 The topic which we are going to discuss is theories of accident causation. If we see here, the accident-incident theory is an extension of human factors. It was developed by Dan Peterson and is something referred to as Peterson-accident-incident theory. If we see the incident-accident theory, it means that if any situation arises in an organization, how someone should behave in that particular situation. Peterson introduced such new elements as an ergonomic traps, the decision to err, and system failure while retaining much of the human factor theory. Here, Peterson wants to say that if this factor is considered, then the chances of an accident or any type of injury can be reduced. When we do not consider these factors, then the chances of injury can be increased. A model based on his theory is shown in figures such as Peterson-accident-incident theory. If we see here, first point is overload. Here we see the pressure, fatigue, motivation, drugs, alcohol, worry. These are the factors which are commonly used by the employees in an organization. When employees are not motivated in an organization, then they use drugs, alcohol, or under stress. We will call these factors overload. Because of these factors, the chances of an accident or an injury can be increased. An ergonomic trap, incompatible workstation, size, pose, reach, feel. These are the factors where incompatibility does not exist. Muscle and size of organization, size of workplace, where the individual is going to perform his duties. If the individual wants to do his work properly and the space is low, then there are more chances of his harm. Decision to error, misjudgment of the risk. Of course, your judgment is not accurate. This is called misjudgment. There may be chances of an accident because of misjudgment. For example, you are driving a car. You want to cross the motorway and go ahead. And you are facing problems with the next car speed. If your judgment is converted to misjudgment, then chances of an accident will be increased. Sometimes, even because of misjudgment, an accident can be caused. Unconscious desire to earn logical decision based on the situation. This is also a factor that can cause an accident. If these factors are combined, then these are human factors that cause a mistake. And because of them, what will happen? That will be an accident. And when there is an accident, then the injury will be damaged. If it is seen from the back of the accident, then there are some factors such as system failure, policy, responsibility, training, inspection, correction, and standards. If these factors are followed by the standard operating procedure, then chances of an accident are minimized. If the theory of accident causation is seen diagrammatically, then the epidemic theory, presidential, and pre-dispositional characteristics, and situational characteristics are different. Pre-dispositional characteristics may be the success of people, perception of people, how they perceive about something, and environmental factors, which are not in your control. In situational factors, risk assessment of individual, peer pressure, peer pressure is the pressure of all your colleagues, in which supervisors, subordinates, and all these people are involved. Priorities of the supervisor. Some supervisors have given you a task, but they want you to perform a task first. Subordinates should perform their duties according to the priorities of the supervisor. Attitude of the individual. The supervisor is telling you not to work with your heart. The supervisor is very excited and motivated. You can see these factors in the organization when it is achieved. If these factors are combined in the epidemiological theory, then pre-dispositional characteristics and situational characteristics are combined, then because of them, we can cause or prevent accident conditions. This point comes forward. This means, can an accident be caused by these factors or can it be saved from accidents? Now, if you look here, what is the basic theory? Epitomological is the study of causal relationship between environmental factors and disease. The reason for the disease is the epidemiological theory of accidents. System theory of accident causation. If we see the system theory of accident causation, then the students of this theory means, when an accident is incurred in the organization, then the individual's behavior is less, but the system's behavior is more. This is called system theory of causation accident. This theory uses a situation in which an accident may occur as a system compromise of the following components. Number one, person, host, machine, agency, and environment. Now, these are the three factors. If a specific combination is being used in these three factors, then the chances of accidents will be less. If these three factors do not have a better combination, then the chances of accidents will increase. As mentioned here, the likelihood of an accident occurring is determined by how these components interact with each other. Then changes in the pattern of interaction can increase or reduce the probability of an accident. If this slide is concluded, then this means that if in an organization, individual's sex, machinery, and environment, if these three factors are in favourable condition, then the chances of accidents will be less. If these three factors do not have a better combination, then the chances of accidents will increase. Number two, feedback loop. In feedback loop, there are three factors. I have shared with you, machine, person, and environment. These three factors interact with each other. Then, collect information, various, make decision. If all these factors are in favourable condition, then task to be performed. Your task will be successfully completed. This is called feedback loop. If all these things are not in favourable situation, then task will be performed but not in an accurate way. Then the task will not be performed in an accurate way. Combination theories of accident causation. If we look at the combination theory used in the accident causation, then what is the combination theory? Let's look at the scores of the students. According to the combination theory, the actual cause may combine parts of several different models. If we look at the actual theory, then several models as a whole are used, and we tell people how we can avoid accidents or cause accidents. We basically call this combination theory. Safety personnel should use these theories and appropriate both for accidents, prevention and accident invention. In this, two terms are used by dear students. Number one, prevention and number two, accident invention. Revention means that if something is going to happen, then our mechanism should develop in such a way that it can be stopped before it works. This is called prevention. When an accident happens, it is called investigation. The combination theory is dealing with both. Then, however, they should avoid the tendency to try to apply one model to all accidents. This means that if an accident happens in the organization, then the situation cannot be applied on all situations. We call this combination theory of accident causation.