 So hello everyone and welcome to today's event on climate adaptation and resilience vision, what will success look like in 2021 and with that I'm going to hand over to Selimal hook, who is the director for the International Center for climate change and development and who is going to be our moderator for today's session. Thanks very much over to you Selim. Thank you very much Juliet and let me add my welcome. Good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening to all of you for joining us for this very interesting session that we're going to hold. My name is Selimal Huck, please call me Selim. I'm the director of the International Center for climate change and development. And it's my pleasure to be moderating this discussion today with the number of very interesting speakers and I will also be co helped by particularly by well who are introduced in a minute. This is a one of a series of webinars and sessions that we are holding together with my center ICCAD in Bangladesh and IID in London, and on the overall theme of climate and collaboration we need. And this particular one is on adaptation and resilience. In particular, what are we looking for out of COP26 and 2021 more broadly as a year and then going beyond 2021. I'll just set the scene a little bit in terms of where we stand at the moment, and then I'll introduce our six speakers and my co discussant. And then we will do the speech speeches or the interventions in groups of three. There'll be an initial three minute pitch from each of the panelists, three panelists at a time, we will then have a conversation with them. And then we will move on to the next set of three panelists have a conversation with them. And then hopefully we will have around 20 minutes. After everybody has spoken to take some questions from the audience so if you have questions, please feel free to put them in the Q&A box or in the chat box they will be monitored. And my colleague Ebony will be selecting and passing them on to me to put to the panelists when you want to ask the questions. So just to set the scene as everybody knows COP26 had to be postponed because of the COVID pandemic from November 2020 to November 2021. We are still hoping that it will be in person physical event in Glasgow in November 2021, but one never knows for sure it's I think perhaps too early to make that determination right now. But certainly what we do don't do not want is another one year postponement and putting everything off for another year. So we really do want to use this time to move things forward. As I'm sure everybody is aware, December 31 2020 was the timeline for countries to submit their nationally determined contributions 110 countries did submit their indices. The vulnerable countries forum, which is led by Bangladesh, the Prime Minister, Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh led a big midnight for survival campaign to get countries to submit their indices on time and many of them did a few are left but we hope they'll come soon. The other good news is the US presidential election result with President Biden, taking climate change seriously re entering the Paris agreement, appointing John Kerry as his climate envoy, and also taking very substantial efforts at taking climate change as a major activity in the United States going forward in his national agenda. And I just saw today, a group of US NGOs have written to the Biden administration, asking for the US to commit $8 billion for climate change support. Part of that being $4 billion or $3 billion that they, they didn't provide, which Obama had promised and Trump did not fulfill or go forward with so there's a bit that they have to recover and then another $4 billion for 2021 so let us see whether Biden and the US administration will be able to cough up or commit to that level of funding or not. The other interesting development is we now have a race to zero on the emissions front. We also have a race to resilience on the resilience front, a champion by the two champions. Gonzalo Munoz from Chile and Nigel Topping from the UK from COP25 and COP26 respectively galvanizing civil society activities, non governmental actors taking actions and we hope we can contribute to that. And then we also have just had the climate adaptation summit, which again was supposed to have been an in person summit turned into a virtual summit going around the world. And in Bangladesh we held the anchor event on locally led adaptation on the 26th of January and just prior to that, my center also ran a seven day long 24 seven Govesshina conference on locally led adaptation, and which was tremendous support and participation from all over the world and so things are moving in the right direction, have a lot to achieve and go forward and and get done. We don't have time to waste and so we are very much looking forward to hearing from our participants on what they will be able to contribute and the two exam questions that we have set for everybody is obviously what outcomes are needed for adaptation and resilience in particular to enhance global action on adaptation and resilience in COP26 but also broader than COP26. One more question for each participant and panelists is how can I or my organization contribute to these ambitions that I have mentioned so I'm going to now introduce the six panelists and my co discussant. And then we will go into the first round of discussions with them. The first person that I'd like to introduce is thinly children is a social entrepreneur and consultant from Bhutan. She possesses an extremely impressive portfolio working on climate change and sustainability issues encompassing entrepreneurial leadership solutions impact investing green economy and climate governance she's a climate reality leader and founder of the curator for global shapers team who hub in Bhutan. Today thinly is representative of the LDC least developed countries, youth and she and we really look forward to hearing her ideas on what tangible outcomes and actions we need to see. So thinly thank you thank you for joining us and welcome. Next we will hear from Sheila Patel who's the founder and director of the society for promotion of area resource centers or spark in India. Sheila is a very good friend of mine and a highly and widely regarded activist and academic working to support community organizations of the urban poor around the world. She has a huge footprint in cities in Asia Africa Latin America. Sheila is a champion for locally led adaptation, and she is also a member of the global commission on adaptation. And then the third member who will be speaking in the first round. I'm very pleased to introduce my very good friend, Gabriel Jemba and the loo, who is currently technical lead of the least developed countries initiative for effective adaptation and resilience, known as life. He also serves as the regional lead at the green global green growth Institute for Africa based in Addis Ababa in Ethiopia, and is the former chair of the least developed countries group in the UN framework convention on climate change. Gabriel we're very pleased that you could join us and I'm looking