 Good morning Shradha, good morning Tanmay, how are you all? Good morning ma'am, fine ma'am, how are you ma'am? I am also good, so today we are like, I am 5 minutes late. Let us wait for others. Good morning. Good morning, good morning. Somebody, two more people need to join. Shreya, she is there and Raghunam. Everybody know that today's class? Yes. So Shradha, you were having some pooja yesterday in the morning? Yes ma'am, I had a pooja that's why I couldn't come. So what, like which type of pooja it was? Ma'am like Shanti pooja. Oh, Shanti pooja, okay. So this pooja is for how many hours? Like if you will start or if we start in morning then how much time does it take? Ma'am we actually went like around 10.30 and it got over at 2.30. Oh, that's the reason you were able to attend only evening class then. Yes ma'am. Oh, I can see only two people have joined. I don't know why this two Raghunam and Shreya are not there. So shall we start? Yesterday Tanmay was there. So those who were absent, they can simply see the recording once it will be uploaded. Let me check it that is there somebody who's trying to come. No, there is no nothing imitation like that. I will try to put on my video. So today we will start the pending part of the microbes in human welfare. Here it is little cold. We are not in Bangalore. I am in Bangalore only but I feel cold in morning. Yes it is. Sun is there but it's not coming in my home. Like sunlight is not coming in my home in early morning. Like around 12 or 1 o'clock it will be there. Little sunny. So yesterday what we have done quickly I will go through the recap. We were studying the useful effect of microbes in different fields. So in different field the first field was microbes in household product. First we have done that about curd and what we have done. Curd we have done and one more thing was there. Toddy and this all we have done. Then second cheese was also there. After this microbes in industrial product in industry we have done two applications. Vivridges and antibiotics. After this in antibiotics Tanmay was there in the class. So please tell me along with Alexander flaming. Name the two more scientists who worked for antibiotic and got Nobel prize. Along with Alexander flaming. Name two scientists. I don't know. Check your notes. I told you yesterday I taught you. Check your notes. Brother can you try. Mom chain and Flory. Very good on us chain and Harvard. Flory. So then after we have done effect of microbes in creating producing chemicals and gyms. Other bioactive molecules that are very useful in medical field like statins are there. That will lower the cholesterol cyclosporin was there. That will act as a immunosuppressive agent then streptokinase plot buster heart attack patient. This we have done after that we have to start today microbes in sewage treatment. Then we will study biochemical oxygen demand BOD after that microbes in production of biogas. See when the sewage will be there when we will do sewage treatment. At that time only biogas will be produced. Then we will do little detail that what are the gases in biogas which bacteria is responsible and all this. Then microbe as bio control agent and microbe as bio fertilizer. So today I hope I will be able to complete this chapter. Maybe it will be like it get over like at 12 o'clock or 12 30 only then you can leave is that fine. Okay so everybody open your notebook. Let me also set my writing pad so that we can start and then you can understand and guys just I want feedback also in the end so that is there anything that you want from my side I will do it in the next class. Otherwise I will not be able to know now that how the class is going are you satisfied there is something that we need to do. Okay, don't be shy. What happens. Oh, your voice is like getting equal. Yes ma'am my screen please tell me is it visible. Yes ma'am it's visible. Yes ma'am. So here I would like to open my I people that is writing pad. So today guys when there will be now somebody telling me my class somebody want to come like invitation will be there so please let me know because here I'm not able to see like two boys are missing now. I will know my apartments that some kids to start playing from early morning seven o'clock till 9 30 p.m. so they will create disturbance. Now there is no unnecessary voice. Yes ma'am now it's fine and try to speak as much in the class so that the class doesn't become boring, it should be engaging like if I ask something you have to speak. If you have any problem, you have to say to me. So the topic is microbes. See this is something that is very very confusing. And it take a lot of time lot of patience to understand microbes in sewage treatment. Lot of sewage is there because of pollution. Everybody is having their notebook. Yes ma'am. So microbes in sewage treatment. So there is culture of Indian and western toilet in our country. But before this toilet we can understand that nobody was going like nobody was having toilets and all in their home simply they go to farm. Do you remember in ancient days nobody was having this toilet. People carry their mug. Oh Aditya is there. So people carry their mug and then they go hello Aditya. Can you hear me. Oh I got a message. So we are discussing sewage treatment. We are discussing sewage treatment. So in old days if you remember in ancient days there were no system of toilets in India. People generally go and farm. So there was no system of you can also say a sewage treatment. There was nothing to do with the treatment of the sewage. But slowly slowly when urbanization took place urbanization means township. People are moving from village to city in search of good life, good education, good food. So what happened they have started building their own home and when they were having their own house their own home then they were having their own toilets. So in every toilet is having one system by the help of which the human excreta will go out. Everybody goes toilet in the morning. Some people use it for the two time. So there is a lot of human excreta. So human excreta makes lot of organic effluent. The human excreta is having organic effluent. So here I will write. Everybody have to write along with me in your notebook. Human excreta makes organic effluent. So this organic effluent is need to be treated guys because can we throw directly these organic effluent to the rivers. Can we allow the organic effluent that is coming from everybody's washroom in this whole India. Can we directly throw it in the river? Water body source. No, because it is very, very harmful. The whole water will become dirty. And it will become you can say source of so many waterborne disease. Everybody will have polio, then amoebiasis, cholera, jointed stifle. Okay, so it's better to before throwing the water, this organic effluent before throwing this organic effluent in the river. It should be treated. It should be treated. And for this treatment, there is a sewage treatment plant. If you have NCRT, I will tell you, please open your NCRT. Let me complete my statement. Sewage treatment plant is there. But guys, do you know just because there is so much population in our country that according to the population, the number of sewage treatment plant is less. So it is a little struggle, but it's still government is trying. Yes, government is actually trying to make more and more sewage treatment plant. So where is my NCRT? Everybody have NCRT in their hand? Everybody have NCRT? Yes, ma'am. Tanmay and Anitya, why you are not using your mic, feeling shy in the class? So go to the page number 185, figure 10.7, page 185, figure 10.7, visible, an aerial view of a sewage plant. Yes ma'am. So after looking this, can you say that it is so beautiful and here there is treatment of sewage is done. Does this look like something lab work is going on, something productive is going on? Isn't it? Yes ma'am. Why everybody is feeling so low in the morning only? Do you have some breakfast or something? Nothing like that ma'am. Okay. Why was drinking water? See so microbes will be used in order to treat the sewage so that it becomes least polluted and when it becomes least polluted, then we can allow them to go into the river source. Hi Raghu Ram. Hello. Sorry I'm late ma'am. It's okay. It's okay. Today I was also fired. The lecture started at 9.5. I got a little late. It's okay but we haven't started. I hope you have, yes you have attended last lecture then after break you were having power cut or something. Yes ma'am. Yeah it's okay. The recording will be uploaded. I asked Santosh sir in the office. He told that maybe today evening or tomorrow morning recording will be there. After every class we will get the recording. So we are doing sewage treatment by the help of sewage treatment plant and microbes. Okay. Yes ma'am. This sewage treatment is done in the two ways. Everyone it is my request that please focus especially this topic because it is a damn confusing topic. If you will not study properly little focus is required. Once the doubt will be clear it will you are not going to forget throughout your life. The sewage treatment is done in two steps. The step number first is the primary treatment. Okay primary treatment. Second is as it is second then it will be secondary treatment. Now what is the difference between primary treatment and secondary treatment. First of all listen in primary treatment P for primary P for physical P for primary P for physical. So primary treatment is physical treatment. In this simply we have to do a distillation process or a filtration process sedimentation process. We will not add microbes in primary treatment. The step in which microbes are used is secondary. So secondary may we will use microbes. So this will become also known as biological treatment. Why biological because we are using microbes. Okay. Is it fine. It's not P for primary P for physical S for secondary S may we will use micro then it will become biological crystal clear. Yes ma'am. A little more detail in physical treatment we will have two steps. First is filtration. Okay. And second is sedimentation. Okay. So in physical treatment we have to study filtration process and sedimentation process in biological treatment. What will be added. What we will add so that our water become little clean. See which water become clean. Addition of microbes. Okay. So this much everybody have written in your notes. Okay. So guys now here I will make one drawing. Okay. Diagram here I will draw one. See this is a big tank. This is a big tank like this. So here what we are adding or see which water I will make it brown color dirty. See which water is being added. See which water is being added in this tank for the treatment. So both treatment will be done primary and secondary but first primary primary is physical. So what will happen in order to what was the first step of primary treatment. So filtration very good. So in order to do filtration we have filters. Obviously filtration is there so we have to use filter now. So here is a filter. Let me draw it. These are the filters. Filter number one. Filter number one is having big big filters but in filter number two the filters will become fine or more big. Fine. Fine. So I will draw it also. Everybody make tea in their home. So you do filter of the