they have given some points in paragraph 3 we just clubbed it we can say take few points which is more for understanding purpose what are the consequences because of the structural adjustment what are the consequences or impact. So they have given first points in states retract from development intervention there was a massive decline public investment health sector like social subjects education welfare of the private sections. We already saw that after structural adjustment government was reducing the expenditure and they were focusing on social infrastructure like health that has an impact on public health that is what given here. So ultimately what happens there was a huge shortage of doctors supporting medical stuff leading to patients bound to go to private clinics because government is not spending money on public health especially start with not creating any infrastructures and not recruiting people so all this has an impact on the system. So that is given in paragraph 0.2 and also there was a shortage of medical equipments drugs pathological facilities in public health institutions reduced mere writing of prescription patients were compelled to buy medicines from open market. So this is all we can see in our Indian system also when we go for government hospitals right now they provide medicines which we cannot buy it there because of shortages we need to go for private place where they need to pay the money. And also when you say public health it is not only about hospitals they are all supporting services need to be provided for example there need to be lab example if we need to have a blood collection blood camps so that we can collect the samples and make a test. So all this labs need to be created as public health expenditures being reduced government behind to put a restriction on these type of allied aspects in health sectors that is the point they given and also another point because of opening up of the market and all private doctors began to put high heavy fees on the health services and also due to fifth point due to laxity of state regulatory apparatus even government doctors supporting stuff started giving more time their private clinics. So there was no proper regulations after opening up of the market structural adjustment where government doctors also have a private practice after the duty hours so that is a conflict of interest. So what they'll do is in when the public health center when a patient comes means they ask to visit evening to their private clinics all this was happening so these are the things what they have listed out and due to the retreat of state in providing subsidized food sanitation facilities there was rising communicable non-communicable diseases. Now please understand health is not only about curative so we'll see that its health is not about curative even preventive so when you say preventing means even before arising the diseases we can prevent those diseases it is possible by taking care of the environment of the people what is that environment proper food proper drinking water good sanitation public sanitation all these need to be provided as the expenditure of the government reducing on these areas so disease burden of the people increase a lot so that is given. So next last seventh point is more about free market or invisible hand was based on the individual care considered as a private good but in most of the developing clinics there was no improvement quality of health care. Please understand this concept of free market may be suitable for a developed economies where people are well aware of their rights and also private players there is a proper competition and proper regulation was exist is existing so that is maybe suitable for a developed economies whereas in developing economy everything is nascent stage so free market sometimes also results in bad outcomes so that is what the points they given for seven points about structural adjustments that is paragraph three okay paragraph three is about consequence of structural adjustments mostly negative consequences is given here okay and whereas in paragraph four they listed out Cuba has sustained right to ensure cataract operation of all old people at public facilities there is equitable health service delivery with regulate regulation like three years of compulsory rural service for doctors and nurses and radical shift in funding away from urban hospital primary health care across Thailand Cuba so these are some of the case studies which you can use it in your answer writing so Cuba case study of doctors Cuba's case studies of doctors rural service so if you are a doctor in Cuba it is compulsory for you as per government regulation three years you need to spend in rural areas of Cuba providing health services so this can be a point where you can use it as you can use it in your answer writing regarding health in rural India what can be done in rural India for improving health one of the major problem is doctors are not ready to work in rural India because there is a different incentive structure in urban India and compared with rural India because in urban India there are a lot of hospitals with modern technologies so doctors can enhance their skill and knowledge about that particular medical practices where rural India that is not a situation so doctors are not going there apart from other personal reasons so to avoid that what in Cuba they have done is it's a compulsory one if you are a doctor to go for three years in rural services this you can use it in your answer writing for any questions regarding health in rural India based on this case study you can say this as an example in your answers saying that in Cuba we have they have done like this we can also have the model in India so that may be the reason we need to focus on this particular piece of information and also they have shifted funding from urban hospitals to primary health centers these are some factual information you can use it next thing is paragraph 2 so in paragraph 2 it's about national health policy 2017 so national health policy 2017 of India is given here so what is the target is 2.5 percentage so 2.5 percentage of GDP on health expenditure so that is the most important thing that's a target given a national health policy whereas right now the current portion is around 1.26 1.26 percent of GDP current so whereas the target is 2.5 and 2.5 percent of GDP is an immense economic value which can be focused on public health expenditure and one of the advantage of this expenditure is as I already mentioned that in India we have this out of pocket expenditure especially in rural India and in a family if a breadwinner is facing some health