forward to hearing from you. I'll quickly introduce the other three speakers now, and then invite my colleague well from fcdo to make a few opening remarks and then we'll go to the first set of three speakers. So the second set of speakers are Tom Mitchell who is the chief strategy officer for climate kick. Tom is bringing his expertise from 15 years, working on climate resilience and climate change policy and research to the discussion in previous roles. The climate change team at the overseas development Institute in the UK also supported UN policy on disaster risk reduction and served as a coordinating lead author of the intergovernmental panel on climate change so Tom thank you very much for joining us. And then we also have Claire Shakya who today who is the director of IID climate change research group Claire has over 25 years of experience in development in climate energy and natural resources. She supports the least developed countries group in the UN FCC negotiations, and she helped develop the life AR initiative that Gabriel is now leading. She'll be exploring deep institutional mechanisms that can support resilient development at country scale. Claire, myself and Sheila are some of the co authors of the newly launched principles for locally led adaptation, and I hope we have a chance to hear about that from her a little later as well. Next, and last of the panelists is going to complete the panel will be Mr Mike Barry a well known change agent and leader in sustainable business. Mike has worked with many organizations such as Unilever, the environment agency British retail consortium GSK and climate action to name a few. And as a former director of sustainable business at Marks and Spencer's. Thank you very much for joining us Mike and we hope to get a business perspective from you as well. And, and lastly, but not least, let me also introduce my co host for this event is well gone and ran a well has spent 20 years working on international policy and is currently climate and environment director for the Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office fcdo previously known as different to most of us values responsible for the UK governments, international support to climate and environmental issues, including on adaptation and resilience, and we're going to kick us off with a few introductory remarks and later he and I will tag team on the discussions with the two, two sets of three panelists that we will have over the next few hours or so well. I would you like to share some preliminary thoughts. Thank you Salim and good morning. Good afternoon. Good evening to all of you joining us. First Salim let me say thank you to you and to IID for hosting this event. It's really timely and I'm really delighted to be here. And, and that's because adaptation is a top priority for COP26 so I wanted to do two things first talk briefly about the approach building on some of your comments Salim but then answer one of the questions around what does success look like from my perspective. Firstly on approach at the climate ambition summit that the summit that happened in December last year to mark five years on from from the Paris Agreement, we had over 75 countries came we had a lot of good commitments there. A few on national adaptation plans but actually most of the commitments there were around mitigation long term strategies and NDCs. So going into 2021 the first thing I wanted to say is that adaptation and to a degree climate finance as you mentioned Salim it's going to be a big priority for for the UK. And I think as you said we've made a good start two weeks ago we had the Gobi Shana and we had the climate adaptation summit we had a huge number of world leaders there making commitments in a way certainly I've I've never seen on adaptation. And then a number of us endorsed the locally led principles and the UK launched an adapt with others and adaptation action coalition to try and drive sector level progress. So so I think we've made a good start but we need to as you've said sustain that momentum through through the year all the way up to COP26 and beyond. Firstly, we will be hosting a climate and development ministerial meeting in the coming coming months and our intention with that meeting is really to try and identify concrete actions that can be taken to support developing and vulnerable countries not only in dealing with the impacts of climate change but recovering the development ground we've lost as a result of COVID and sort of recognizing that a lot of these crises are now compounding each other and increasing the level of climate change that we want to use that ministerial to try and identify concrete actions to take there. We are also the presidency of the G7 now so I can, I can say that adaptation is going to be a key priority of our G7 presidency, and as well as all of the other international processes that we are a part of in 2021. So that's just a bit about approach I really just want to emphasize how important this is for us going going into 2021. What success look like I was just going to make five points from my perspective, Salim if I may. First, I'll start by caveatting this saying I'm an optimist and I'm ambitious for this agenda so I'm setting a kind of high bar for what success looks like. I have to recognize this is all country led so from my perspective I hope we will be able to see more ambition and more action in national efforts, and I want to call out two specific points there that I think are really important the first is being able to link national efforts to climate risk in a better way I think countries need to be thinking now about what a 1.5 degree world will mean for them. Second I think that planning needs to be mainstreamed into national processes so not just a tick box exercise and certainly not just something that's kept on the shelf in an environment ministry. So the first thing what the success look like sort of I would say much more ambitious action driven national planning. Second is that is financing as you've said Salim is absolutely critical. The OECD released a report last November said about 20% of climate finance work went to adaptation and Salim as you have said even within that 20% and much smaller amount reaches local levels. So success for me is a step change in the level of adaptation finance and ensuring that more of that reaches local levels. Third is is seeing is taking adaptation solutions to scale. So the question I'm sort of asking myself is what are the solar panel and winter by an equivalence in adaptation what are the top technologies we need. For example on too much or too little water. If they're out there already how do we get them to scale if they're not out there how do we accelerate the innovation to get them get them make them available. So a lot of the answer there is also recognizing that adaptation is a global challenge because I think with a global marketplace you get a stronger pathway to scale for some of those solutions. So that's third and then the fourth is is the, you know, is the global goal on adaptation so this is part of the Paris agreement. So we absolutely