tree now. Filteration of the tree by using filter for tea leaves and ginger extract everything will remain in the filter. See so much disturbance. Can you hear kids are playing. Yes. They are simply little up to play no offline class online class. So they are enjoying. So in the first step is filtration. So these two are filters which step will be done here. First step we will do filtration. Okay. After this this filtration will be a part of primary treatment. This sewage water after getting filter it will go. It will become little clear not much little clear but it will become the water that is that is present here water after primary treatment like what not primary like water after this. We can save one. Oh God. When the filtration is done. See this is a filtration process by the losing filter. Then this water will have small and large soil particles and particle clays they are great is they are not that is not filtered in this filter so they will go and settle down like this. They will go and settle down. See they are properly getting settled down. So the settling down of the clay and grit particles. This step is known as the second step of physical treatment is the second step of physical treatment is sedimentation very good. So here I will write step number two sedimentation. So physical treatment is done physical treatment is done in two ways. First step is filtration. Second is sedimentation. So after doing these two process after doing these filtration and sedimentation physical treatment primary treatment is over. Now the water that is left here after primary treatment this is known as primary sludge. What is the name primary sludge. Okay. Now this primary sludge you can also say after sedimentation the water of sealage left in the tank is known as affluent or primary sludge or you can say it is known as supernatant. So we can call it primary sludge affluent supernatant. So many names are there. Super spelling supernatant. Okay. So there is supernatant after this what we will understand is this water pure to go into the river. Not yet ma'am not yet because in order to make it a little more clear this affluent need needed to go for which treatment. This affluent will pass for who will tell secondary treatment secondary treatment. So the affluent I will allow we will allow them to go for secondary treatment and secondary treatment what will be added secondary treatment what will be added. Speak speak speak everything is written on the board. Micro. Micro only Shraddha is speaking what about others. Mike is not working. Hello class. I'm able to understand anything. Yes ma'am. Yes ma'am. Is there a little disturbance background noise. A bit moments ma'am. Okay. So secondary treatment microbe is there in microbe is added so this treatment also known as biological. Treatment. Okay. So this primary sludge will go for secondary treatment in secondary treatment one tank is used. That tank is known as aeration tank. What is the tank used in secondary treatment aeration tank. Now I will change my slide may I have you written all these things. I will change my slide. I will go to slide number. Oh, we came to four. How many slides we have done which have I skipped some slides. Okay, this is this is something that we don't know. Okay, fine. So this is board number three. So aeration tank will be there. The primary sludge will go in the aeration track. And then the aeration tank will agitate. Have you seen washing machine when you put clothes and water and detergent then it will start moving. Agitating. Yes or no. Yes ma'am. So there is little amount of air is also and then when the washing machine is agitating. There will be bubbles of the detergent that is present at the top of the machine if you open it then you can see. Yes. Yes or no. So biological treatment, there will be use of aeration tank. In this aeration tank, there will be primary sludge. This primary sludge will be aeration is there aeration tank is there so which process will take place agitation. Okay primary sludge is also known as affluent or supernatant. Okay, so agitation is happening it means air is pumped into it. Agitation is happening it means air is pumped into it. Agitation is happening it means air is pumped into it. So what will happen now? Once the secondary treatment has started the aeration tank along with primary sludge is agitating. Goal, goal, goal, round and round and round. So here one more diagram. This is aeration tank. Okay, now this aeration tank here I will write it also otherwise we will forget. This is secondary treatment guys aeration tank is there. So this brown brown color what was remaining part of the sewage after primary treatment what we have called it. What we call sewage that has undergone primary treatment and going for secondary treatment. What is the name? Primary sludge affluent supernatant very good. So here this is primary sludge. So let me write it down. This is affluent. All are same thing again and again. So this affluent primary sludge supernatant this is biological treatment. So what we will add here in biological. Microbes. Microbes shallows so I will make yellow, yellow microbes like this. Microbes are there. Okay, so what will happen? See microbes when they entered into the aeration tank they want food in order to grow in order to survive. They want air in order to breathe. Yes or no if something is living so food air is necessary for them. So this microbe will get off season. From where they will get off season? Microbe I will make here little story. I mean microbe wants to grow. We want to grow for the growth of microbes. What is needed? Oxygen. Second thing off season. Is this fine? Till here any doubts? No doubts ma'am. Now listen carefully. Oxygen they are getting from where they are getting oxygen. You remember agitation process is taking place in this aeration tank in agitation air is also coming. We will allow the air to go inside. So from air they will get water from air they will get oxygen. Food from where they will get this effluent. Basically what is effluent? Effluent is sewage only na gail. It is little clean sewage. So sewage. So what we can say this sewage is made up of organic matter if you remember sewage human excreta is organic matter. So this organic matter will behave like a food for the microbes. Is it fine? This organic matter that is effluent will act as a food for microbes and aeration tank agitation is happening. Air is getting supplied. So there will be what? There will be air supply. So they will get oxygen. So therefore necessary requirement is fulfilled by the microbes or not. Food and oxygen they are getting. Yes or no? Yes mom. So what will happen as a result of which they will grow? Yes or no? Yes mom. They will grow very good. So after they will grow they are growing. Okay and along with their growth aeration tank is moving goal and goal and goal round and round and round. Here there is also happening growth of microbes is also happening. So what will happen? When you move your washing machine it will move round and round and round but when you will open it you will observe the bubbles of the detergent and everything is at the top. Have you observed at the top there will be something when you open your washing machine? So see listen just because of continuous agitation of the aeration tank and growth of microbes what will happen? There will be formation of flock at the top. Here I will move. See what is flock here I am making this is something structure that is formed at the top and in this flock these microbes will be trapped guys these microbes. They will come at the top and they will be trapped. Mom. Yes. Mom is that froth? No. F-L-O-C it is written in NCRT now F-L-O-C-S. Page number 184. Froth is a normal word. Flock froth is a normal word in which detergent and everything comes at the top but if there is microbe in biology we call it flocks. Page number 184 if you don't if you want to clear the spelling I have NCRT also. Okay so all the microbes will be trapped. Okay guys microbe is aerobic or anaerobic? Aerobic. That is why they want oxygen. So here the microbes will be trapped. So what I will write microbes are trapped. Plus along with microbes there are some fungal filaments are also formed in this process. So this microbe and fungal they both will become a new name we will give. Just give me one minute guide. Just give me one minute board I want so that I can change my position and I do a better job. Complete the diagrams. Do you have any doubt in diagram making also? No mom. So please complete the diagram till then I will change my position because I am getting disturbed here. Yes ma'am. Yeah so now I came in my study room because there was a little problem. Just let me sit and then I will start. So microbes are aerobic or anaerobic? Aerobic. Very nice. So aerobic respiration they will do then agitation is continuously taking place in the aeration tank. So they will grow, they will get agitated and in the end they will come at the top of the aeration tank. Then they will get trapped and they will make fungal filaments also. So microbes are trapped plus fungal filaments. So what we will call that structure. So also it starts with a letter F. Start with a letter F also. The answer I have told you Shradha was having doubt also in that. I am going to repeat the question. My question is then the microbes come at the top of the aeration tank. They get trapped and they are really they are going to associated with fungal filaments. So what are they known as? Flocks. Flocks, very nice. Anybody else want to come in the class? Who is this? Is this somebody classmate? Is there any kid that is not in the class? Yes, ma'am. Who? Name? Shreyas is not there. Somebody is maybe from faculty. So this is known as flock. Here I will write it down. Microbes are trapped plus fungal filaments. Okay, this is need MCQ. They will ask it. In 2018 they have asked also previous year question. So after this microbes are getting trapped. Microbes need oxygen, microbes need food. So what will happen? They will go at the top and they will get trapped and they will make flaws. Is the water clean to go into the river now? We have done treatment. Two types of treatment we have done. Is the water clean now? No, no, no. Ma'am, you can purify it more. Ma'am, you could use chemicals to purify it more, I guess. So see what we will do now. Here I will tell you. This affluent, that is not having microbes now because all the microbes are trapped and they have made flock. So this affluent, we will allow them to go after secondary treatment. Affluent will go into settling tank, guys. We call it tank. So many tank and tank. Settling tank. Now see what is settling tank. After aeration tank, there will be one settling tank. So here only small, I will draw it. So after secondary treatment, the affluent. Why am I making it blue color? Any idea? Any idea why I am using blue color? Because the color will be blue. No, not color blue because now the water is little clean. So I have stopped using dark, dirty brown color and I have done with blue color. So this affluent, all the microbes have gone in above to make flock. But still there are few tiny microbes. So what they will do in this settling tank, these tiny microbes, they will go and get settled in the bottom. Okay, they will