issues they need to spend all their savings on health again that person need to be an employable person after this health issues are over all these complications are there ultimately that results making a family to put under poverty if something goes wrong the family goes under poverty if that need to be avoided if government is pumping in large money in health infrastructures and health services to the target of 2.5 percentage of GDP that reduces out of pocket expenditure which has an impact on poverty which reduces poverty in India so there's a link in this aspect when government focusing on health health expenditure so national health policy they have given a target of 2.5 percentage of GDP in that they say that 70 percentage will be on 70 sorry okay I'll just go for here in this around 70 percentage will be on primary health care 70 percentages will be on primary health care so which we can relate with rural areas very basic health services primary health care 70 percentage expenditures will be focused so in health services there is terms like primary secondary and tertiary tertiary is considered to be the most specialized health services so a specialist specialist doctors and all comes in this or to be give a layman term we have this term like multi-speciality multi-speciality speciality hospitals that's all a tertiary care high-end treatments or government says that in this 2.5 percentage 70 percentage will focus on primary health care mostly who gets benefited out of this rural India so that's in paragraph 2 as in paragraph 3 there's a factual information which you can use it in your answer writing so as per WHO standards doctor to population ratios 1 to 1000 so in any society if that's 1000 people that should be one doctor for 1000 people that's WHO standards whereas India's ratios 1 to 1400 whereas rural India it's very vast 1 to 11000 this information you can use it in your answer writing for example doctors to population ratio doctors to population ratio that is 1 to 1000 as per WHO standards that is 1 to 1400 in India it's all India average so all India average is 1 to 1400 but in rural India it's very vast so this factual information you can use it in using your answer writing why in rural India health is not properly taken care one of the reason is because of presence of doctor so doctors is specialized services where they make all the decisions regarding health because they have the necessary qualification if the doctors is not present there ultimately that has an impact on health services this factual information you can use it in your answer writing this once it becomes very subjective because most of your friends what they write as an answer is why rural India health is not good they say that there is no lack of doctors that will be written by everyone but if you give this factual information 1 to 11000 that impresses the examiner very well so keep that in mind this factual information and also another most important thing why in rural India that's given in paragraph 4 so why in rural India health is not good as apart from this most of the primary health centers and health centers are almost defended in many North Indian states only asha workers for pharmacist nurse sometimes visit there further there is no facilities like bed medicine pathological test labs nothing but especially rural India lack of doctor is one and poor infrastructures so poor infrastructure is another biggest problem in rural India's health infrastructure especially North India again you can relate this factual in from it is informations regarding uneven development in India and what are the reason why UPB development is very less all this information this this cannot be the primary aspect of the answer but you can support this point saying that that that may that may be another aspects of poor development because once a person get health complications if there is no proper treatment already we see the cycle one of the reason is government's infrastructure is not properly taken care so that is paragraph 4 next thing is paragraph 5 east station region okay in India about 47 percent 47 percent children are underweight so this is another factual information this is regarding malnourishment or malnutrition around 47 percentage of children's this is the alarming number please understand out of 100 people in India around 47 or not 100 people around for 100 100 children's in India around 47 children's are considered to be malnourished what is malnourishment without proper nutrients in their food this has a huge impact on physical growth and cognitive skills what is cognitive skills is ability to analyze the informations make additions because of this lack of nutrient in their food their metabolism and other factors will not be good so they can't make any conscious decisions so what are the impact of this particular information is so any country's children is considered to be the future because they are the future leaders future workers and their future human resources in that dimension 47 percentage of children's are considered to be malnourished this is the biggest area where government need to focus on this information you can also write in your answers regarding focusing on children policies on children I think there was once a question regarding what are the provisions of national child policy this information you can write it probably the child policy will be addressing this problem okay our next thing is what is the outcome of this malnourishment that is given in paragraph 6 so paragraph 5 and paragraph 6 severe acute malnourishment increases with chronic poverty lack of education inadequate low nutrition diet lack of clean water and sanitation so when you take malnourishment that is some aggravating factors what is aggravating factors other factors also propel the malnourishment they have given all these things like poverty lack of education of mothers new lack of nutrient diet and lack of clean water and sanitation all these factors increases malnourishment and right now they have given some ranks of global hunger index where India's rank is one or two out of one one seven this facts changes every year please check that this global hunger index this can be a plume question go and check which organization is releasing this global hunger index sorry what are the criterias for it how they measure this global hunger index and similarly we have a certain index like global food security index go and check all these indexes what are the factors on which it is being decided and which organization is working on it and what is India's rank and also for I am saying all this from plumes perspective apart from this you also need to go and