need to make progress on that and I want to nest that in a, in a wider effort that we need to make to raise the profile of adaptation, so that it's not just an afterthought but it's right up there with mitigation when we think about climate action we don't just think about mitigation we think about adaptation to. That's my kind of fifth. I guess what the success look like my fifth point there is recognizing that there will be some climate impacts for which no amount of adaptation will suffice. And this is the issue of loss and damage. And this is a challenging issue in the UNFCC context but we absolutely need to make progress in terms of answering some of the questions around how we avoid and how we minimize and address loss and damage. So my hope was when you add all of that together Salim that in 2021 it becomes the sort of the game changer year in terms of how we protect people how we protect livelihoods how we protect the planet from all of those climate impacts. So, so as I said it's a high ambition set of goals for the coming year but I think that's right and we need to kind of fix a historic imbalance between adaptation and the rest of climate action and I hope we can do a lot of that this year. So I'll stop there Salim and back to you. Thank you very much for kicking us off and and I like your ambition so let us see if we can make it all happen. So now I'm going to move to the first round of our three speakers in order first with thinly then with Sheila then with Gabriel, and ask each of them within three minutes if you can, to share your own quick top line outcome expectation. So what you yourself are planning to do to help that and then we will have plenty of time for a give and take discussion so that we can try and have this more as a conversation rather than long presentations from each person I think that will be much more engaging. So thinly, what are your expectations and and your own plans to do things. Thank you Salim. Well it gives me great pleasure and immense honor to be speaking on behalf of the young people of the LDC group. Young people are the future and we need to hand over a better world to them. These are sentiments that we hear often expressed on the international forums and by governments and I think they young are grateful for that. We need this actions in binding compliances funding true collaboration across sectors and countries as you run up to COP 26. Young people are one of the main stakeholders in this collective global action towards climate adaptation, but young people are not homogeneous. More importantly, the place we come from and situated highly influence our voice agency and contribution towards solution building and actions. There are growing number of youth climate initiatives that are supported and bought into the fold by the respective governments or international organizations we hardly see any representation of LDC youth. We celebrate all youth groups initiatives and platforms. It is so inspiring and confidence building to see so many countries being inclusive of the of the voices of their young people. As a representative of the LDC youth, I have to speak true to power. Please integrate LDC youth when you speak of equity, inclusivity and diversity. Young people of LDC would like to see ourselves represented heard and contributing. In this effort, I would like to pitch two areas of urgent climate action and outcomes through the COP 26 process to empower LDC youth. Youth leadership and decision making. The deafening silence of young people in the decision making and solution process are even louder in the LDC group. Globally today young people's voices and agency and energy are largely relegated to advocacy roles which some may argue is already too late in providing meaningful input and action. Because young people are either working to amplify or change decisions that were made on their behalf in their absence. We want to see LDC youth counselor groups established at national and international platforms that is empowered as a stakeholder, not just for tokenism. The second, the young social entrepreneurship, the young are in the frontline of disrupting systems to find solutions. Social entrepreneurship and innovations are largely youth driven. We want impact fund accelerator and mentoring programs targeted as social climate entrepreneurs. So we call on the self integrated of the LDC governments powerful governments, international bodies and businesses for action oriented moral and responsible leadership to make this happen. They're not asking for charity we're asking you to invest in us. We ask you to work with us for a youth inclusive adaptation for our world. What am I doing here in Bhutan. In addition to being a youth ally and advocate. I'm a climate reality leader funding curator of global shapers simple hub and an entrepreneur ecosystem enabler. We hold a lot of dialogues and climate change and climate education, building a narrative and call for action. I also work with entrepreneurs for nature positive startups, but we do, we do this largely in a vacuum with no real collaboration investments for growth scale and large impact. We are only able to, we are only able to take a step or two, then we could be making leaps and bounds. So if young are the future let us work together for that future. Thank you so that's my three minutes. Thank you very much, thinly that was excellent so just a quick comment I can't resist. I think one of the things that the youth need to be thinking of and doing is stop asking and start telling. Leaders what you want. Don't ask. Don't wait to ask them. Don't wait for them. You have to tell them what you want them to do and make them do it. Let me now move on to Sheila Sheila would you like to share your preliminary thoughts. Thank you and thinly great power to you. We all support you and we want to work with you. And like Salim said, don't ask demand. I think that is what I want to start off with that cop 26 has to be a process that is truly inclusive of transformation for too long, all this closed door business we are only governments. The kind of talks have not led to the kind of transformation that we require for the climate change. And this decade to work. And so as new entrance as you know I come from a social movement of the urban poor. And I think that the issues of the urban poverty groups the challenges that urban and rural and all forms of seriously vulnerable communities has been completely completely just invisible. My demand which I think comes out of the fact that finally adaptation is no longer the Cinderella. And we found the nice shoes for her is that we're going to demand that. I think we have to create voices and expectations to our governments to the negotiators that we must look at transformation in its complete sense and that means adaptation. There is a choice that every person makes to make the world work for the most vulnerable, but also for the planet and I think that conversation has to invade all the spaces. That's my first expectation. One important insight is that mitigation and adaptation have to be two sides of the same coin and treated equally