get settled. So here what I will write. Microbes settling down. Microbes settling down. So microbes got settled down and this upper part is what? That is settled down. This is known as activated sludge. There was one primary sludge and now this one is known as activated sludge. So activated sludge is having the microbes. Now this activated sludge, the microbe that is present in this activated sludge. These microbes are only there. That is settled down and making this activated sludge. They will undergo two steps. They will have, they have two functions. First, little microbe will used as an inoculum and it will go back to aeration tank. First step, what is the destiny of these microbes of activated sludge? There is two destiny. Destiny number one is little microbe or few microbes used as inoculum. You remember the word inoculum yesterday I have used? Yes or no? What is inoculum? Very good a starter. Something that is start something. So little microbe used as inoculum in, used as inoculum and where it will go and go back to which tank? The aeration tank. Very good. So what I will do this little microbe, I will send it to the aeration tank. This is not aeration tank. So here I have send the microbes. So here I will make the blue, blue microbes. So this is the first destiny of the microbe of activated sludge. The second destiny is that the remaining parts are little only going down. Still there is 80%. So what will happen to that 70 to 80% the major microbe? They will, remaining will do an aerobic sludge digestion. Without any oxygen they will do respiration. And aerobic sludge digestion. Okay. Now after doing this anaerobic sludge digestion what will happen? Whatever flux was present here. Whatever flux, like flux means microbe and fungus, whatever is present, everything will be digested. Everything will be digested. So here I will write anaerobic sludge digestion digest. All the flux made in aeration tank. Made in aeration tank. Okay. Now this one, this is the destiny number two. Industry number one. Why we are using this little microbe as a starter in this aeration tank? Why we are using? What is the need? Why we are using again and again? Anybody who can tell me the answer? Oh Shreyesh won't to come. So lately people are joining now. Hi Shreyesh. Oh, we haven't joined. Good morning Shreyesh. Good morning ma'am. Why are you late? Ma'am I didn't see the winter planner properly so I actually didn't see that today there was a class at this time. Sorry ma'am. Sorry, see, remember guys I will be with you till Friday. I have started my planner yesterday. I will continue till Friday and then I think Saturday or Sunday what's the amount and then Rahul sir they will be back Saturday Sunday. Back like they will have their own chapter. Ma'am is teaching on a molecular basis of inheritance and all this. Yes ma'am. Yes ma'am. Why is your classmate so calm? Feeling sleepy? So my question was, now listen carefully, why this little microbe is used as inoculum and why does it need to go back to the aeration tank? The answer is, when this little microbe will come back to aeration tank, they will again get food, they will again get oxygen, they will again get growth and then they will again get and form flock. So again and again when this process is taking place, the growth of microbe is happening. So microbe is eating all the organic matter of the water, like effluent. It's taking all the oxygen of the effluent. So in indirect way, it is making the water clean. Yes or no? Yes, ma'am. See microbes are there, so they are eating organic matter of the effluent. Human excreta, they are consuming it as their food. So don't you think indirectly our water is becoming clean? Abhi kya hu raya, microbe have to get their food. So they are eating their food. What food they are eating? They are eating organic matter. Human excreta, that is a part of this effluent. So they will eat all the food and then they will go get trapped in the filter that is above. So what will be the result? This effluent will be clean now. Yes or no? Use your common sense. Yes, ma'am. So in this way, we will make this effluent clean twice. Saffai karna hai, we have to clean. That is why we are doing all this process. Now this anaerobic sludge, this may, this settling tank was there. Microbe settled down. So this is what you microbe use as an inoculum. Most of the microbes are getting anaerobic respiration and then they will be digested. Digest all the flocs made in the aeration tank. Take care. Very good. Now after this, what will happen? After doing all this process, they will release one gas. When they will do this digestion of floc and all the bad smell gas will be there and it is known as, what is that? Biogas. So this process will release biogas. So don't you think that sewage treatment plant is useful also? In two ways. One, we are getting rid of the pollution. Okay. And second, we are getting biogas. Yes or no? Yes ma'am. Three to two. Nishane. How many people understand in the little bit? I guess everybody here. Everybody. Very good. So this is the EDM guys in Havre. Eight to two Nishane means you are doing one thing and you are getting two outputs. So we are doing treatment of the wastewater. What are the two outputs we are getting? First output we are getting that the water is becoming less polluted after treatment. Second is that we are getting biogas. Fine. So this biogas is made up of methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide. Fine. Write it down. Write it down. After this I will teach you BOD. It is also related to this topic. B-O-D. We have to do first complete this and then let me know that ma'am, we have done the notes and now you can continue. Am I audible? Yes ma'am. Everybody have done the notes? Yes ma'am. Okay. Very good. So here I will start a new small Chotusa topic that is known as B-O-D. I hope this word you have heard already. Have you heard this word before? First time. Fine. Biochemical oxygen demand. The short form is B-O-D. Chemical oxygen demand. Now listen carefully. If the water is more polluted, the BOD will be high. If the water is less polluted, the BOD will be low. For example, this is polluted water. I will say high polluted water. This arrow and this will be less polluted water. So in high polluted water, suppose the same thing. This is water. This is water. Water is polluted. It means microbes will be there. Yes or no? Yes ma'am. So these are all our microbes. The microbes that are living in high polluted water, they also want put everywhere wherever there is microbe. They want food. Okay. Fine. So in this more polluted water, organic matter will be more or less high polluted water. Organic matter will be more or less. Organic matter excreta will be more ma'am. More. Very good. So more organic matter. Point number two, they will have this microbe. More organic matter. Like more food is there for microbes. So microbe will grow more. Yes or no? More growth of microbes. So do these microbes need oxygen? Yes ma'am. So more oxygen they need for their growth. More oxygen is needed. So in this way, the oxygen that is present in this waste water, in this polluted water, sewage water that will be used by the microbe. So there will be deficiency of oxygen in the sewage water of oxygen. Why? Because all the oxygen was used up by microbe. So the oxygen demand, the new you can say deficiency of oxygen will be there. So we can say that this polluted water have this polluted water have what we will say BUD. Because why the biochemical oxygen demand is more? Because all the oxygen is used by because all the oxygen is used by the microbes. So there is lack of oxygen. So their BUD will become high. Is it okay? Is it okay? Yes ma'am. After this, let us move to less polluted water. Here, organic matter will be more or less. Less organic matter, less sewage water, less excreta, less organic matter. Okay, this is known as less food. When there is less food, what will be the amount of oxygen here? It should be lower. So it should be lower. So when less organic matter is there, so growth of the microbe will be more or less. When there is food also less, when there is oxygen also less. Less oxygen is there, less food is there. So what will be the growth of microbes? They will also reduce. It will also reduce. So less growth of microbes, less growth of microbes. And when this growth of microbes will be less, already less oxygen is there. So what we can say, BOD is more or less? Everything will be less. Biochemical oxygen demand. So we can simply say more the polluted water, more the BOD, less the polluted water, less the BOD. Can we say biochemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand is directly proportional to biochemical oxygen demand is directly proportional to, we will tell me pollution. Am I correct? Yes ma'am. Biochemical oxygen demand is directly proportional to pollution. Okay fine, noted down. So more the BOD, more the pollution. More and more growth of microbes requires more food and oxygen. When these microbes takes the nutrition, polluted water will be more toxic. Their BOD will increase. As a result of which the beauty of the effluent will decrease, hence the water becomes less polluted. Is there any disturbance? No ma'am, it's fine. See I came in my room still in the corridor, the kids are jumping and moving here and there. I don't know when the school will be open and they will go school. I'm gonna scroll a little up. Done ma'am. Then this is done. So guys, if I say the main agenda of this secondary or biological treatment of the sewage water is to decrease the BOD of the polluted water. Am I correct? Yes ma'am. Yeah see, BOD we have to decrease. I don't know where this noise is coming. BOD is a measure of the organic matter present in the water. So here I will write it down. What is our main agenda? Main aim. The main aim. The main aim. Or we can say agenda of secondary treatment guys because in secondary only microbes are used. The main agenda of secondary treatment is to reduce the BOD of polluted water. Reduce the BOD of polluted water. Is it okay? So listen carefully. Previous year question here. What comes in need that I will tell you. Previous year one question came. The question was BOD is a measure of and there were so many options. There was option like BOD is a measure of oxygen content in the water. BOD is a measure of nutrition content in the water. BOD is a measure of organic matter present in the water. So many kids get confused even I was getting confused when I was doing this 12th grade. I have mild oxygen. Okay. I have mild oxygen but that is wrong. BOD is a measure of what should be the answer according to you? Organic matter. Organic matter. Very good. See BOD they go eight bar first it will measure organic matter. Then automatically we will get to know that if there will be less organic matter. So obviously the growth of the micro will be less. So there will be less oxygen also in that water. So BOD is a measure of organic matter. Organic matter like human excreta and all in the water. This is something that we need to learn very, very important. Okay. So more the BOD, more the BOD, more the pollution. Am I correct? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. So this you write it down. After this bio gas here we have to understand that how microbe is used in the production of bio gas. See we have understood already that in the wastewater treatment bio gas is released. Yes or no? We are getting two things. First the water is also becoming treated. Secondary we get a gas known as bio gas. So bio gas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, H2S that we have discussed. But we will go a little more in detail because in NCRT there is a topic microbes in production of bio gas. Yes or no? Okay tell me who will tell me when the effluent is in the settling tank, when the effluent is in the settling tank and the microbes that get settled down in the settling tank, you remember they were known as activated sludge and then they are going to be digested. Yes ma'am. So what type of respiration they have done? Aerobic or anaerobic? Important they have undergone aerobic respiration. No, no I am saying the settling tank microbes. See few microbes were used as inoculum. They went back to aeration tank but still 70 to 80% of the activated sludge they were digested. So which type of respiration they have done so that they can release bio gas? A respiration was the microbe have done respiration as a result of which they have released bio gas. What was the respiration? Aerobic anaerobic. Everybody have to tell. This is direct from the notes. I am going to repeat the question. My question is in the settling tank in wastewater treatment in secondary treatment there is a settling tank. In that settling tank there are microbes that are present in activated sludge. Listen to me. There are microbes present in the activated sludge. Out of all the microbes present in the activated sludge few of them will go back as inoculum in the aeration tank and most of them like 70 to 80% will be digested and then they will release a bio gas. So those microbes which are digested they are undergoing dash type of respiration. Anaerobic guys they will do anaerobic because once the micro quantity got decreased once the wastewater is getting treated in settling tank almost the water is getting treated the BOD became less. So the oxygen is less. So just because oxygen is less so which type of respiration will be done? Anaerobic. There will be no oxygen only. So how the microbes will get oxygen. They will do anaerobic respiration and then they will in the last they will due to lack of proper oxygen they will die but when they will die they will release one gas. What is the gas? What is the gas? What is the gas? Bio gas. Bio gas. What happened? Why is there so much peace in the class? Don't you understand anything? I am understood ma'am. So why so much? So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. Yes maam. Okay, microbes in production of biogas. Now if I go to your previous knowledge, here I will write one story. The story is that microbes that was present in activated sludge, what they have done, which type of respiration they have done, tropic respiration okay and as a result what they have released, biogas. Biogas is having CH4, H2S, CO2. Now here previous square question was that what is the percentage of CH4 or methane? It is for 50 to 60. I was writing 40, but it is now I got to remember 52, 60% of methane. This is previous year question. So this microbe that is releasing biogas is having a special name. What is that name? Special name of the microbe that is releasing biogas. Methanogens. Methanogens. See M for methanogens and for methane they are releasing. So methanogens you can say it is a group of if you remember yesterday lecture, archaebacteria we have done, thermoacidophiles and then methanogens and what was one more category three we have done archaebacteria. Hello files. Okay, so methanogens are a type of archaebacteria. They can live in extreme condition and all. So methanogens are responsible for production of biogas. Is it okay? Methanogens present in anaerobic lead digester is known as methanobacteria. I mean, the methanogen it was doing a respiration or anaerobic respiration anaerobic anaerobic. So those methanogens which are doing anaerobic respiration they are known as methanobacterium. Okay, so methanobacterium is that bacterium that is a type of methanogen that undergoes anaerobic respiration and it will release a gas known as biogas. Biogas is having methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO2. The important in this is that the composition of methane in biogas is like 50% to 60%. Is it okay? Who will tell me if you remember yesterday lecture I have high hopes from you like methanogens that is present that is archaebacteria basically where they what is their location instead of this sewage. Ignore this sewage treatment. Yesterday lecture. I mean the stomach of animals. In the stomach of cattle they are present. They look the flavor, the taste of the cattle meat is just because of methanogens. This bacteria is there. Okay, they release a gas, biogas in sewage but there they will give a proper taste and smell. Okay, one more thing is there. Methanogens help in the digestion of cellulose by releasing an enzyme known as cellulose. Here I will tell you as you were telling now where is my yellow color. Methanogens where they are present? They are present in normally stomach of cattle. Correct? In cattle can I write down cow, buffalo, goat. Am I correct? Am I correct? Yes ma'am. So when these methanogens are present in the stomach of cattle so they will release one enzyme. Release an enzyme that is known as cellulose. I'm here one question will come in your brain. Cow, buffalo, goat. They all are herbivorous. Correct? They will eat plant. They will eat herb. They will have shrubs. Yes or no? In their diet. Okay. Correct? Thumbs up. If it is correct, put thumbs up. See till here any doubt? No ma'am. Now when these animals cow, buffalo, goat they will eat plant. So the plant cell is made up of plant cell is having cell wall. Yes or no? Who is this? Plant cell is having, thank you Shradha. Plant cell is having cell wall. Yes or no? Yes ma'am. Cell wall is made up of cellulose. Cellulose very good. So this cellulose needed to be digested in the cattle body. Yes or no? Yes ma'am. So cellulose will be digested by which enzyme? Cellulose get digested by cellulose. Cellulose. And from where we are getting cellulose? Methanogen. Methanogen. Methanogens are those bacteria that are present in the stomach of cattle. They will release cellulose. Cellulose will help in the digestion of cellulose that is present in the cell wall of the plant that is eaten by the cow, buffalo, goat. Fine. Understood? Without. So we can, can we say that methanogen like methanobacteria helps in digestion of food in cattle. Cattle eats grass and plant. Plant cell wall is made up of cellulose. Is this a statement justified? Yes ma'am. Okay. So this is done. If I say here I write a statement human can digest cellulose. Is this true or false? Give me answer. Human can digest cellulose. Is this true or false? True or false? Who will tell me? Ma'am I guess false. False. Okay. Very good. Your answer is correct. Can you tell the reason also? Ma'am because we can't digest plant matter. We can't eat grass directly. See because we don't have, we can't digest. Why we can't digest? We cannot digest cellulose. Okay. But why? Why we are unable to digest cellulose? Of course methanogens are absent in us. Because we don't have cellulose. Who will release cellulose? Methanogens. We don't have methanogens. So basically we cannot digest cellulose because we don't have cellulose. Yes or no? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. No. Here I will tell you one benefit. We are not able to digest cellulose. So whatever plant we will eat. For example, cucumber, reddish, carrot and what is there? What more? Spinach, green veggie, whatever these things we eat, they all have cellulose cellulose. Med up of cellulose. Yes or no? They all are plants. So their cellulose is made up of cellulose. Yes or no? Yes ma'am. So when we will eat cellulose in these forms, so we don't have cellulose then what will happen? These things will come out of your body. Okay? What will happen? They will go in the stomach. Like all the things will be digested but cellulose part will be undigested because we don't have that enzyme. So when we don't have that enzyme, so that will remain the cellulose will remain undigested and it will come out of the body. Is it okay? And when it will come out of the body, it will make our elementary canal clean. Okay? So this or having cellulose, they all will come out of their body, come out of our body, not their body and make the stomach clean. So that is why the person who is having problem of constipation, the doctor will advise to eat fiber things like these all things because they will help in cleaning of the stomach and we will not get constipation. Why? Because we don't have cellulose. Cellulase we don't have so cellulose will come out. Is it okay? Yes, ma'am. Paka paka. Take your time, please write it down. Chalo tike means you are understanding. What is this? Watch a poll one. There is something poll. We can do this in our class. Yes, ma'am. How do you use it? We have to create a poll and display it. I am not sure I have exactly to do it. But suppose here is add a question option and if I add a question, you will answer and I hope those who will answer first, it will automatically show that this guy have answered quickly. So he will be at the top, something like that. No, ma'am. It doesn't show you who has answered. It just gives you the percentage. Oh, so let us try. Please complete the notes. Then we will try this polling one. I will ask one question. Once you are done with this, please let me know. Once you are done, please let me know so that I can ask the questions. Am I audible? Yes, ma'am. Others also can use the mic. Yes, ma'am. Okay. Once the note is over, you have done the notes part. Let me know. I will ask a few questions, like two, three questions. What are the questions? The direct question is from Biogas and I hope everybody can give me the correct answer. But let us see. Three, four questions are coming in my mind. And I will mention it also, the name of the year and all. Who writes writing? Yes, ma'am. One second. So just tell me because I don't know. Then what are you doing there? Done, ma'am. Very good. Ma'am, where is the poll, ma'am? See, poll is this I have seen. I think we can use it in our class. Chalo, let us try today. Whatever will be there, we can discuss it. See there. Polling. Can you see something on my screen? No, ma'am. Okay. So I think polling is not visible to you. Chalo, I will add a question. How do I add a question? Ma'am, we can probably do it next class. It's okay. But okay, I will ask question. Chalo, question number one. Here, I will write it also so that it will be in your notes. Everyone is ready? Prepare? Yes, ma'am. Here, I will write previous year questions directly from doing and doing from the CVSE guidelines. Question number one. Which of the following in sewage treatment removes suspended solids? Removal of suspended solids. Which step? Sorry. Which step of sewage treatment? Everybody have to give an answer in the chat box. After removing of what? Suspended solid particles. Okay. Not give option round because I will give but I just want you to tell me directly because this is easy. And