 Testing. Welcome everyone. We're going to go ahead and get started. This is the test takers guide to the OpenStack administration exam. Real quick, anyone here take the exam yet? OK. Well, hey, they could have taken it and looking to get tips on retaking it. So what we're going to do as far as an overview is we're going to do a quick introductions, and then we're going to get into the overview. What is the exam? And then we're going to try and move that as quickly as possible so we can really get to questions and open it up to you guys and really answering some of the questions you guys might have and help you pass the exam. So hi, my name is Seth Fox. I'm the VP of delivery for Selenia. We're an OpenStack consulting and service provider. I'm Jeff Olson, offer development lead for OpenStack at EMC Global Services. And I'm Ron Terry. I'm a training architect for SUSE. Responsible for developing all of the SUSE training around OpenStack in SUSE Linux and all of our other products. Hi, my name is Susan Wu. I'm the director of technical marking for Medocura Shameless Plug. Medonet is the fourth most popular neutron plugin for 1,000 cores and above. All right, so Susan, you're here to hear about the definition. Yeah, what is an OpenStack administrator? So this is a definition that a committee of folks of peers sort of developed this. So you should have at least six months of OpenStack experience. Anybody out there? OK, a kind of real hands-on type experience, not just textbook. You should have knowledge of kind of the core projects like compute, storage, networking, and general data center experience. And when they test you, you should be able to demonstrate the competence either using the CLI or the UI, or they, primarily CLI and UI, a little bit lesser on the API side. And then the only caveat is there's really no expectation for you to kind of install that product or kind of architect a solution for somebody that's kind of not in the scope of the exam. It's really a running OpenStack environment. So just a little bit on how we actually went about creating this exam. So there was an original committee, the JTAG committee, we went through and came up with the tasks that had to be solved for this exam. This was SMEs from around the community, around the world. You can see the list of the people that participated. We had people from India to the US through all of Europe. So there's a wide range of people that were participating in this. Two-thirds of the group had direct experience, and the other third had made hiring decisions. We tried to get a diverse group of people together that would actually know what they were looking for in an administrator, as well as how to be an administrator. So like I said, it was a wide range across the world. And what we were doing was developing what knowledge was going to be needed to pass this exam, which areas, and we'll drive into a little bit about that as we go further, but how much is compute, how much is storage, and so on. And you can sort of see where that breakdown lies as you prepare for the exam. So once the JobCask analysis or JTAG committee finished outlining the objectives that the exam was going to cover, another committee was put together, the Item Writing Committee, and it was our job, all of us participated on the Item Writing Committee, only a few of us participated in the JTAG. But our job is the Item Writing Community to come up with the actual exam items or questions that you'll have to answer or fulfill as you're taking the examination. So we took the objectives that were delivered to us by the JTAG, and then turned those into actual questions, actual scenarios that you need to perform. So here's really the question, why you're all here, right? Yeah, that's why you're here. How do I prepare to pass the exam? Well, guess what? It's a simple answer. Get hands-on experience. This is a practicum exam. That's important to understand. You are actually put down in front of, you'll have horizon, and you'll have a command line, and you're gonna be asked to perform tasks. This is hands-on. It's competency-based. So you wanna prepare, you gotta practice. So the next question is, well, how do I get hands-on experience? Well, as was maybe outlined before, the idea of this exam, this admin level, is the expectation of about six months practical experience using OpenStack. So if you have six months of experience of actual day-to-day usage or the equivalent, you're probably at a good start. But not everybody is gonna have experience. Oftentimes, people are gonna get certifications so that they can get a job. So you kinda get that chicken and the egg. Well, I need to get experience so I can get the job, so I can get some experience to get the job, right? So there are other ways you can get experience, get hands-on experience. One of these ways is to find some kind of certification training. We at SUSE provide certification training specifically around the Certified OpenStack exam. We jumped on board and said, look, this is the right way to go. So our certification includes the actual certification exam, and it's all practicum-based. So that's an example for our company, as I think some of my compatriots here have similar type of training. But training isn't gonna get you all the way there. Training is a good start. Go get some training, kinda be guided through the beginning, but then practice, practice, practice. Use the material that maybe was provided by the training course. Go look at the objectives for the exam. They're