because a lot of mitigation produces crisis for the very vulnerable. And therefore adaptation has to be seen as part of that process, and has to be finance designed technology involvement, all those things have to be very much there. I believe that social movements networks, large networks of very vulnerable communities have finally found voice space in the last one and a half year when COVID destroyed the vertical architecture of development and transformed the way we look at crisis pandemics. And therefore, when I look at what we contribute, we as STI we are a social movement. We work in three to 400 cities we want to demonstrate strong local partnerships between universities communities and local authorities, because real adaptation is deeply local. And we want at COP a global commitment to support local transformation because the many locals has to be the new global. The second thing I want to say is that whether we're talking about youth, we're talking about gender, like thinly said, poor people are treated as beneficiaries and social movements are telling you very clearly that there is no such thing as consumers and beneficiaries anymore we are all to be partners and therefore the transformation we are looking for is a seat at the table from design to execution to counting the outcomes, and we are there. And we will make the noise that's necessary with all those whose voices have been absent in the past. Thank you. Thank you, Sheila. We hope that will happen. So let me now invite Gabriel to share your preliminary thoughts, Gabriel. Thank you. Hello, everyone. I think much has been said by the previous speakers, but I would like to highlight a few things. First, I do believe that this is almost the COP where we are going to move from a series of negotiation for a number of decades into an implementation phase. So I do expect this COP to really focus more on action than actual negotiation. So I know some legal issues needs to be addressed, but we need to really strongly focus on how we can achieve results on the ground. And one key message which I would like to highlight is we need to respond to the call from science, rather than looking at each other. So everyone needs to because we have already realized that no one is immune from the impacts of. Everyone needs to be engaged in addressing the key asks from the scientific community. And the other message which I want to send is we need to think plan and implement in a business unusual way, because we have been doing things in a project as sector space we call area limited action on the ground which is not really bringing in significant impact on the ground. So we need to move out of this business a digital way of implementing, which has resulted in having a number of intermediaries in between, and not more than 15% of resources reaching to the most vulnerable communities. So the business unusual of planning up to implementation across the value chain needs to start from now. And in terms of engaging stakeholders, I think we need to bring in everyone, including the private sector, because like, unless we bring the private sector to build its own economy as well as well as contribute to the specific community where the specific private sector is there, which is very crucial. So, during this scope, I don't think that will answer all the outstanding questions, but I do hope that more countries will bring in their 2050 vision with a net zero as well as a resilience economy to be in place across the world. So we expect more ambitious NDC, as well as 2050 vision to be presented during this scope. Thank you. And at the same time, this scope, I do expect a number of best practices and lessons to be shared during this scope. And finally, of course, as Salimo you already mentioned, the way to measure adaptation to set a goal is indirectly through setting financial goal. So I do expect the global community to respond to the needs, the enablers including finance during this scope. Thank you very much, Gabriel. We are running a little bit behind time, but I still want to go back to you with one more question. And then I'll invite Vel to come in and share some of his thoughts. So, thank you very much all three of you for your contributions I think we are off to a very good start. I'd like to go back to you first again first thinly and then Sheila and then Gabriel for some quick reflections if you don't mind, particularly not so much what the what the cop should be doing, but what we can do to use the cop to get us to do more together. And so, how can we benefit from being able to participate in the cop and then bring our networks together the youth network the some dwellers network the life they are initiatives in the seven front runner countries, how can we get some of us together together, go to the cop tell them about it but then come back from the cop with energy and support to do more on the ground because to me, that is really the outcome that we want, you know a decision in the cop really is not an outcome is just a piece of paper. But we if we can actually make things happen. I would like you to reflect on that what would you like to see us doing together after the cop at the cop and then after the cop if briefly if you don't mind thinly I'll start with you. I think for the young people, you know, especially is talking from LDC, LDC use perspective, I think, in terms of what's happening in a respective countries, I'm pretty confident there are a lot of things happening but is very scattered is very individual in this very complicated. And the power of self organizing or the power of a quote unquote union unionizing to have a bigger presence and have a bigger voice. I think that is the platform needed for young people from the LDC group, especially when when we talk about international platform cop 10 is six, because the reality is, regardless of who you are if you don't know you don't know if you're not heard you're not heard. So the fact of having a presence at the international level is important for our voices to be heard. Either in terms of implementation and action at the ground or in a respective communities and countries. I think, you know, first of all, I think our respective governments need to not only say young people, and that they we are the future like I said earlier a lot of us in the LDC group are kind of quote unquote kind of fed up with hearing that and want to see the government actually put actions to the word, and then give us the power give us the platform because together we can actually we can make a larger impact than doing it at a very one off. You know initiatives here and there so the power of organizing and then bringing action together. Thank you thinly Sheila and there's also a question for you Sheila, which is how can the informal groups that you work with become formal so that they can be recognized, because as you know informality is more difficult to recognize Sheila. So first of all, welcome to the new normal. COVID made everything informal. So welcome to informality. The second thing is that social movements of the urban poor represented by shack dwellers in for international