guys, this is need 2017 question. We have to write here. Need 2017. I hope chat is no one have used- Oh, ma'am, filtration. No, no, no. Write your answer in the chat box. Everyone, filtration, which is step of sewage treatment or Shraddha has said filtration. Chalo, let me give you the option tertiary treatment, secondary treatment, primary treatment, sludge treatment. Abhi Vatao. Now tell me. Here, I will write the option. What are the options? Tertiary treatment, secondary treatment. I mean, nobody will speak but everyone have to direct message me. Direct message, you know, in the chat box, how to do MD treatment. And this is sludge treatment. Abhi, everyone, I am giving you 30 seconds. A, B, C, D. Your time starts now. Need 2017. Very easy, very easy. Very good. What about the direct message? Only Shraddha has messaged me. You, ma'am, you now have texted you. Tanna entered the waiting room. What happened Tanna? Okay. Mom, I'm changing my device ma'am. See, I can see only Shraddha message. Oh, ma'am, I sent your message also. Where? I also sent you. Direct message. Direct message like where? In this June meeting? Yes, ma'am. How do you update this? Suppose I have written high, but I'm not able to view the direct messages. I gave the answer. Tanna gave the answer. Shraddha. I cannot see my message. I can see message of Tanna. Oh, Raghuram also have gave. Direct message. Yes, I got to know how to do. So, let me tell you. Raghuram is correct. Aditya is correct. Tanmay is correct. And Shraddha is also correct. Very good girls and boys, everyone proud of you. It's primary frequency. Primary is physical. Abhi, there's no need to make you understand. Question number two. Two questions I will ask, then we will have a break. Is that fine? Yes, ma'am. So, what is question number two? Question number two is saying, let me ask you. It's not sewage. East, sorry, east is used in the production of, east is used in the production of, I will not write the option. I will simply say the option. Okay, because it is very time taking. And again, we have to give me direct message. East is used in the production of and the options are citric acid and lactic acid, lipase and pectinase, cheese and butter, bread and beer. Abhi, this is so easy. Direct message three I got. Shraddha Raghuram. Where are Shreyesh and all? Shreyesh. Ma'am, I guess Shreyesh is going to the washroom. He was not feeling well. Oh, is there any problem related to stomach? I guess so, ma'am. He just told me he's not feeling well. He'll be back after a few minutes. Okay. Take care. See, the option bread and beer is correct. I have told you. Now, who will explain the answer? Yesterday, we discussed something that saccharomyces is, I will not speak. Raghuram, unmute yourself and tell me. Ma'am, I'm not exactly sure about that, ma'am. Shraddha, can you please do the same? Ma'am, bread and beer have to undergo fermentation and east is used for that. And that is the reason that east, that east, name of the east first of all, tell me which east is used. This is asked in saccharomyces. Very good. And they are used in the production of beer. They are also used in the production of bread. So they were having dual name also I have told you. The same east is doing two things into a different industry. So what the name it got into different industry? Anybody? Remember yesterday lecture? I hope Shreyesh can give the answer. The same east is used in two places. Ma'am, I didn't get your question. My question is, this is bread industry? Yes or no? Beer is you made in beer industry? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. Both are using same east? Yes or no? Yes ma'am. The east name is saccharomyces. Same east. Now the point is when they are used in the formation of beer, in beer industry it have one name. It get local name and when it is used in the bread industry then also they get one local name. This local name you have to tell me these two. The east is same. The scientific name is same. Scientific name is not going to get changed but the local name will be changed and I want to answer. Ma'am, bakers east and brewers east. Very good. What's your name? Ma'am Shreyesh. Very good. I was saying that maybe Shreyesh can tell because he was attentive in the last class. In bread industry this saccharomyces is known as bakers east because it is helping in the baking process. The east will become bakers east and here it will become brewers east. Fine. Is it okay? So this was 2012. One more question. Ready everyone? Shall I ask one more? Is it fun? Answering question? Yes ma'am. Yes ma'am. Next question is question number three. During sewage treatment biogases are produced which include. During sewage treatment gases are released. What are the things present in them? This is need 2013. Need 2013. Answer I want. I think I don't need to give you options also. I am waiting for the answer. Take your time. What will happen in biogases? Okay. Direct answer I am getting. Two messages I got. They both are correct. Proud of you Shraddha and Raghunam. I want more. More answers. Tanmay. Your answer is partially correct guys. Oh now he is complete. Yes. Yes. Come on. Come write complete answer Tanmay. Others are also writing. Methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. Very good. CH4, H2S, CO2. There will be one more question which I have already discussed but I am not going to discuss it again. Simply I just want to ask what is the percentage of methane in biogas? Oh ma'am do we say it or type it? Oh no. Simply say it. 50 to 60 percent. Very good. So here only I will write that whenever you check this notes for your study the reason then you will get it. 50 to 60 percent is methane. Okay. So this is sewage treatment we have done today till now and what we have done? We have done one more production of biogas, methanobacterium. After this I will take a break. I will give you a break. Let me see how much is left. Microbes as bio control agent is left and then microbes as bio fertilizer is left. Two topics are left. Ma'am are we starting a new chapter today? No. Do you want me to start? No ma'am. No ma'am. Like I am thinking that we will start fresh now from tomorrow. Yes ma'am that will be better. Like I just want the timing is 9 to 1. Is it fine? Like maybe I will end this chapter by 12 o'clock only. Yes ma'am. Is it fine that it is needed to be done like 9 to 12 only? Yes ma'am. Yes ma'am that is better. That is better because I think I can teach but continuously 4 hours. Like anyways till Friday my lecture is still 1 o'clock so that is the margin I have to but I will try to complete it like 12, 12 30 is the maximum. I think that is good for your mental health also. Ma'am so you will start a new chapter tomorrow and today we will have class till 12 to 12 30. Like till 12 o'clock I will try to complete it. Okay. The view is given like 9 to 1 now. Yes ma'am. So anybody have any problem if we complete the class at 12 or 12 30? No problem ma'am. Okay. So then let us have a break. Break of how much minute you get. Yesterday I gave 15 minutes. 15 to 20 we got it. I am usually that's how we get. Okay. So let's have a break of 15 minutes. Hello everyone. 15 minutes is over. Yes ma'am. Back. Everyone is back. 15 minutes is done. See I was by mistake I have done direct message to Tanmay. Hello because it was direct message chat open. Then I again type it to everyone. So everyone is back. Ma'am I think there are still 3 minutes left. Okay utilize your 3 minutes. Go and bring some water. Eat something. Everyone is back. Yes ma'am. Shraddha is there. Naguram and Shreyesh. Yes ma'am. Tanmay is it like Tanmay or it's Tanmayan? Now it's Tanmayan. She's a girl. She's a girl. Okay fine. Tanmayan. Now I will be like very serious because after MAYA is there. So it will be Tanmayan. Yeah. Okay so as we are moving proceeding to our chapter we have done what we have done we have done till microbes in production of biogas. Oh Tanmayan entered the room. What happened? Okay. Shall we start? Can you hear me? Yes. Okay fine. Tanmayan. Am I correct? Yes ma'am. Okay. So now we are going to start microbe as biocontrol agents. Microbes, biocontrol agents. What is the meaning of biocontrol? See biocontrol means these microbes we will use in such a way that they will control other organisms. Other organisms in which contest those organisms which are harmful. Okay for example if I say there is so much mosquito larva. So the government has one you can say biological method of control of mosquito larva. There is a fish can anybody tell me the name of the fish that eats mosquito larva? Name of the fish we put it in the tank and then it will go and eat all the mosquito larva. In this way we will get rid of mosquito larva then there will be no mosquito. Can you control agents ma'am? What is the name of the fish that eats mosquito larva? When there will be no mosquito there will be no malaria. Ma'am we don't know. Don't know ma'am. Name of the fish is Gumbuzia. Let me write here. Gumbuzia fish feeds upon mosquito larvae. So wherever there is stagnant water like this and there are so many mosquito larvae in order to get rid of these mosquito larvae which fish we will allow to go there few fishes in them and this is known as Gumbuzia fish. They will eat all the mosquito larvae and then the water will become free of larvae. So in this way what we have done we have used one organism against another organism and that against another organism is a harmful organism. Fine so but in this whatever I have told Gumbuzia fish so this is a fish now this is normal example I told you but in this topic microbe as biocontrol agent we will use microbes. So understand the topic here the microbes that we will use microbes or I will write micro organisms will be used against other organisms these other organisms are useful or harmful harmful that is why we are using otherwise if they are useful then why we will kill them these other organisms are harmful. So in this category number one first of all normally if there are insect in your farm you are a farmer you are doing farming okay there you have a farm so if there is insect lot of insects in your farm this is a piece of land it is full of insects so what you will use which chemical you use normally abhi bataw grade 9 you have done chemical against insect insecticide very good insecticide if there is unwanted plant suppose this is your main plant this blue is your main plant suppose wheat plant along with this main plant some unnecessary things are also grown what are these unnecessary things weeds very good so in order to get rid of weeds what we will do use which chemical we decide am I correct yes abhi as suppose insect was there some more insects come unwanted things come in your farm like what was there titty gang what was an English name of that titty aphids no what is the English name of titty I don't remember who will tell me what sorry titty ake they ate all the crops of the plant who know titty in English titty in English is known as hey kaha gaya titty insect in English you know locust abhi aadaya locust locust locust have you seen the dangerous impact of locust in covid they were coming in group jhund maya ke aise pura atank macha ke have you seen in newspaper and news channel locust l-o-c-u-s-t you want to see in youtube say yes or no from