actually published. We have a link to that here in the slides. But practice, practice. And once you can run through all of the exam objectives without having to continue to look at notes to help you through, then you're probably gonna be ready to attempt the exam. The nice thing about the exam though is you do get a free retake. So if you go the first time and you just don't do as well, you don't pass, you can schedule to take it again without having to pay for that second time. If you vomit that second time, well, you're gonna have to pony up some more money. One last thing to add, you can practice on pretty much any mainstream distribution. So anything that's not heavily modified, the APIs or anything that doesn't seamlessly plug in through the command line clients will be absolutely sufficient. Yeah, exactly. All right, so let's just get to the requirements. Really, as mentioned before, this exam was created to really be, offer that career path based training to help you get the right skills or let your employer know or let whoever know that you have the right skill sets to drive an open stack environment. Not necessarily to stand it up like was discussed before, but really take the keys and drive that environment. It's really geared to those people that have six months experience within the field. That's pretty much our recommendation. If you're looking to get a official list or more information about the requirements, you can visit the openstack.org slash coa slash requirements. We'll go some of those requirements now and how we broke those down into different domains. Domains are, there's about 10 different domains. Which really kind of gets into what are the actual tasks and objectives related to each of those domains. So really the first one we get into is getting to know open stack, right? So really this area is, it's 3% in the test. So you're talking about couple questions, but you need to understand, right? What are the components that make up an open stack environment? And really how do you leverage the API and or the command line interface to interact with those APIs? Next one is identity management. This is a bigger chunk of the exam, 12%. Really have to understand how to manage the Keystone catalog services and the endpoints. Be able to manage and create project users, roles, tenants, and really manage that those users of that environment. And also verify that it's operational, right? So along with not only creating users and domains and whatnot, making sure that you can troubleshoot any sort of issues that go on with it. Right, so the next domain we'll talk about is the dashboard. One of the things you'll see is the percentage is going up and down. This is what one of the things we did as we went through the process, trying to figure out sort of where to focus the exam. And the idea here, because it's an administrator exam, just verify the operation of the dashboard. You have to be able to use the dashboard to pass the exam, but in terms of the administration functions, it was really just about verifying dashboard operation. Compute, obviously a larger percentage. This is one of the key functions. And it focuses across a much wider range. You're going through flavors, managing key pairs, launching and starting, launching instance life cycles, terminate, shutdown, restart, basically going through floating IP addresses. There's some specific stuff about networking, which we'll talk about as well. But it's much more, much wider range of functions you're gonna use here because it's really much, much more used within the open stack environment. And again, you'll see things like verify operation of services that's across all these. As an administrator role, that's where that focus is gonna be. Okay, so for storage, and there's both object and block. So for storage, actually, a lot of these questions are not vendor specifics, they're more skills and task oriented. So things like managing access to the object store, storage policies, monitoring the space, or verifying different operations, or even permissions or quotas. These are going into the domain of the object storage. And you'll notice that these things have weights. So it's actually according to the amount of tasks that are required or that are associated with the administrator. So block storage got a lot of stuff, but it's again, only 10%. Very common tasks that storage administrators handle and open stack administrators handle. So managing the volumes, creating new storage volumes, quotas I mentioned before, something like snapshotting that's a common, sure there's a question about snapshotting. Managing, setting up storage pool, a very common task. Monitoring, checking reserve capacity, analyzing storage and performance and that kind of stuff. That's all in this domain. Awesome, networking. One of the domains to get lots of questions. A lot of people are interested in. So this is Neutron, which is going to be covering here. So it's all sorts of network management. Also creating and managing networks, subnets, routers, floating IP addresses, what are the firewall rules, security groups, those types of things. Troubleshooting again is part of this. Being able to have you do something and say, hey, there's a problem here. Identify what this problem is. Why can't these instance talk to each other? Or why is this IP address not working the way you'd expect it to? So again, it is taking just a step beyond just having to do steps. You need to kind of go, all right, did this actually work? Is it solving the