represent the, the layer of intermediation between formality and informality in which we exist, and you will see this occurring in all the different movements. And I think that this is the time where to answer your questions Salim. The last two years, if you look at the relationship that social movements iid the GC is locally led action track. And the organizations that have put together the principles that you that Claire will be talking about. We're trying to transform this top down vertical process into something that is circular, which which transforms roles and relationships in governments and power holders and people who are considered victims beneficiaries consumers into stakeholders with different roles and different functions. And finally and most importantly, we have to recognize, you know you talk to me talks about youth, the youth in informal settlements are the complete voiceless people. So one of the things that we are doing, which I will be attending after I finish this meeting is a network of youth leaders from informal settlements from 15 countries who run a campaign called know your city if you go on the net. You will see the videos that they have made of their settlement, transforming their own imageries their images of their informal settlements and transforming the roles and we call them our fifth generation. We are the people that we want to see populate the voices in, in, in all the structures, we're going to invade all the structures. The question is, it's got to be a invasion that is celebrated or an invasion that is seen in this hostility invasion by invitation so we're already doing that and I think it starts with the coalition of the trust that work together. Thank you. Excellent. Thank you very much Sheila. So, let me move to Gabriel Gabriel. Now that you are no longer LDC chair negotiating but you're now in a practical implementation phase of adaptation resilience and some of the leading least developed countries were taking a leading role, by the way on this issue. Where do you see us taking this forward in a practical manner on the ground. I think that that's a critical challenge of what we have been trying to see is like the so far, actually, especially the list of countries have been really good in implementing adaptation for the last number of years, since Napa was formulated. But when you look at things happening on the ground. It's not really making a significant impact. So, based on the work, the analysis that we have undertaken on 100 plus projects worldwide, especially focusing on list of countries. We need to really change across the value team, how we are rethinking and implementing. So in that regard. Of course, as well mentioned, it needs to be actually mainstream. We need to move out of the sector specific way of planning and implementation. And that mainstreaming needs to happen. Besides, I do see that there is no clear boundary between adaptation mitigation and development when it comes to list of our. Each has its own co-benefits. So if we are able to integrate these three pillars together, I think we'll have more impact, even from value for money perspective, bringing a major impact on the ground. We need to really change our thinking from the beginning, how we are planning, and how we are engaging the communities on the ground is top down. Planning works. No, it's not working. How we can bring the communities. How can we make them able to access the resources so that they manage it and then they prioritize and they integrate a kind of landscape approach of realizing resilience on the ground. So we are already through life here. We are just starting how we can really bring in the communities to be the leaders for building the resilience. I do expect during the scope will be able to share our lessons in the in our journey for the last few months. So, a lot to be done, but we're just beginning. Thank you. Okay, so let me also take this opportunity to extend an invitation to all your work. Next year in the Gavashna conference next January, I want to get all your community leaders in the front runner countries to come and participate and tell us what they're doing. We now invite well to share some reflections and then we'll go to the next round of panelists and in the meantime, if people have questions, please do put them in the Q&A box will try and address them in the open discussion session. And if not, then I'll ask panelists to maybe just write in responses to the ones that they feel they can do that too. Well, please, you want to just share some reflection on the first three that you heard. Thanks Salim and thanks to Thinly, Sheila and Gebru. I know you're behind time so let me just do two quick reflections. One, I very much take from sort of the Thinly and Sheila conversation. This need to social movements, whether it's youth or whatever to kind of break down some of those barriers between movements and policymaking. And at the moment it, you know, that, you know, I definitely hear the point on demanding and I think there's very lots of power in that it helps push, pull government, you know, to a more ambitious place. But we can also go further than that and think about breaking down some of those barriers and I think success is perhaps also an element of how much progress we make on that. And then I really just wanted to pick up on Gebru's point about sort of change it business unusual I think is your phrase isn't it, Gebru? What do we think about doing adaptation different and actually I really, the point Gebru finished on there, it's not just adaptation it is the future of development and we need to think about that differently and not just in developing countries I think everywhere needs to be low carbon and climate resilient. And it is a different way of thinking about these things and sort of surfacing that and making progress on that journey to change our mindset and how we're thinking about that is also an important thing, a really important point to take away. Thank you very much, Phil. So thank you to our first round of panelists and speakers I would invite you to keep an eye on the chat box and Q&A, and if you'd like to respond to any of the questions or comments there, please go ahead and type them in because we may or may not have time to do them orally during the session. So I'd like to now move on to our second set of three panelists and speakers and start with Mike. Mike you have a lot of experience in the in the private sector what do you think the role of the private sector may be in the adaptation and resilience space. And thank you and I appreciate I'm a little bit of a different voice here bring a business perspective and I want to say very humbly and one of the reasons we're having this conversation today is because business has polluted the planet. In terms of the missions it's put out of last 20, 30, 40 years, too little has been done too slowly. I'm going to focus on adaptation but I want to just sort of mention very quickly that on mitigation, business is starting slowly to take this seriously. I see more and more response from corporates now in terms of setting a net zero goal to