 جیسا کہ ہم آرڈی دیسکس کر چکے ہیں کہ پرجیکشن بہت ضروری ہیں نقشہ، سازی کے علم میں لہذا ہمیں یہ بیزین میں رکنا چاہیے کہ ہم کس جگہ کے لیے کون سی پرجیکشن جوز کرائے ہیں اگر پرجیکشن کی تیپ سمارے زہن میں ہے تو ہم پھر اسی ریفرنس سے اپنے لونگیٹوٹس کی ایکسٹنچن اور ایریہ کی مناصبت سے ہم فیصلہ کر سکیں گے لہذا now the کونیکل پرجیکشن can be used for the middle let's ڈیوٹس ڈیوٹسrative is so it truly represents the areas which are closer to the middle let's ڈیوٹیکشن templates region a call out may be imagine to touch the globe along circle the calla سیل لائی bicycle about the pole on the art axis produced and the surface of the call will be tangent to the sphere some parallel of let's use these some parallels or selected parallel is called the standard parallel because it truly corresponds to that of the globe and the scale along it is also true this because an arc of circle after the cone is unfolded along a plane there may be one or two standard parallel in conical projection other parallels will be concentric with the standard parallel some of the conical projection have been modified to suit maps as bones and polyconic projection all these modified projection may be called conventional projections so we have already discussed that this is actually one of the best conical projection that can be used for the middle latitudes all the parallels like the latitudes are at right angle so that's where the area which is on these latitudes and longitudes within these longitude and latitude truly pictured so here the map of the usa here is usa canada mexico or the map of the north america it is actually the true map of the north america because all the lines of latitudes and longitudes are truly drawn now here is the cylindrical projection which is used for the areas which are closer to the equator so this lighted area is actually the area which is actually scale cannot be disturbed when the gratitude is prepared by the imaginary lines the surface of a globe projected on the surface of a hollow cylinder it is called cylindrical projection when the cylinder is unfolded into a flat surface it gives a rectangular shape of the globe in which the meridians and parallels are represented as straight lines intersecting each other at right angle here all the meridians and parallels are equal straight lines spaced at equal distance likewise all the parallels of latitudes are also equal and parallel straight lines but they are spaced at purposely calculator distances from the equator now in the equal area of cylindrical projection the distances between two parallels decreases proportionately toward the poles so here the distance which are closer to the equator are truly picture but when we are moving toward the poles the distances are decreases so this is used for the tropical areas the areas which are from zero to forty five degree north and south so this projection is used for the tropical areas so here the map of the word you can see here the difference between the two areas دیکھے یہاں پر یہ ایریہ حوالی پکچر ہے لیکن ہمیں green land یہ والا پورشن میپ میں چھوٹا نظر آ رہا ہے یعنی یہاں پر جو ہے وہ لیٹیو جو ہیں وہ بہت قریب ہو گئے لہذا ایریہ جو ہے یہاں پر حراب ہو گئے جیسے ہم دیسٹورشن کہتے ہیں سیم اس دکیس فیدہ صدر نماز فیر تو آپ دیکھئے کہ جو انٹاکٹکن کانٹننٹ ہے انٹاکٹکہ وہاں پر بھی ایریہ جو ہے میں دیسٹورشن آ گئی تو ایکو لیٹیو پر جیکشن میں جو میپ ہمیں نظر آ رہا ہے اس میں جو ترابکل ایریہوں ہیں وہ ترولی پکچر جو مرکیٹر پر جیکشن ہے ایک ایک سلنڈریکر پر جیکشن ہے یہاں ایریہ کے لئے now while in a مرکیٹر سلنڈریکر پر جیکشن the shape and distances are preserved the distances proportionately increases toward poles so here we can see the map of the word so it is drawn on the مرکیٹر projection so the central part of the map is truly pictured but the sides which are closer to the pole are in distortion