problem? Okay, heat orchestration. This also me, okay. This is again all about being able to launch application stacks. So do you understand what a heat stack is? Can you get information about a heat stack that has currently been launched, is currently running, and report back information from that? Can you launch a heat stack? Can you build a heat template, simple heat template, and build to launch a stack? And then again, verify that this stuff is actually running. And I think also verify that you understand the difference between parameters and resources and outputs and all the hooks and stuff like that. So it's not just, hey, how can you launch a heat stack? It's actually show how you can actually understand what the different sections of the template means. Exactly. Troubleshooting, this is a big one. I think really, I'm not gonna go into all of it, but I understand where your logs are. I think that's one of the biggest misconceptions a lot of people who, running an open-sack environment is they don't really check the logs too much, or they're relying on an M&R component of pulling those logs in. So as far as this exam is concerned, know where your logs are stored. And know how to get there. Yeah, and especially being able to recognize messages, important messages in those log files. Which service corresponds to which log file and the type of messages you're gonna find in those log files? In an image management, excuse me. Again, really, how can you create an image? How can you upload it into the image repository? And how can you leverage those images to create new instances or create snapshots or build from an image, so on and so forth? So another good chunk of the exam. So make sure you definitely learn how to work with images, whatever your practice environment is. So this is nitty gritty, like how does this exam work? And you should save some questions for Ron Terry. He actually took the exam yesterday. But anyway, so in the nutshell, it's delivered remotely online. You have access to a Chrome box machine and it's proctored online with somebody. So this week you're taking the exams here, but after this week, you can take that anywhere online. The content is based on the Liberty release, but there will be revisions. They'll look to revise this every two years. The cost of the exam is $300. If you fail, you can retake at no charge. And I think the foundation announced a lot of partners are already reselling this exam, so you can go there. Again, I mentioned the revision time is every two years to freshen up the content. But the certification itself, which is individual for the person, that's valid for three years. So for example, you could stick that in your resume and show it to an employer. Machine-gradable is a concept that I just got exposed to this. So in the creation of the exam, there's no examiner watching you to make sure you're not cheating, right? So everything that you work on, you would be given a directory for you to copy and paste your answers, and that could be graded by a machine so that if you demonstrate the competency on how something is done, it is kind of documented in all your steps. And part of this machine-gradability is also not so much how you did it as the end result. And that's the point that they're really checking is you can machine-grade, is the end result correct? I don't care how you got there. Yep, yep. So just to add a little bit on that, so you could do that, perform that with either CLI or on the Horizon UI. So this exam is based on an Ansible, on a kind of like a vanilla Ubuntu. Open-stack Ansible. So if you guys are familiar with that, Open-stack Ansible or Open-stack Ansible deployment is what it's formerly called, but yeah. Yeah. So another point from the foundation is while we were creating the exam, we had to kind of pilot it out to figure out whether the questions are valid, but we couldn't figure out what constitute passing. So this week they're gonna pilot it and put a bunch of you out there to test and then figure out what might be constituted as passing. And then if some questions are kind of like maybe a lot of exam people fail or something, they may consider changing out the questions. But they are still determining what is considered passing, so. All right, so we'll get into some sample questions. First one is Ron, sample question around compute. Yeah, so if you wanna kind of an example of the type of questions you're going to be asked when you get into the exam, we've got three examples here from three of the different areas. First of this is compute. So the example here is, have you authenticate Open-stack as a user and you'll be given a user name and password that will be associated with that. And then you'll change it into a context of a specific project. And then once you're in the context of that project, you'll have you maybe launch an instance from a specific flavor, using a specific image, injecting a specific SSH key, connecting to a specific network. So again, just the types of things that you're going to, would normally be doing, but these will be randomized in that it may be the same general question for everybody, but the specifics are going to be different for every person who takes it. So you get a nice randomization across all the test takers, but you're still being tested on the same set of skills. Okay, this is my favorite question, because I kind of wrote part of it. But anyway, so troubleshooting a floating IP, this is like things that you do almost every day. So again, log into a specific