reduce their scope one and two operational emissions and scope three supply chain and product use submissions as well. That's good. Too late, but but it's good that we've seen the progress. Why is business not doing as much an adaptation. That is the homework question I'm going to answer up next two minutes. And from a business perspective, it's complicated. So when I talk to business leaders about mitigation. That's my factory or farm or shop or office I know what the carbon emissions are. I know what the need to be. I can come up with a plan to reduce them. When I talk to my adaptation. It is much more complicated. Drought in the, the corn belt in the United States. What implication does that have for a food retailer in Europe. It's very difficult to work out what impact does flooding or drought have in African supply chains, feeling a Western business is complicated to work out. So for all the work that's been done by business on climate change at the moment, more than 90% is on mitigation, less than 10% is on adaptation. So we need to talk for five brief bullet points about how to change that. The first is narrative. Whenever I sit down in business circles talk about climate change, it is mitigation, mitigation, mitigation. The World Business Council on sustainable development. Business for social responsibility have started the narrative with businesses that say no, it's more than that. We have to adapt. We have to prepare for inevitable climate change. And more of that. The second thing we need to do is we need to use these new reporting structures that are coming in that demanding that business report on the climate risk TCFD, that's also on climate related financial disclosure. It has to just not ask business about mitigation, but also about the adaptation risk that they face in their business and their value chains. The third thing we do need to do is we need to get business excited about the possibilities here. The word climate smart agriculture, there's lots to do with that, but I'm going to put it in the room as something tangible that could bring enormous benefits to people on the ground in Africa. Better product production, better quality, better outcomes for everybody. And we need something like that that business can get behind and understand. My fourth thing is about the carbon markets business will be looking at net zero, what is the net offsetting, making sure that those carbon markets and voluntary money goes to adaptation projects as well as mitigation. And my final point you've already mentioned it is a really important role about race to zero in COP26. And I'm delighted it's not just about mitigation now there is an adaptation group as well working on this. So let me finish there five points about getting business more involved, businesses cause the problem, business these bit the heart of solving the adaptation challenge. Thank you. Great. Thank you very much Mike that's extremely useful. And I think, you know, one of the big challenges for us in the adaptation field has been engaging with business in a positive manner, which I think is beginning to happen but we need to go a lot faster. Let me now invite Tom to share some of his thoughts Tom you've done a lot of work on innovation that you want to share some of your thinking on how that plays a role on the adaptation resilience front. So I think I wanted to start by just acknowledging a set of reports that we've seen come out within the last month that point to some, I think serious challenges for all of us to grapple with so. So the first I'd want to highlight is, is the report that came from care, but highlighted that quite a lot of the international adaptation spending and funding that we've been seeing is, is either not being arriving or has been fabricated. I think that's a serious problem that we've got to address. Secondly, we've got a really interesting assessment of the evidence on on adaptation impact from a paper written by Siri Erickson and colleagues in world development that highlights that if the projects themselves actually making the situation worse not better. So we've got a situation where the adaptation gap report from UNEP is highlighting that there's almost no evidence of actual climate risk reduction. And so if you could kind of become some ways characterize it quite simply as the international adaptation system is broken. There's not enough money, it's not getting to where it needs to be, it's being spent on things that make the situation worse, and that there is very little evidence that we're improving anything. It's tough being quite so blunt about it but if that's the, the kind of key messages from reports over the last few, few weeks. Then I think there's a job to do and what what Val says around the climate and development ministerial. I think that has to look at what the reform agenda is. The reform agenda that really says here are a set of ways in which the international system is going to support the locally led adaptation we need and what changes will need to be put in place to make that happen. But the point that I wanted to really raise was actually that waiting for the international system to reform in such a way that it really does create the enabling environment. And I think that what I think is important is my judgment and that the space that I think is opening up and partly Mike is highlighting it to here is that adaptation, I think there are more countries, more places, realizing that adaptation and resilience is also an economic growth strategy. It is a societal transformation strategy. It is one that needs to involve all voices and all partners, but there is an opportunity for countries and places to gain a slice of the adaptation economy. Now that adaptation economy both in terms of SME, start-ups of innovative companies and the ability of course to then use those ideas and approaches locally, as well as generating value and jobs in a in a COVID recovery approach afterwards. We're starting to see that and I think that's an important signal that business is taking it seriously but there are significant opportunities. I think the other component that I wanted to highlight around innovation is that we have, I think, to some extent, been relying too heavily on an international technology-led innovation approach. No, and that there's been a lot of work on tech transfer. There have been reports on the type of adaptation technologies needed to be diffused. To me, that is the wrong way around. I think there is two things to highlight. One is that there needs to be a domestic approach to adaptation innovation, which is about local leadership, local solutions for local problems, but also ones that can be scaled up. But secondly, it cannot just be technology. The approach that Climate Kick has been taking is very much looking at transformative adaptation from the perspective of bringing new ideas simultaneously to technology, but to policy, to regulation, to incentive systems, to business models, to citizen engagement, to ways of working, to innovative finance and so on, which we call deep demonstrations of resilient regions in Climate Kick's