what ma'am locust I hope everybody here is in the class locust is a insect that is giving harm to your farm let me tell you this locust is known as titty abhi pataate hain locust attack what is this happening see do you see this is a farm is there so much insect this known as locust this in hindi it's called titty see they are coming in the farm and destroying the crops farmers are so much worried can you see this my screen is visible yes ma'am have you noticed such type of news whole day the ancient days abhi ek doh maheena pehle before six months yes ma'am there was a locust attack given in India like recently so locust attack so locust is a type of weed or its type of pest pest very good so I will come back to my slide so if there is unwanted unwanted things unwanted insects they will known as pest okay and these pests are killed by a chemical known as pesticide still here any doubts abhi koi doubt hai speak class no doubt ma'am everyone no doubt these insecticide pesticide vd side are they useful to your soil or they are harmful for soil they are useful or harmful harmful so what we have done why they are harmful because when you will put these chemicals in your land if you will put this chemical over your plant like spray and all vd sides will get spray on this so these chemical will go inside the plant body and when we will eat that plant that chemical will come in our body so there will be transfer of chemicals from one tropic level to another tropic level and then they can cause diseases and this phenomena in biology is known as bio magnification I hope you have heard the word bio have you heard it or not say yes or no ma'am can you repeat what bio magnification bio magnification I will write definition likho the increase in the concentration of chemicals at successive tropic levels successive tropic level the increase in the concentration of chemicals at successive tropic level is known as bio magnification is it clear so bio magnification is useful or harmful whole class will tell me tan maya will tell me bio magnification is useful or harmful tan maya I have to initiate your name properly so you have to tell me is it good or is it harmful ma'am I think harmful harmful see chemicals will come in the plant plant we will eat the chemicals will come in our body lead poisoning mercury poisoning you remember there was a fish I don't fish name I don't remember but there was not exactly that is important also there was a fish that fish was in a water and in that water we have used some chemicals that is coming from industry water pollution the fish was have absorbed that chemical now those people who love to eat fish they eat that fish and by the help of that fish they got mercury in their body and there is a mercury poisoning in the body of the human which leads to a disease known as mini mata disease have you heard this those who loves to eat fish suppose the fish is living in water the water there is toxic there is mercury there is lead there is arsenic there are so so dangerous things in the water so the fish will absorb all those dangerous things and when we will eat the fish we will absorb that dangerous thing and then our nervous system will not support it and then we got a disease known as mini mata disease say yes or no no ma'am okay so I will show you abhi these all things are in grade 9 and 10 I am teaching 9 10th students they know you were in centum only 9th and 10th not in ninth ma'am oh see this is abhi iska thoda let me show you here see mini mata disease is a neurological disease yahi se siddha I will explain you cause by severe mercury poisoning see mercury is so dangerous thermometer is also having mercury yes or no thermometer thermometer which chemical is in thermometer are a chemistry question is basic question as a chesnically exam my audible yes ma'am mercury is a dangerous it is a harmful chemical that was present in thermometer before so that thermometer we have replaced now we have digital thermometer because that previous thermometer when kids get in their mouth to check fever they chew it and there is a risk of mercury going in the body mercury is dangerous because it is a it will damage your neurons guys so mini mata disease is a neurological disease caused by severe mercury poison so those people see this is a fish this fish is having mercury in the body hg is the formula am I not hg hoga formula oh mg iska hai what is mg then ma'am mg is magnesium thank god you know this so hg is mercury so mercury will go in the body of fish and this fish will be eaten by human so mercury will go in the body of human and this mercury will get react with the neurons and then it will cause mercury poisoning and the disease is minamata disease is me kya hoga what will happen numbness in the head net peak muscles weakness loss of vision damage of here is speech sab kuch gal bad ho jayega is it okay now do you got to know that how these chemicals how this bio magnification is so much dangerous the bio magnification is good or bad it's bad it's bad it's not good for your health so in order to get rid of this bio magnification and phalana dinkana and everything what we have done what the human have done human is smartly used microbe so microbes ko use karke what we have to do we have to protect our crops so first thing first of all this one of the common vd side vd side is also dangerous first of all let me tell you vd side is also not good is like to say first of all this is a bhakwa side vd side the name of the vd side is glyphosate glyphosate ek aisa vd side hai this is a neat mcq this is herbal okay and this is harmful for human so name the vd side that is herbal and harmful for human so do your answer will be glyphosate so what we have to do instead of using these chemicals we will try to use some microbe that can kill other dangerous animal but what we have to take care what we need to notice when we kill any insect guys write it down when we kill any insect we kill when we kill any insect we kill food off any other animal in our ecosystem who can explain me this statement so with this we need to take care whenever we are killing any insect we are killing any animal we should keep it in our mind that we are killing food off any other animal also how Raghuram will explain the whole class Raghuram. Yes ma'am. My statement whatever I have written how you will understand it ma'am what do I explain here ma'am here you have to explain that I am saying that there is a food chain in food chain I am killing one organism my I'm using my micro I'm becoming very super duper intelligent and I'm trying to kill one insect so at the same time I'm killing the food off any other animal how if you can't then you can say also ma'am we don't know you explain it ma'am you only explain I don't know how to explain the statement but you understood yes ma'am I understood that see here we will understand in a more better way suppose there is an insect that is not good for us insect that is harmful I have killed this insect okay using micro or any other technique but at the same time this insect is behaving like a food for birds now this insect is food for birds so if I kill the insect directly I kill the insect don't you think that indirectly I'm killing the bird when birds will not get their food they will kill they will be no more yes or no yes or no if we will kill all the insects that is present in this universe then what the bird will eat we are killing the food of birds so in this way indirect method of birds are also getting killed now have you understood yes ma'am because don't lie okay then the next topic that we are going to start is not next topic few examples in this contest I would like to give you that is previous year question the heading will be previous year questions let me make it there is no space another slide previous year questions lady bird how many kids have heard this name lady bird I had one by so when I was small like a small age of 9th and 10th 6th 7th 8th 9th I my grandmother my grandfather purchased me a cycle purple color the name was lady bird is it was having one basket also then I put my bottle bottle and everything and then I use that cycle and go to my school have you heard the name lady bird yes so this lady bird here it is not a cycle okay lady bird and dragon fly these two are what lady bird and dragon fly so here I will put one image so why there is so much silence in the class getting more class what happened no mom we are not getting more ma'am lady bird is a bug lady bird and dragon flies wait I have to I just want one image of that ma'am both of them are insects don't just a beetle yes ma'am which beetle jaisa save curly image okay so this is lb and one more what is the name of another dragon fly dragon fly there was a show on cartoon network dragon ball g I remember yeah they could dragon fly yeah everybody have seen this comes in rainy season when there is so much rain in north side then it's come this is df take these two images I will use in the notes also so what these two insect will do lady bird and dragon fly are useful to get rid from aphids and mosquitoes I mean what they two will do they will eat aphids and mosquito so everyone listen here we are not using any chemical to kill aphid and mosquito we are using one animal against another animal yes or no yes or no have you understood what I I want to speak yes ma'am I am saying that instead of using chemicals here we are using oh where is that image just a second how much it will be in downloads yeah but download this is frog what is this it's not there ma'am check recent this is only now where all the images come normally if I am here this is this is recent frog what's up and all previous seven days and application but I remember it was in download it was a desktop take care then this is download ma'am there was an lb image ma'am check desktop again yeah this is lb oh yeah this is lady bird and I have one dragon fly also now I have written df I will get it this is df ma'am see where it is where I have downloaded it yeah here it is now this is desktop only so here I can use some desktop hmm it's not there can you find it ma'am you can just search for a df that there's a search bar right so directly you can understand but I just want to put that picture here we can download one again it will be the better because just give me a minute I'm getting an emergency call okay it's I can see that it is getting saved in the what you say desktop something so these are two insect that will kill aphids and mosquito first one is lady bot let me write it and the second one is dragon fly these two we will use against aphids and mosquito so first of all here the important to learn is insects belongs to which order insects belongs to order callu pterans this is something from diversity chapter animal kingdom but still I'm writing here because it is important and butterfly belongs to order let me do pteran callu leptopetra order let me do so guys please see using these two insects and we are killing these two dangerous insects so is it biocontrol method yes ma'am yes ma'am this this to write down ma'am you're muted we can't hear you yes ma'am okay so let us do again up they go here butterfly butterfly is beautiful now everybody loves butterfly belongs to order leptopetra colorful butterflies are also there