check India's neighborhood ranks sometimes if UPS you want to ask a tough question they can ask from comparative scale so what is India's rank and what is Bangladesh rank they can give a statement Bangladesh is where ahead of India and global hunger index that you need to know what so these informations you can relate in plumes angle so right now that is in paragraph 6 next we go for page number 17 so paragraph 1 that is environment for health so if you want to improve health what are the focus on that aspect is first and foremost thing is swachh Bharat Abhyan so right now government is focusing on swachh Bharat Abhyan so it's more about clean India we know that if there is a clean society that has a impact on health also so clean India is one swachh Bharat Abhyan and balanced healthy diets and regular exercise so this is also aspect what government focusing on diet and physical activity where government is giving greater focus to give an example of this fit India movement is one such example a government is promoting this idea of fit India movement okay next thing is to avoid substances to avoid substances like alcohol tobacco drugs all this part of this and also avoid road accidents avoid road accidents this is also part of this environment for health and next thing is avoid gender violence avoid gender violence avoid gender violence and reducing stress so reducing stress and reducing air pollution and you will wonder how all this will be related to health first few point seems to be very close to health and how other things like avoiding road accident avoiding gender violence reducing stress please understand these are all factors which has a huge impact on health for example avoiding road accident probably road accidents will happen in a family if that is a breadwinner that has a huge impact on the family's health it's a indirect aspect similarly we take gender violence especially women is considered to be the health managers of the family because they take care of the family in the health dimensions because especially in rural India I think in the previous eogena we studied that women play a major role in collecting waters and the quality of water that knowledge traditional knowledge women has a great aspect and domestic violence against or any gender based violence will have biggest impact on health these are not not directly you can relate it just a common understanding we need to have reducing stress is regarding mental health and air pollution which has impact on health aspect so this is regarding paragraph one and paragraph two these are some case studies done in India which you can use it for your answer writing that is UP government's toilets initiators the Izath gar so there's a toilet initiative in UP and which has a positive impact on health so that you can use it in your answer writing and also so there is information is given for sustainable water management the current economic system needs a paradigm shift and water sources should not be privatized so these are community resource for local people and their future generation water for healthy life so that is this opinion given by the author saying that water is the most important resources she should not privatize the water it should be a community resource so that point if you are accepting you can also use it in your answer writing water is a community resource water is a community resource not not as commodity not as commodity so next thing is paragraph five it's more sorry paragraph four it's more about mental health when you say health means always keep in mind it's not only about diseases it's also related to mental health they have given some factual information so in india around 13 percentage okay they have given some numbers of mental health statistics where 13 percentage of mental health people need active intervention so these are some factual information is given so so the most important information which we need to keep in mind is so so 80 percentage of people doesn't have health insurance no health insurance so this is the most important fact you can write into your answer writing no health insurance and 28 percentage of global 28 percentage of global suicides happen in india so these are the factual information you can use it in your answer writing and especially this suicide you can relate with mental health along with the other facts are more about mental health related facts for facts for example so 49 percentage have mental health facility within 25 kilometers and 26 percentage of people have no mental mental health facility within 15 kilometer 50 kilometer radius these are the informations you can read write in regarding mental health these two information is general for health so you can use these two informations most important 80 percentage have no health insurance 28 percentage of global suicides happens in india okay so this is the first article policy and practices the next article what we are going to going to see is regarding smart agriculture so agriculture is one important sector of indian economy when you say indian economy we can split into three sectors one is agriculture manufacturing and services and basic facts about indian agriculture you need to what are those basic facts is they say agriculture means basic facts i'll just list out the areas where you need to work on the facts one is gdp contribution or what you call this gva so gdp contribution what is this agriculture's contribution and next thing is employment out of 100 indians how many are working in agriculture next you can relate with reinfit there's a term called reinfit agriculture so what percentage of agriculture comes under reinfit so all this information you need to keep in mind even you can say about women participation all this thing you just work on the factual informations which you can write it in your answer writing and this topic is smart agriculture from the topic itself we can have a clue that smart agriculture means more focusing more on technology based in agriculture so that is what it is the primary focus is and here given the such values correct if you take we'll i'll just list out paragraph one paragraph two paragraph three paragraph four paragraph five so in paragraph one so agriculture and allied sectors allied sector means dairy and fishery is all are related 55 55 percentage of indian populations livelihood so that is what i have said so employment is around 55 percentage out of 100 people 55 people depend upon agriculture directly or indirectly and accounted for 17 percentage of gva so if you take gdp contribution is rooted as gdp but you can put as gva it's around 17 percentage or 18 percentage of contribution if 100 rupees