programs. And I think, for me, that is a way in which we can bring together both the economic value of the adaptation agenda, the social value, and offer a kind of transformational approach. That takes leadership though, leadership of local organizations, of governments, and that we're very much looking to work in partnership with those countries and those leaders who are saying, well, there is an opportunity now to seize the moment, do something good locally, but also start to build a new economic vision that has resilience and adaptation at its heart. Let me just also in closing mention two or three other initiatives that I think it would be worth as paying attention to. So I work for an organization called Climate Kick, as Salim has talked about, not everybody will know that organization. It is being born out of Europe and the European Commission as Europe's innovation hub essentially for tackling climate change. Now, what the European Commission has done recently, of course, around the Green Deal, I think has been has been well publicized, but also within that there is something called missions. And missions are about setting very bold targets, societal targets for 2030. One of those five missions set by the Commission is on adaptation and societal transformation. That is has been shared and has been launched alongside a new EU adaptation strategy that is due for for launch also on the 24th of February. I would encourage those here and participating in this webinar to have a look at those documents. The reason I say that is because I think it is probably the boldest vision for adaptation and transformation set out anywhere on that kind of scale with the type of funding behind it. It involves working with many different vulnerable regions, albeit in European space on a transformational adaptation approach. What I'll do is I will put the links to these documents in the window here that you can you can look at and consider. And we'll also share a note about some of the efforts that are going on now to to to seize essentially an innovation led approach to transformational adaptation at a local level that I would very much encourage anybody interested in that more to to be in touch and to see how climate kick can can participate and to join together with you. Thank you. I'll stop there. Thank you. Great. Thank you very much Tom for that excellent intervention and also the advice on how to promote bottom up innovation, rather than top down innovations as well. Let me now invite Claire, a Shakya from my ID to share some of her thoughts and particularly perhaps also tell us a little bit more about the locally led adaptation principles and what's happening with them. Thanks, Celine. And the advantage of coming last is I can hopefully shorten what I wanted to say just by referencing other people. But I think in the in China frame adaptation success was spent far too long saying what adaptation what is adaptation versus other things like development. And actually what we should be asking is how do we deliver the transformation in societies that are needed to thrive in the face of climate change. So as Gabriel mentioned the LDC 2050 vision sets out this aim of their society's economies and ecosystems thriving. The issue is that vulnerability is not purely physical, but it's equally about power and politics and the compounding drivers of vulnerability that poor communities face. We can't just pick the issues one by one. We have to look for opportunities to be disruptive of the system as a whole and develop a vision that engages the whole of society. So it's a shared opportunity for the very poorest as well as the power holders, a more equitable distribution of risks but also opportunities. And what delivers transformation in societies well we as others have mentioned these principles for locally led adaptation. I've been looking at when we've seen investments that are more transformative. What were the magic ingredients what were the common areas across all of the different successes. And just to mention three, and one was flexible support that reaches down to the local level behind local priorities. It has to adaptation has to be context specific to tackle those underlying drivers of vulnerability, and the power it has to be distributed so it's with those are in the delivery of a locally driven process, and who know their context know their priorities, and people say oh they just focus on immediate needs well maybe in the first year, but over time you begin to see these communities address really strategic change. The question is around social justice we need to be tackling the structural ways that people are excluded to bring together that broad range of perspectives that tinley and Sheila and get rid of reference. We need that because otherwise we can't identify the synergies and resolve those trade offs that might be temporal spatial or around social distribution. We need to give authority to different community members to different types of leaders to begin to create the shared space where young people, women, children, Indigenous peoples, those living with disabilities or even those with disabilities can actually start to engage in that whole of society vision. And finally around partnerships, we need long term deliberative partnerships isn't about coming up with a brilliant idea, and then sitting back and hoping someone's going to look at it. We have to adjust with our learning we have to look for those unintended consequences that the series of paper outlined so beautifully, and that requires us to begin to develop shared risk but also shared shared vision shared monitoring shared objectives across all the stakeholders from the community up. And so the challenge within the adaptation UNFCCC process is, we have to be aware of the incentive set by metrics. If we can't have a neutral top down technical process that sets out what adaptation is, we need the global stocktake to capture that diversity of context and people's lived experience of possibility, but also their aspirations of how they want to wish how they wish to adapt to thrive. So we've mentioned I mean we're working with life they are we're working with the social movements on frontline funds to help them formalize their leadership, and we're working on these principles are sort of 42 43 I think now, as of yesterday, and organizations governments, social movements NGOs have signed up to work together. Under this 10 year journey of learning what it is that helps the transformation of societies that we will need to thrive in the future. Okay, thank you very much Claire. Thank you all three of you. So I'll do the same as I did last round of panelists I'll go back to each of you with a practical what next question in the same order Mike, Tom and Claire. In the final invite well to share some of his reflections. And then I hope we'll have time for taking some questions from the audience we've been receiving quite a few of them. And I'd invite the panelists to keep an eye on the chat box and if there's something in particular you'd like to respond to. Please go ahead and do that when we come to the Q&A session. So