 You know that business ethics is an emerging field in management of behaviors of people as to what is right or wrong. So the behavior of a person can be determined whether it is right or wrong through various different set of things for example it can be determined through law law will say what is a right behavior or what is a wrong behavior so but laws are something which are very difficult to write about each and everything there are so many things which are possible in human behavior that cannot be dealt with whether the law allows it or whether the law permits it or not so when the law is unable to to deliver when the law is unable to describe what is right or wrong behavior then what is required to be done is that ethics should come into play ethics is something which which describes the values which are behind right or wrong so if the law even does not say for example the law does not say that you should disclose if you have any information for example if you are part of the board of directors and you have an information there is no law which and you get an information for example you get an information through a personal contact that some kind of bribery or some some kind of corruption is taking place so there is no law to say that well if you get that kind of information it is something that you should bring it to the notice of other people you should bring it in public there is no law if you don't do that you are not wrong according to the law but if you know that and you do you keep it to yourself that is something which is unethical so ethics is something which is which is much above the law so if people follow ethics of which which are the general concepts the general values of truth the general value of honesty of bravery of courage of wisdom of generosity so various different aspects very different values which are behind being ethical that is something which makes your behavior much more inclined towards being right towards being good rather than just being neutral and just being at the zero level if you do something wrong that is something which is on the negative side but what is required to be done is that you should do good things so ethics is something which is which comes into play when the law law only makes you do neutral things but ethics is something which makes you do the right thing so many times it happens that the people who are working in organizations they must do ethical things rather than just the lawful things if you just abide by the law then you become a part of the bureaucracy's iron cage what you need to do is that you need to become ethical so there are various different aspects which have developed parallel to this for example organizational citizenship behaviors which are about people doing more for the organization than corporate social responsibility the organizations doing for the society so all these things they are not under the law these things are what are beyond what is written in the law and unless you don't do good good is not going to come back to you that is something which is a matter of karma so that is why business ethics has taken an important role and it's not just that it has just emerged out of the blue things have happened there are various different scandals which took place in the early 2000s in which people should have behaved in the ethical way if they had behaved in the ethical way the problems which had emerged they could have been prevented but because they were not required by law and they did not think that they are supposed to behave in ethical ways so the companies the organizations they actually went into difficult problems such as concealment of facts such as concealment of incomes such as bribery's corruption and all these things and that was something which was not taken care of so now when we come to ethics ethics is something which is very much related with culture so in some cultures for example bribery is considered to be a normal thing in some cultures it is considered to be a very bad thing so the international manager he comes he or she has to face different ethical dilemmas so giving gifts for example is very common in Japan it's very common in Saudi Arabia but for example in our culture you give someone a business or professional relationship a gift so it feels like you are trying to bribe him or you are trying to manipulate the relationship by that gift so these are the ethical dilemmas which are an international manager will has to face so international managers they have to decide which ethical norms to follow so there are three types of responses that the international managers can give so first type is the is the response of being ethical relativist the relativist ethical relativist is that that person says that there are no universal or international rights and wrong so it all depends on the culture and values of and beliefs of the people of that particular locality so the common adage which says when in Rome do as the Romans do that fits into the ethical relativist perceptions so the ethical relativist that things values then another opposite aspect is that of ethical absolutist so absolute is that the ethical values are absolute honesty the truth the values are absolute so for example bribery which is the value of honesty which negates so bribery cannot be done in any situation so they believe that when in Rome one should do what one would do at home regardless of what the Romans do so the absolutist that believes that what they what they consider right that is right wherever they go that is going to be the right thing then is the ethical universalist that person believes that there are fundamental principles of right and wrong which transcend the cultural boundaries and that M&E's must adhere to these fundamental principles or global values so they believe that some universal principles like for example lie will be considered wrong anywhere or that cheating someone will be considered wrong if they go anywhere stealing, killing, killing someone, killing someone, all these things are universal values so some things are relative, some things are universalist so in any situation you cannot be a total universalist you cannot be a total relativist some things have to be taken from the aspect of universalist some things have to be taken from the aspects of relativist so but these are the different responses or the different standpoints which can be taken on ethical dilemmas which are faced by international managers in international arena