instance, they'll give you the name, whatever it is, it'll flash up, and then you'll use that instance to ping another instance. And then maybe the ping will not work, right? Because the damn floating IP, you can't ping to it. So you'll have to figure out what network settings need to be changed. So you'll have to dig through the logs, you'll need to dig through both the neutron logs and the nova logs, trust me, you do. And then you'll have to demonstrate that you know where the logs are and you demonstrate what the problem is, and then you provide the settings and then make the changes to show that you can ping the floating IP. And then for storage, you know, it seems straightforward, but create and delete a block storage volume. So really this type of question is, you know, you want to be able to create that volume, you want to create that using the Cirrus image within the repository, and you want to create a size of that volume of six gigs. And then what you want to do is, and basically you want to pull up what instances are currently running the environment that I can attach this to. So you want to find web node one. Attach that volume to web node one. And once everything is attached, you confirm that it's operational to show that you can actually not only create attach, but also you want to delete for web node one and not just detach it, but also delete it from being listed as an available volume. So you see, it could get a little bit tricky if you detach and don't delete. It's one of the little snags you might get hung up on and marked wrong if you don't do that. That's a, he pointed out a good thing. Make sure you read through the entire scenario because they're going to have you do some things that you might not be expecting. And it may be buried in the middle of a paragraph or towards the end and you just zipped over it. Make sure you read the question and understand everything that they want you to do. Right. Again, speaking from experience because I just took the test yesterday. Yeah. Okay, so we're at the crew name. We've already got a hand. Go ahead there to the microphone. Do we have the mics on yet? The house mics. To the previous slide, right? And so you're wording there a little tricky. Delete my volume so it's no longer attached. Well, presumably if I delete the volume it's no longer attached. So, all right. So you're specifically saying, so detach the volume and then delete the volume, right? Yeah. You're making some bad wording here. I would say that, yeah, okay, thanks. Again. So, let's just make this, hold on, let's just back up for a second. These aren't actual exam questions. All right, so. There, for instance. These are samples. We've got another question over on this side. We'll kind of go back and forth here unless people all line up against one. Go ahead. Okay, I did the exam as a beta tester last week, Richard. And I'm wondering who is determining the points for a question because, for example, I'm taking an example for the object store. The number of questions I had is practically representing the 10% of what is in the requirements section. But the points was rather 20. So, in general, I found that sometimes it's unbalanced. I mean, I have a quite a complicated question for three points and I have a very simple like starting up a heat stack with a current set of parameters for five. So, maybe it has to be a little bit revised. So, let me hear then Susan's got it. So, my observation on this, at least again, I don't know the exact answer and she might know better about this. But a lot of times it's based on the number of tasks you have to complete to do the actual item. So, they might be easy tasks but you may have to demonstrate, you know, three or four items of knowledge or skill to be able to get the answer. So, that could contribute to the number of points you get based on the number of things you're being tested within that question. I'll add a tiny bit to it. Seth and I were in the job task group. So, we looked at a battery of job tasks. And clearly there's a lot of work when you're an open second administrator. But a lot of the tasks we took out and did not write questions for them because they were something that you do and it's kind of rudimentary. Then after all the most important tasks that is turned over to the item writing committee to write questions that could be tested. And then within these questions, you can see different segments. So, each segment you can score points. So, for example, there's three here, right? So, you could have done maybe segment one and got points and then segment two you could have missed and then you might not earn, so meaning you get partial credit. And then each of these questions have level of difficulty. So, depending on if this question might be, I remember the level of difficulty was one, two, or three or something like that. Can't remember. But anyway, so depending on level of difficulty and the completion, so certain things would appear that you could have scored higher points on even an easier question, so to speak. And then you could have partially completed a very difficult question. And then in that case, you might have even scored more points on the difficult question because you earn more partial credits. So, I mean, it's all pretty tough to determine right now. So, did that answer your question? So, could you have, let's say, half completed questions? Yes, you can have partial completed questions and you would get the points for successful completing the tasks within that. You may