 Welcome to the AI for Good Global Summit. I'm delighted to say that our guests today are Gabriella Ramos and Darren Jones. Gabriella is Assistant Director-General for Social and Human Sciences at UNESCO. And Darren is a member of Parliament in the UK. Good morning. Thank you. Thanks for the invitation. You're welcome. Firstly, let me start by asking you what kind of guidelines on AI, Gabriella, what kind of guidelines are needed and how can we ensure that they're adopted internationally? Well, Gillian, you will say that I was prepared for that question, but the reality is that we have the guidelines. UNESCO in 2021, 193 countries adopted the recommendation on the ethics of artificial intelligence. At the moment of generative AI, we're way beyond needing guidelines. The guidelines are just a way to put countries in agreement of how do we tackle the digital transformation and the exponential growth of artificial intelligence in a way that respects human rights, human dignity, environmental sustainability, and fair and inclusive outcomes. We have that. That's the agreement. The real challenge now, and that's what we're working to, is how you translate those principles, those accountability transparency into policies, and then how you equip governments or how the governments equip themselves to get the institutions and the regulations to shape the transformation, because we shaped the technological transformation. It's a societal discussion, not a technological one, and it's there. So I think that it was very important because you have very different views and we need to have international standards and agreements, and then you go for the implementation. And you tweeted yesterday or today that you'd made good progress so far with countries. Tell me about that. Yes, because what we did at UNESCO was not only to get the agreement of what to do, but also the how to do it. And we developed a tool that is assessing where countries stand in terms of their understanding and capacities internally, a readiness assessment methodology. And now we are deploying it with the support of the European Commission, the Patrick McGovern Foundation, the Japanese Development Corporation in 40 governments, because we need to know where they stand in terms of these capacities. We're going to have a common assessment, and then we will come together to think about what is the best way of tackling the challenges. How do we develop the best institution to assess whatever development is not put in the market before it's completely safe, to have the ethical impact assessment before all these technologies reaches the markets? And I think that that government is well, because maybe they are very concerned about the impact that the acceleration of generative AI has brought to the table. They really are working very hard with us. And we got the US back to UNESCO. The US left UNESCO in 2017. They came back last week. And one of the issues they said we want to be in that table where the standards on artificial intelligence are being discussed. Okay. And Darren, you worked closely with Gabriella. Tell me about that. Well, the UNESCO framework on AI ethics is, as I understand it, the only global framework signed up by 193 countries. So it sets the first real international standard approach to how you implement AI irrespective of which country you might be in. And all of us as policymakers are now having to think about what does this technology mean, and what's the impact of it going to be on people, our constituents, the public. And that's why the recommendation is really important, because it helps us to really translate from the technology to the human, and to make sure that we're implementing the technology in the interest of people, and not just some of the other opportunities that might come from technology. Sure, sure. And tell me a bit about how AI, in your opinion, could promote economic growth, for example. Well, I think it's a huge opportunity for artificial intelligence to improve our productivity at work, which will improve profits and pay, and therefore stimulate economic growth. And for many countries that have been struggling with economic growth, for many years, or for developing countries, there's a real opportunity there to enhance the way our economies work, and also the way our public services are delivered. But that opportunity has to be implemented in the right way, so that you don't end up with workers who are redundant or fearful of the technology and don't want to use it. And that's why how you implement the technology ethically and safely is really, really important, because unless people want to use the technology they're not going to, and then you won't get the benefit of the economic opportunities that come from it. You must hear a lot of that from the countries that you work with about economic growth. Yes, and I'm listening to Darren, because that's exactly the way we frame it. How do we ensure that these technologies help us for people to increase their own well-being and not only the lucky few, because the problem with the way the technology is being advanced is that it's not inclusive. At the end, you need the high-level skills, you need high-level investments, you have high concentration in two countries, the U.S. and China producing 80% of these technologies, and therefore how do we equip everybody to benefit from it? It's not only as a consumer or users, but also to help transition with this impressive disruption that the technologies bring to the labor markets, to the way we study, to the way we operate, but that need to really bring people up to the task of profiting from it, and the way it is going now is not just achieving this inclusiveness that we need. And one of the main topics at this summit has been around the governance of AI, and how do we bring in these technological developments in a safe and ethical way? The interesting thing here is that you really need to understand that these technologies are completely transversal, and each government institution will have their own objectives. The Ministry of Digital, they want to have more startups, more investments. The Minister of Justice will just to catch up the criminals in the cyberspace. You need to bring some kind of institutional innovation. We need new institutions that will be looking into this. Some people have thought about the FDA model in the US, the Food and Drug Administration, that is well equipped to understand how technologies work and how you do the evaluation ex ante before they reach the market. And I think this is a kind of institutions that we will need. It's challenging because it's not only about the people, us, trying to cope because it's very fast, but it's also the institutional thinking that needs to be put in place to cover these technologies better. And we need to really upscale the efforts. Do you have any thoughts on that, Darren? Yes, you can't just rely on legislation to keep up with the pace of technology, because the way we make laws is too slow, and that's just not going to work. So, having a regulator that has the powers and the scope to be more flexible and nimble is going to be really important. In Europe, lots of European citizens, UK citizens will know about GDPR and how that protects their interest in respective data, for example. We kind of need to get to the same level where people know that when AI is being used, there's a level of trust that they have in the system to ensure that the public's interests are at the heart of that development. We're not there yet, which is why if you ask the public about artificial intelligence, they probably worry about it more than seeing it as an opportunity for better skills, better work, and better pay. And so you have to get that institutional framework in place that means that the public know that when they think about AI, they don't just think, oh, is my job going to change, but they actually say, I know that my government has my interests at heart because there are these ethical frameworks in place to protect my interests. Well, thank you both for your insights. It's been fascinating. You work very closely together, and I believe there's a moment in time here. We're taking advantage of being here with you because we really need the parliamentarians. We need the legislators. They're the ones that do the loss, and they're the ones that are very close to the people. So UNESCO is working very close with the Inter-Parliamentarian Forum that Taren is leading, and we're going to sign in front of you, Gillian, if you don't mind. I'm delighted. Please. And you're the witness of Banner. There we go. I shall remember that. That's a moment in history. Gabriella Ramos and Darren, thank you both very much for your time. More to come on the AI for Good Global Summit coming up.