is earned in india 18 rupees comes from agriculture but the irony is where 55 person is involved in it out of 100 people working in india 55 people are involved in agricultural activity activity but their contribution to the economy is only 18 percentage which clearly shows that how our agriculture is very skewed where productivity is very low but by this understanding these two facts okay that is in paragraph one facts about agriculture okay that's paragraph two so the importance of agriculture is agriculture output is used as used in as input for various industries correct input for various industries so what we can understand is the industrial economy of the country is closely linked with agriculture so industrial economy is closely linked with agriculture how to understand this is right now take example of sugar production where agriculture output is acquired here so these are good examples how agriculture and industries are closely linked manufacturing activities are closely linked one is example of sugar what we saw similarly jute results in packaging so all this we can relate here that's given in paragraph two show the importance of agriculture and paragraph three some of the challenges in agriculture the average size of farm holding in the country is just over 1 hectare so farm holding in india is 1 hectare so 1 hectare and with small and marginal farmers holding around 85 86 percentage of the total so so if you go for small and marginal farmers small and marginal farmers holding 86 percentage of a land there's another fact so what are the problem in this is so these are the issues in indian agriculture regarding land holding pattern what is land holding pattern means in indian agriculture we take farm hold farm land holding its average is 1 hectare out of all all indians average is 1 hectare which is very small and in this also small and marginal farmers holding is 86 percentage you need to go and find what are called as small farmers and marginal farmers as per indian agricultural system so ultimately what are the outcome is when the land holding is small ultimately the decision making of the farmers changes what the decision making of the farmers changes because you have only one nectar a small land holding you never invest in technology because investing in technology getting the output that's cost benefit analysis equated your cost will be more high when compared with the benefit so you never focus on investing on new technologies what are the outcome of this when you're not investing on new technologies indian agriculture will be a subsistence agriculture what are the subsistence agriculture means where in agriculture practices a farmer do agriculture goes for his personal consumption and if there is any extra he goes for the markets to sell in the market so these are the problems starting with small land holding so that is what given here so technology and other inputs would improve the efficiency but they'll not do it apart from this a lot of intermediaries also there so other problems in indian agriculture is regarding that is given here that is middlemen so middlemen is the other biggest problem in indian agriculture apart from credit issues so credit is another biggest problem that is money to farmers so right now government is addressing all this problem for middlemen government is going for this enum electronic national agriculture market so you can try to avoid the middlemen so all these are some of the solutions given by the government where in paragraph 5 so here in paragraph 5 it's about technology and agriculture so to improve the yield efficiency and profitability lot of new technologies are being used in agriculture so what are those technologies one is iot internet of things big data artificial intelligence mission learning drones sensors so technology is being used in in agriculture especially to increase the efficiency productivity and yield so this topics right like iot big data artificial intelligence mission learning drones sensors you do a basic understanding of all these terms this can be a problem science and technology question apart from this you also need to work on how this will impact our agriculture that is what we are going to see that can be for your main sensor writing so right now we go for page number 36 paragraph 1 so using predictive technologies to detect erratic weather sensors to map the specific type of climate and soil and area mission learning algorithm that determine the appropriate crop based on this data can substantially improve the quality and quantity of yield in dairy and livestock vertical the use of sensors to monitor the health and nutrition of cattle and drones to track track herds can improve efficiency and traceability so they have given the scope of this technologies in Indian agriculture for example we take agriculture and technology what the scope is so weather forecast mission learning based cropping pattern okay sensors for monitoring animals so these are the potential of technology in agriculture so this can be effectively used by farmers to increase the yield and productivity in agriculture so that is given in paragraph 1 and some of the notable that is paragraph 2 some of the notable agree startups in these area of technology is they have given some examples like fossil clover cropping and into low into labs so these are some of the examples right now in India where agree startups are using technology for improving agriculture when now you get time just go and check all these companies what is their primary activity or to get in given another way just have a write up of four to five lines about all these companies what they are doing in which area they are doing so your answers will be more lively and more interesting to read that's given in paragraph 2 and there's a box of central government initiatives and state government initiatives regarding use of technology in agriculture one such thing is right now soil health card mobile app is being developed using of GIS coordinates for registering the location of the sample and all those things this information you can also use it in your answer writing these are some of the initiatives of the Indian government and state government of using technology for agriculture so that is given in page number 36 and if you go for page number 37 paragraph 1 so paragraph 2 so in paragraph 1 on page number 37 so they also give some important changes need to be used in technology based solution most important thing is localized informations so localized information need to be considered in providing solutions that is the most important thing so they say that never give one size fits all solution localized