not, as if there's like five tasks and you completed three correctly, you could get three of the five points. Okay, so I'll give you an example. There was a question with five points that say, okay, create an RC5. Wait, username, project name, tenant name. Okay, so that's why I have five, right? So I can, let's say, one of them and I have four points, right? Is it the case? Well, yeah, so she also called something out that's important, there's the concept of points and there's a concept of weight. And you can go through and they first evaluate, here's the number of points that they got, then they do a second pass that then re-weights those points based on the difficulty of the questions. And so, I may start with 90, well, let's say 70 out of 100 points and then after they go through the weighting, you did really well on hard ones, that could actually jump your score up to like 80 or 90 because the points aren't always equal in value once you go that second round based on the weighting and based on difficulty. But that is practically an important fact because you may have to advertise that. Because people might have an impression that, okay, I skip this question because this is a one point one and I jump on another one because it is a five point one. So I think we just advertised that because this is being recorded, right? So we have a bunch of people with questions we have to get to. So if you wanna come up and talk afterwards. Yeah, we can go after, let's go back over here. Yeah, I have a couple. One would be, how long do you get if you need to retake the test to do so? Ooh, that's a good question. If you have a certain time period between when you first take it and when you have to take the second one, I don't know the answer to that. Do you guys? I don't know that often. If you bring up your card, if you bring up your card, we'll send you a note and we'll find out for you. Okay, and then how long does it take to find out if you passed or not? Do we know that? Three days is what they're telling right now whether that's gonna decrease in time in the future, I don't know, but right now you'll find out three days after. Okay, and then our, do you kinda have the option of how you do every question on the exam whether you use horizon or the command line or are you instructed? Yes, in most every case, well in many cases you can perform the task either in horizon or the command line. There are some questions, however, that you can only complete from the command line. So you do need to have command line experience for those specific things. And you're free to use the help of the command line as you would normal? Yes, and as a matter of fact, you're also allowed to open up a tab and go to docs.opensusa.org. So those docs are also available during the exam. You mean open stack? I mean, what did I say? Open Susa. I'm a Susa guy, I'm sorry. docs.openstack.org. Yeah, shameless plug, unintentional. But I'll tell you, if you have to get into the docs, you're gonna run out of time. So you gotta know what you're looking for and not just be trying to come through. Okay, thank you. Okay, we have an answer here of one year from when we purchased the exam is the retake timeframe. Thank you. Over here. Just a quick question, because we've been talking about cheating, and whenever you see a task, there are different approaches to what material you might use to pass the test. So I guess for the open stack exam, you might not use documentation and manuals, but really only what's in your mind, right? Or are we allowed to use help pages, man pages, docs? So here's what it's available. You have the command line and you have man pages and you have the help that's associated with the API command line commands. You're also allowed to open up a tab, because this is all done in a web browser. So I have one tab that is kind of here's what the test is. You go to the next tab and that is where you have a window that's a command prompt and another tab is the horizon. You're allowed to open up another tab that goes to docs.openstack.org and you can use anything on that page. Awesome, perfect, thank you. Oh, just one more thing to add to that. If you're taking the exam here, there's a proctor in the room with you, but when you're taking the exam remotely, you'll need a webcam enabled machine that'll actually be remote proctoring for that. Sure, thanks. I wanted to kind of get some more clarification on the guide's previous question here. You've kind of been saying we have the option of using horizon or the client generically. Does the client mean the specific component plug-in, like the glance client or sender client, or does it mean the open stack client or either? It's the outcome. So you can use the open stack client. You can install the Nova client, whatever the outcome. To be specific, open stack client, Nova client, I mean all of the CLI clients are installed. So if you know how to do it using Nova or you know how to do the task using open stack, it doesn't matter. You can use any of the command line clients. It doesn't have to be just one of them. Okay, so. Whatever gives you that outcome of yes or no, or correct answer or not. So we have a large number of interfaces. We have horizon, probably a couple of different client interfaces and I'm guessing even like the rest calls if you wanted to get that deal. If you wanted to do rest calls, you probably could, but that's, you might as well, whatever floats your boat. All right, cool, thanks. I have a question about the sort of deliberate limitation