but this larva butterfly is infecting so many plants so what we're gonna ask larva of butterfly infects many plants so what we need to do we need to control this or not we need to control it if it is infecting so many plants we need to control but we will use biological method so in biological method what we will do we have genetically prepared bt cotton what is bt cotton biotech chapter have you been yes ma'am doing so bt cotton is one of the first application applied in india from biotechnology there is a disease known as ball worms abhi cotton ka diagram banate suppose this is a cotton just wait i'm trying to draw something here they go what is this cotton ball is it correct is it correct what is the color of cotton balls what is the color of cotton balls are you my bolo what happened my audible my audible yes ma'am so why are you not audible to me what is this cotton fiber balls cotton fiber balls um if i say that this beautiful cotton ball here i will label it these are cotton ball if i if i say that the larvae of butterfly beautiful butterfly i will draw beautiful butterfly this is my beautiful quite funny see the butterfly is coming the larvae is also coming larvae or butterfly is also there so what these both danger are these beautiful looking queen they will give disease to this cotton ball why they will get black black black spot okay this black black black spot what will happen then this will have this is known as ball worms understood they are worms so we need to get rid of this or not if we will not get rid of this all the cotton balls will be damaged and how we will make a cotton cloth yes or no batao batao jaldi use your mic yes ma'am hello yes ma'am home for the disturbance the laundry person is calling me again and again ma'am please come get your clothes i told that i am busy i am in class continuously calling so sorry for the disturbance this only happens work from home so ball worms are not good they will infect the cotton uh this cotton uh plant will be infected when cotton plant will be infected what will happen to the cotton industry there is a big question mark so in order to get rid of these ball worms we have genetically prepared bt cotton abhi bt cotton kya hai what is bt cotton bt cotton may this bt the full form is basillus thurini genesis basillus thurini genesis abhi we will follow binomial nomenclature genesis name underline species name first letter small species name underline ho gya done so what is this basillus hai to ye kya hai who will tell me basillus my broad shape bacterium very good what's the name i'm sure yes very good yes see basillus is broad-shaped bacteria so we will design cotton using a special broad-shaped bacteria and that cotton will known as bt cotton okay so what will be how it will be useful abhi here i will make one more cotton everybody please draw it in your book abhi therefore this is oh ma'am can you show the previous part for one sec do it done one second ma'am okay take your time oh excuse me ma'am ma'am could you just repeat the role of the larvae in this infection again role of the butterfly larvae ma'am see butterfly is a very beautiful insect but the larvae or butterfly is not good because it will go near the cotton plant and it will this larvae will go near this this cotton white white and the larvae will cause infection it will give worms to it and then the cotton will have black black worms this is known as ma'am so ball worms come from the larvae or butterfly see it it's not like always larvae of the butterfly ball worms are something different also one group of insect is that is in giving infection to this cotton but larvae or butterfly will also participate in this so larvae or butterfly is also you can say pest pest not that unwanted insect have you done this yes ma'am done thank you so we have developed which cotton what was the name of the cotton genetically engineered for bt cotton or bt cotton male which bacteria was there basillus tyrannogenesis basillus tyrannogenesis now we will do it see this white color cotton now i mean this cotton first i will make it complete white is what we have to do this is taking little time so don't worry we have time so this cotton is having rod shaped bacteria it is designed in such a way biotechnology and genetic engineering has designed this cotton in such a way that it is become bt cotton this is known as bt cotton now look suppose bacteria larvae is coming ball worms are coming bacteria oh sorry butterfly larvae larvae of butterfly okay one second is who all worms these both will come and they will attack cotton but this cotton is not an ordinary cotton this cotton is this cotton is genetically engineered bt cotton okay so now this ball worm when it will attack on this bt cotton the bt the basillus the rod shaped bacteria will enter in the gut of basillus will enter in the gut of ball worms is it okay and what is the medium of gut alkaline so this alkaline medium of the ball worms as well as of the larvae of butterfly they will get infected by this rod shaped bacteria basillus so there will be a cry gene okay what is this cry gene so cry gene will be activated this is also present in the gut so the gut is having two things first is alkaline medium second is cry gene they both will as soon as this gut will come in contact with this basillus as soon as they will go near the cotton ball worms their alkaline medium gut and the cry gene will be quickly activated okay and as soon as they will be activated then this ball worm the ball worms will have holes in their gut guys who is causing this hole who is causing this hole mom cry gene will be activated by the basillus the cry gene in the ball worms it will be activated and for getting activation it needs alkaline medium so gut is also alkaline in nature so you know they will get plus point mom why is the cry gene present in the gut if it's harmful no so cry gene is not harmful now if the basillus will come then it will become harmful so we are designing such a smart basillus thurinogenesis cotton genetic engineering is very good so what will happen as soon as the basillus will come in the gut of the ball gut is already alkaline gut is having cry gene then what will happen they both will be activated they will cause they will go and react with the bacteria basillus then the basillus will cause holes in their gut and the holes then what will happen suppose this is ball worms and there will be holes so do you think that bitty cotton is good it is good so it is a see basillus is one bacteria it is used again ball worms so what we are using are we using any chemical here to control these disease are we using any chemical say yes or no here do we use any chemical to kill this ball worm yes or no yes no no where chemical used we haven't used any chemical we have used basillus micro microbe that is basillus means what it is bacteria not rod shaped bacteria is a microbe so one microbe is used to kill another you can say insect so this is biological control microbe bio control yes ma'am didn't you say did not use chemical did not use okay then so you are correct see guys if i have done any uh sort of things that it's uh remain unexplained to you please let me know see here take which chemical we don't have to use because we are understanding the topic microbe says bio control agents so microbe is only our chemical so we will use microbe against another organism that is causing harm to us is it okay is it okay again you all are silent what happened nothing ma'am see so abhi pichli side may i will go i will add one more knowledge to you this bt cotton jo hai habe like this this is normal cotton how does it get bt cotton so here will be a bt spores see k bt spores combined with water then there is a see device we will give water to this ball warm and then bt will go inside have you understood now spray karnay spray spray spray like you spray water on your plants you have yes water plus bt spores on the bt cotton wherever you will put the things will become bt bt bt and then bt will if any insect will go there if any insect will come near this bt thing the bacillus will go in the gut of that insect and make holes and make them die okay oh yes ma'am now next this we have done there is one more fungus that we can use here we will see if there is a space trichoderma trichoderma is a free living fungi trichoderma is a free living fungi that can control plant pathogen so any pathogen that is coming on plant so instead of using here bacteria bacillus or bacteria we are using on fungi that is trichoderma so see one microbe is used against the control of other microbes so this is known as biocontrol then plant pathogen in a sense plant pathogen the dose pathogen which attacks on plant ma'am so can it be used for ball worms also it can be used but it was not successful for ball worms because cry gene was not getting activated it got activated only when it got attacked by basillus bacteria there is one virus bacullo viruses are pathogens against insects okay against insects and arthopoda bnc arty may arthopoda but both are same na guys arthopoda is the something that have insects so this bacullo virus belongs to one genus this is neat mcq nucleo polyhedral virus nucleo polyhedral virus then this is neat mcq is it okay one second ma'am write it down take your time once you are done let me know because i need to change the page then then then then ma'am could you scroll down these notes i will give you don't worry oh ma'am could you send the pre uh sra class notes also even in the group you have yes well what is the name of the group neat 2022 na ca 12 neat 2022 yes ma'am i didn't see sorry ma'am okay may i go to the last topic of this chapter and today we will complete this chapter we will complete this chapter have you written all these things yes ma'am okay now last topic is microbes as bio fertilizers here bio fertilizer is not any chemical or not any fertilizer we will use organisms as bio fertilizer so first thing that you need to get clear is bio fertilizer is not any chemical it's not in the powdered form it is organism that will enriches the fertility of the soil it will increase the fertility of the soil so that's why it will be known as bio fertilizer so last topic of our class microbes see these microbes are so useful that we can use it as a weapon against so many diseases so microbes as bio fertilizers should i write down the definition of bio fertilizer or it's not needed because already mentioned in the ncrt you want me to write it down i know ma'am okay so bio fertilizers are what who will tell me chalo menlik nahi rihu i am not going to write but please make me assure that you have understood so anybody in the class can give the answer can you please ma'am like the definition of definition like simply in your own words you don't have to write the definition in any exam or something like in board exam they will ask you then you have to write beautifully using proper words and all but now in class simply tell in your words that what do you understand by bio fertilizer organisms which can enrich the fertility of the soil ma'am like a living organism that's used as a fertilizer very good any example that comes in your mind that we can use it as a bio fertilizer shreyesh will tell this answer hi shreyesh any organism you remember we are