recommendation which are sensitive to geographical social culture and demographic requirements the fragment and unorganized sector of the agriculture that involves multiple level of intermediaries in a station of small holders to undertake technology that would not be commercially viable and cost effective so what are challenges in agribus technology and solutions one is you need to focus on local information a localized information to be promoted understanding the socio cultural needs socio cultural needs that is one important aspects and apart from this adaptation especially if you go for farmers they always love to maintain status quo status quo is a term which says that they does not want to change anything so you need to convince the farmers to adopt new technologies that is also biggest challenge so that is also given in the paragraph 2 that is the adoption and penetration of technologies slow process that diminishes investors interest that is given and lack of synergy between various advices and they disconnect from on-ground situation also perpetuate low uptake of smart technologies so another biggest problem is so disconnect so disconnect on the ground so they give some recommendation where it seems to be not relevant to that particular issue so that is called disconnect from the on-ground situations so people not ready to go for smart these are some of the challenges of smart agriculture so these are the informations in these two articles so right now we go for a question so this is a previous question so same this previous question is related to health so right now you can see the display of the question first we need to understand what is universal health coverage so that is the question's primary focus and the first part of the question says that public health system has limitations universal health coverage here means if you say universal health means it's not only about providing medicines and having hospitals apart from this it is a very holistic one or this holistic one starting with drinking water sanitation nutritional diet all is part of this universal health and also the most important thing about universal health is it also have some key terms so what are these key terms in universal health is one is preventive promotive curative and rehabilitative these are four dimensions of universal health one is promotive health creating awareness about health our next thing is preventive make sure that this is never raised this is never in in in the society and curative someone is having that particular diseases we need to cure them and rehabilitative make sure that they are again taken into this society these are the four dimensions of universal health also keep that in mind so with this context if you approach the question it will be easy to answer the question so I repeat again universal health means it's not only about hospitals and medicines it includes holistic aspect of health right from drinking water to education to nutritional diet that is one dimension apart from this another dimension of universal health is one is promotive preventive curative and rehabilitative so these are the important elements you keep in mind first part of the question is public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage so how we can find the answer for this question is when you go for the pre article what we discussed about policy and practices there are some informations which you can use it for your answers what are the limitations of the government in public health one you can say the limitations of doctor presence which we have some factual information especially in rural India and government expenditure on health is very less and we can give the reason what will be the impact on public health that you can say and apart from this there are some set of facts given here and there are seven points after structural adjustment what happened in India not happened in the global level regarding public health take example shortage of doctors shortage of institutions so all this can be an answer for the first part of the question so there are three parts of the question the first part of the question you just concentrate what are the limitations on the government in providing public health where this information of this article can effectively be used to address the question first paragraph you need to say what is universal health so the examiner can easily understand that then you say about what are the limitations in public health in this universal health coverage so why the government cannot be the sole provider of universal health so that is one part of the answer and second part is whether private sector can help this gap then you can say the answer yes private sector can play a major role in this how private sector can play a major role for example they can leverage the technology in providing public health like telemedicine they can effectively use telemedicine to connect with rural India and the most specialized doctors in hospitals can be using that to provide the diagnosis and procedures at the rural levels so that can be done and also when you take for other areas of universal health for example it can be insurance or it can be drinking water nutritional diet all this where the role of public health can be effectively so role of private place can be effectively enhanced so allowing private place insurance that helps in improving health insurance in India so this all the points you can say and you can say that private place can play a major role in it and third part of the question is any other viable alternatives they are asking the suggestion with you so what you what we can say is apart from this we can also promote all alternative medicines which is accessible for the people which can improve the public health so right now we have the ministry for that Ayush so this was a question two or three years before so ultimately you can see that what are the viable alternatives is like this preventive medicine especially focusing on traditional medicines of India that can be promoted and mostly we can focus on creating awareness that should be the more viable one and this awareness can be done using technologies like especially if you take urban India where technology can be leveraged properly like apps can be developed so this is an area where they're asking about some solutions from you so it's the most key word is viable alternative you should not write your own imagination how to improve the public health whether it can be implementable so that should be the primary factor right like Ayush is one such thing so promoting yoga is another one so all this can be said as a complete answer okay thank you