of available resources that the examiner can take, including having a person watching over you. If someone is running into a troubleshooting situation in open stack and they're not using all available resources that can find for that, that would make them a horrible open stack operator that I would not want to hire. So my question is what exactly was the reasoning behind deliberately limiting the number of resources or the amount of resources available for taking the test? I think I can answer this one. Writing an exam and maintaining the integrity of an exam is actually quite difficult because and I have to say, I'm right there with you, that in a real world, knowing how to find the right answer is almost more important than knowing the right answer off the bat. And so having to limit the availability of resources is really there because honestly it won't take long for somebody to write a cheat sheet, post it available to Google, it says question one, type this, question two, type this. That's really the reason is we have to limit the potential of those types of things, yet still allow enough documentation that people could search and find the answer. It's not a perfect world, but it's probably the best that we're gonna get for a while, unfortunately. That work? Okay, over here I guess. Right here. Good afternoon, two quick questions. Mr. Terry, I believe you're conducting the course for the next two days. Yes, we, SUSE is offering the certified open second ministry preparation course for the next two days, yes. Is there anything I need to do to prep the laptop for the course? Nope, we're gonna give you everything you need when you come in, everything you need's there. Okay, and second part, is there a possibility of having a Friday exam session? Seems counterintuitive not to have it after the course. So I talked to the administrators of the exam about that question and they brought this up specifically. They would have loved to offer the test on Friday. They just don't have the rooms. They have to be out of the rooms on Thursday. It was really about having a room availability. But remember, you can take this test at home. So it's just here at the summit that you actually go to a room and sit down in front of a computer that's monitored by somebody in person. Every time after this is going to be you sitting at home with a webcam on your computer and having somebody remotely proctor you. Okay, I didn't know if there was a time machine involved. But let me just warn you as well. The expectation of going to a two day class to learn everything you need to be able to pass the test on the next day is stretching it. You really need to practice. I mean, if you come in with a lot of experience and you're using that as kind of just a refresher, then you might have a chance to pass it. But don't come in and expect to pass on the third day. And from my perspective, having that bolligan available to you, what perfect way to prepare for the exam is while it's fresh in your head and go from there. Yeah, let me add one point. So the troubleshooting questions were not written for tests, taking kind of our exam or training environments. They required you to have some knowledge of production open-sack environments. Because there's almost no way you would need a troubleshoot if you only have like two or three machines. So you do need the hands-on experience. Just one more thing to add to that. And Selenia is also preparing exams or, excuse me, classes to help people prepare for it. But it really is, because it's a practical exam, really it's expecting you to know how to do things, not just the classes that we develop have hands-on components, but you're not gonna get in two days enough hands-on experience to pass an exam like this To extend on that, is there a lab available to where we can kind of beat on a test environment? So that really kind of depends. I can speak from my, Susie, we're gonna provide you something you can take home and practice. There are plenty of other people, gentlemen down here raising his hand, I'm gonna give him props, I'm not gonna call it your name, no dude, sorry. There are plenty of people who can provide that. Let me just, I wanna share an experience that I had. After taking the test yesterday, I was sitting and talking to the men who's responsible for kind of generating and maintaining the test, and we had a gentleman come up to us and said, oh my gosh, nobody told me this was gonna be hands-on. I went and took a training course from this company, and none of it was hands-on, and I was expecting a question and answer, and I failed. I want to be perfectly clear that if you're going to go try to get training from some third party, make sure that it's hands-on, it's practicum-based. Because if you're just gonna go get some training that doesn't give you hands-on experience, you're not really preparing for the exam. And there are plenty of people who are gonna provide that type of training, but just make sure that they're providing hands-on experience. Are you gonna be offering this training at future conferences, or is this a one-time deal? Are you talking about, Susa? Yep. Yes, we're planning on offering this into the future. Yeah, was there a limit of how many times you could take the test? If you, I mean, you could fail it. You said you get one retake, but. Well, you get one retake that's paid for as part of that, but I don't know if there's a limitation of how many times you can try. Do you know? I did ask the foundation, there's no limit. You can go