doing this since grade seven i will not give you hint shreyesh am i audible oh yes ma'am i'm not sure ma'am i don't recollect any no no no you are not sure but you can guess it ma'am at least i like to guess raghu ram ma'am can i try ma'am can i try this is shraddha yes ma'am tell shraddha will tell one example ma'am rhizobium rhizobium very good see we are doing since childhood that rhizobium what it is is this our bacteria fungus what it is who will tell rhizobium is what which microbe it is very good in nitrogen cycle we have done that rhizobium is a bacteria that fixes nitrogen and it is present in the root nodules of which plant leguminous plant now what is the meaning of leguminous plant legumes p plant better example so in the root nodules of a leguminous plant there is a bacteria pinkish color i have used to write the name of the bacteria the same pink color oh this is brown the same pink color i will use to make the diagram of the bacteria chalo aise thoda thoda samalitne that there is rhizobium bacteria present in the root nodules of the leguminous plant so what this rhizobium bacteria will do it will help in the helps in nitrogen fixation so when nitrogen will be there in the soil the soil will be fertile or non fertile soil will be fertile or non fertile fertile obviously so there are rhizobium is number one application chalo there are so many now one now number two pay what i will write ajo is spirulum ajo is spirulum maybe bacteria and one more ajo to bacta these all i hope you have done in nitrogen cycle bio geochemical cycle pada oga ajo is spirulum and ajo ajo to bacta okay these spilling is i am used of writing bacteria bacteria bacteria so i have written it so ajo is spirulum ajo to bacta they will also enriches the nitrogen content of the soil nitrogen content so what they will do increase they will make the soil fertile third is genus glomus there is a glomus belonging to phylum uh belonging to uh this is an organism that is from genus glomus it will have fungal relationship symbiotic relation symbiotic what is symbiotic relationship and both are dependent on each other for survival very good give and take i will give you you give me something so they will make a symbiotic relationship symbiotic relationship and what is the name of the symbiotic relationship myco risa in this what there will be the fungal sing beyond in this the relationship is the relationship may there will be two person yes or but the relationship may how many people are there at least if any relationship is there then how many two people so glomus one is glomus glomus is what glomus is an example of fungi okay so glomus is fungi okay and what is the next fungi one person second person with whom the relationship is there roots now we can say there is a relationship at least come say come at least there should be two people to make any relationship so in this relationship that is name of the relationship is myco risa this is a symbiotic relationship in this relationship fungi will absorb phosphorus fungi will absorb phosphorus so when the fungi will absorb phosphorus then the root will become root will have which thing like i say that me and shraddha are friends we are living in one room one room like one apartment we have we both are sharing we are living together and shraddha is very good shraddha is fond of eating ice cream just bring ice cream every day so i am also living in the same room so obviously i will also get the chance to get the ice cream say yes or no if shraddha will bring the ice cream every day so she will offer me now yes but that depends upon the friendship so if she will offer me so i will also get the opportunity to eat ice cream similarly the roots are living with fungi they both are in relationship living together symbiotic relationship so the fungus that is getting phosphorus this fungus the fungi is getting that phosphorus the fungi will give it to the roots and the roots will become phosphorus rich and phosphorus is a what are the three macronutrients of soil tell me quickly three macronutrients of soil who will tell macro required in large quantity macronutrients of soil nitrogen phosphorus keep it in your mind and potassium so how many these are N P K nitrogen phosphorus and potassium is it okay is it okay pukka any doubts no more okay so this you have to understand after this micro hyza we have understood k kessa relationship in with the soil will get phosphorus before this ejeto vector a juice pylum will give nitrogen rhizobium will also give nitrogen so we don't use any chemical fertilizer manure nothing microbes are there they will do everything is it okay so those plant which have this micro hyza relationship those plant which have this type of friendship this relationship what benefit they will get first benefit they will have chalo you will understand this also benefits first benefit first benefit is that resistance of root bond pathogen so the root will be healthy there will be resistance resistance means everybody know physics term what is resistance suppose current is flowing current is not flowing position opposition take the root pathogen there will be not if there will be no pathogen then root will be healthy or unhealthy no pathogen root healthy unhealthy mom will be healthier healthy second benefit what is second benefit tolerance it can tolerate the plant can tolerate it saline condition and broad condition that when there is not enough water then also it can survive when the water is having salt then also it can survive so is it good now so you will get two benefits after this the last is here only I will write it down we will make one pink column cyanobacteria what is the other name of cyanobacteria cyanotea can I call it blue-green alga yes or no they both are same cyanobacteria is belonging to witch kingdom monera okay now this monera is the first one to evolve work season everybody remember no bacteria is the first living organism but how do you remember first living organism found on earth primitive they are first living organism to evolve work season or release ox season take this is something that we have to learn after this this kingdom monera will also have some more these all are in plants guys they will help in enriching the fertility of the soil osculatoria these all belongs to kingdom monera they all will what their motto is in the life what these have to do increases the soil fertility and what they have to do in their life these all monerans what they have to do increases the soil fertility and make plant healthy their agendize like my agenda is to complete this chapter today and their agenda is to make the plant healthy and enriches the fertility of the soil so have you understood that without using chemical without doing manual without using anything extra we can use microbe only to enrich the fertility of the soil is it okay is it okay guys oh yes ma'am till she was benefits again okay right benefits to your left yeah ma'am the other one towards the left these are the benefits i'm done i'm pretty sure i moved to the right a bit one minute take your time after this i will add two questions thinking to add two questions we will continue this lecture till 12 30 is that fine guys yes ma'am once you have done with notes let me know done ma'am shall i may i ask you questions it's may i change the slide yes ma'am first question i will directly ask i will not write whole question because obviously it will take time so question how many questions we have done before this three or four three so here i will start with question number four the question is saying listen my question carefully a patient bought to a hospital with myocardial infraction is normally immediately given with everybody have to give direct message let me open my direct message here is chat oh so options are penicillin streptokinase cyclosporine statins myocardial infraction who are patient what the doctor will give quickly direct i answer i want have you understood the question ma'am could you repeat the question a patient is having myocardial infraction he comes to hospital doctor advice him to give penicillin streptokinase cyclosporine statins statins right direct and direct message everybody direct message me in the chat don't say the answer understand the question to be a to answer i got shreyesh raguram others achha aditya has also given the answer is statin others something is statin everyone is wrong the answer is streptokinase how you will write neat like this streptokinase now see what will happen in streptokinase streptokinase will is a clot buster now i have told you statin which you are telling it will lower the cholesterol level so it is not a quick effect i mean turan person is having heart attack so you will give streptokinase statins will given later on next question this question let me write the year 2012 question number five question five is asking which one of the following is not a bio fertilizer rhizobium nostoc micro isa agro bacterium not a bio fertilizer 2008 the question now can you repeat the options options are rhizobium nostoc micro isa agro bacterium grow bacterium shraddha has given the correct and quick reply i will not give you more than 30 seconds next question question number six the question is asking a common bio control agent for the control of plant disease common bio control agent to control plant disease so the before telling you the option i will go with the year that in which year this question came the year is 2010 oh two zero one zero so the answer will be but option kya hai i got one answer but still i want more answers only shraddha gave the answer others others give me the answer if you don't know everyone write down in the chat for idk at least you have to be a little responsive in the class everyone is there or somebody left the lecture also class is going on i don't know okay so i hope that you are thinking that ma'am every option i think is the correct but guys the correct answer is trichoderma now i will tell you why this trichoderma trichoderma is a fungus that is present in all plant in all plant soil so this is common see the word i have written common in all plant soil okay understood so now i will save this page this is the microbes in human welfare part two i will go to where should i go who is the participant list is there so now i will take the attendance who is missing guys ma'am what ma'am is there anybody who is absent also today not sure ma'am okay what is the total number of people by 12 ma'am anumita ananya and kirtan okay and why these kids are absent they were in last lecture uh in rahul sir class were they present um ananya was there uh anumita is traveling so she won't be joining and kirtana ma'am i'm not sure nothing about me but please guys tell everyone that class is going on and we have to complete the syllabus along with time so this is winter pending planner in this winter i'll be all are trying to make your syllabus little like which chapters these four five chapters will be over then you will feel like there is part two is in desktop now microbes in syllabus we have started so have you understood understand anything today give a little feedback i was finally ma'am we understood okay then everyone can leave bye bye take care thank you ma'am thank you ma'am thank you bye bye thank you ma'am