again whenever you want. Pay another $300. So you'd mentioned running out of time is one of the concerns on the test using documentation. Is there a recommendation for time per question or something you can give people so that they can self-pace? So that's really tough, because each question has its own level of difficulty, and right now the number of questions on the exam may not be the same as later when there's evaluations, so I really can't tell you the number of questions that are on there, but you do have the ability to move back and forth between the questions. So if you're saying, man, you know what, I have trouble in this one, let me just not waste time. Let me jump ahead and do another one, and then come back to that one, and catch it later on. You can do that, and I'd almost suggest you might do that if you've got something that you think it's gonna stump you. Jump over, you know, open up a little, the way to take notes is you have to open up a little, like a text file in VI, and you can take notes, just open up a thing, take some notes, save that, so you know how to come back. Don't get bogged down in a single question. So let me, on that note, so are you saying that there are no questions that are dependent on the previous question within the lines of it? No, each question is independent of the other one, so if, yeah, there's no dependency in between questions. That'll build upon that you would tear down later that would mess up the sequence. Nope, nope, you're just fine there. They're all independent. Okay, thanks. I would like to advise you though, because of the weight, the neutron is pretty, if you add up neutron and troubleshooting, that's like close to half the exam already. So if you could figure those, plus compute. So you probably, if you're really good with compute, neutron, and troubleshooting, I think you have a good chance of kind of surpassing. It's not so much a question, as my friend out earlier today at the conference, but recently put up a site called tri-stack.org, which you can get some experience as a user for. So you're saying it's like a demo environment that you can practice in? Yeah, it's great. That's awesome. Yeah, it's mainly meant for like testing applications, but. But you could totally use it for practicing. Tri-stack, dev-stack, open-stack, Ansible, Morantis, if you say, whatever, whatever gives you the same API and command line interactions with those APIs will be sufficient. Let's go over here. Hi, hope I didn't miss this question before, but is there any passing grade or just pass-fail kind of answer? So the exam is pass-fail, but you don't have to have 100%. There is a percentage that you can get that's the threshold. I don't know what that is. Even if I did, I'm not sure. Well, I don't know what it is. I think they're still finalizing that, right? Everyone, it's a new exam, testing, not just our ability to create questions, but how the exams work and so on. So they're still finalizing that. And if you're taking the exam this week, that's why it may take a little bit longer for your results, but just let me keep in mind. All right, thanks. Looks like we've got five minutes left. Five minutes. Only runs. We're only publishing runs, actually. We did bring out one of the umbrellas that we've been in earlier. Actually, all of them. All of them are. So all the names are listed on the item writing committee, so you could just hang and figure out. You could figure out who wrote which sections, actually. Remember, though, that those of us who do, we do this, this is our job, and it's in our best interest to make sure this exam is as good as possible. Once we write the items and we pass it off to the guys who actually implement it, though, to be clear, they had to make some modifications to our items so that it could actually work in the environment. So there's this big ol' long chain of JTAC, to item writing, to implementation, to evaluation, that, you know, who do you shoot? You know, if there's a problem. Oh, this does not go there. One of the things, one of the reasons I wanted to be involved in this, and I think all of us did, is, you know, we're hiring open-site people on a regular basis, and having a baseline, whatever that is, people put open-site on a resume, if you guys are out there recruiting, you've all seen this, you know, until you talk to a person, you don't have any sense of what they're doing. This will give us a way to apply a filter, apply a way to jump-start people through a queue, and have that baseline for it. So you have one more question. Let me ask another, yeah. For heat-related questions, would you have basic templates available there, or you need to memorize the syntax part of the template? So you'll have to know how to create that template. So basic syntax, right? All right, with the template version and everything. Okay, let me be specific. You're not super complex, okay? If you can write a basic template, understanding parameters, resources, those type of things, you're probably gonna be okay. Okay. Okay. All right, yeah. Thanks. You don't have to make like a big, software-config thing of, you know, just basic. All right, that works. Yeah, like, I guess, maybe one last one here. Simple question. How long was the test? Two and a half hours. Okay, and is each question time-dependent? Nope. You can take all two and a half hours for one question. You could. And you'd fail. But yes. All right. All right, well, I think we're out of time. Yeah, thank you very much. Thank you very much. Appreciate it.