the question, Mike is practically you're in this game now what do you suggest we do joining forces we've got you know, six very different interlocutors with different sectors, talking to each other here is something practical that we might be able to take forward after this session is over. Mike. The most efficient way to do it is with the race to zero to race to zero has built really good momentum and coalitions of businesses to work on mitigation. So many big industrial sectors and steel cement retail, a stepping forward and saying together, we want to reduce our emissions towards next year. There's a parallel track around adaptation as January at the moment in the minds of most business people they're separate. What we need to do is work with Nigel and the team to bring them together together so that we solve mitigation and resilience together from the beginning. That's the number one, and that's the only thing that we need to focus on in the next 10 months in the Rooftock 26. Excellent Mike and we'll call on your advice and expertise in trying to do that. Tom, what what next steps practically you mentioned the European initiative is that just Europe or are they going to talk to the rest of the world. Good question Salim actually I spoke to the. And that they wanted to reiterate that their focus was predominantly on Europe at this stage I did point out. So there's a huge amount to learn from other parts of the world and they should be humble. Let's hope that that message lands. What I would say though is that the, the structure that they have put together for both the mission and the strategy is, I think has learned from other parts of the world Salim you've been part of some of those debates and sessions, and that they also wanted to reiterate to me how impactful that that had been on the way that this is developed, but I think what practically that that does highlight is that. It's important of course to have adaptation be locally led, but also we need to acknowledge that there are incentives and subsidies and regimes in the different scales that make locally led adaptation really difficult. To work across those scales in a way that as Claire said really puts the kind of transformative quality at the heart of that work, then we're not going to be able to achieve all that we need to achieve and so the practical work that climate kick is trying to do is to work across those scales in tandem with all the different stakeholders, ensuring it's locally led, but to also highlight where there are those barriers. We need to underestimate those. And I think the type of assessment that we've had from the, the world development article that there are still many things that are causing maladaptation. We cannot shy away from and I think we've got to tackle those just as much to and business needs to be part of that business is part and parcel of that overall system. Frameworks that bring business civil society communities and others together. I think one, one other point that I want to raise is that our international financing system for adaptation, including through the international mechanisms is still to bureaucratic to slow to driven by accountability and by concerns about misappropriation of funding. And as Claire said, create a set of of incentives around the measurement structure of that the monitoring evaluation and learning structures and so on, the milestones that are actually causing part of the problem. And I think we need to challenge the way in which we're building accountability frameworks around this funding structure and shortening the time frames and so on. And there is an opportunity to do that through cop. Now that's not the solution in and of itself to all of our ills, but it's an important part of the puzzle that is certainly not helping right now. Great. Thank you very much Tom. Claire, what are ID plans going forward. Well, we'll continue to work with the LTC group on their life they are initiative which really is trying to grapple with these issues on trying to understand what business on usual practically really looks like. Equally, I think the opportunity with the with the social movements to, to begin to position them as core partners to the process so that it's not just a dialogue around what governments could do but how governments work with those social movements that can organize communities and bring that collective voice up to the national level to begin to tackle the sort of policy changes that Tom was talking about. But the, the opportunity, I think, under the principles for locally led adaptation is begin to continue to grow that those organizations that have signed up. We've only got a couple of businesses there, Mike, so maybe we need to work with you on looking at how this could be applied to a business context. But the, the, the, the principles around locally led adaptation and not to say everything has to happen at that local level. What we're saying is, we need to see much more of that vertical integration between the different levels and and really put more effort into resolving the participation asymmetry in developing the new vision that developing how society that that understanding of how societies needs to transport that brings those community voices and that that community is not modernized it's very heterogeneous so all of those different groups need to be understood to have different perspectives and those perspectives brought together. But it's, it's a, you know, I'm delighted we're working with you Salim it's a 10 year journey it's going to take us a while to fix, but the, the, I think the opportunities are very, very real this year to try and try and bring that story through. Okay, thank you very much Claire. Well, over to you for some reflections. Thanks Salim. And again, what a great set of speakers and great conversation. I mean just to two quick reflections one, a little anecdote to pick up on on what Mike was saying about the sort of bringing sort of adaptation and mitigation together in the communities. So, Emma Howard Boyd, who some of you will know she is the chair of the UK's environment agency and was on the global Commission for adaptation. She told me a few weeks ago about an example she had seen of an electric vehicle charging point, which is obviously a part of our production strategy that was flooded because it was in a zone where, you know, which was on a floodplain so the fact that these issues will all converge together I think is just wanted to share that anecdote because I think it's very visual example of what Mike was talking about. And the only other thing I wanted to pick up on was this sort of this sort of discussion we're having around top down and bottom up and you know what what what what approach should we be taking and I think, I mean, I'm sure we all agree with this but I just thought it's worth a sort of outing it which is that we need both right I think my Tom's point we need to change the system because I agree there are some real deep problems with the way we do this in the system. But at the same time we can't just exclusively focus on the international system we also need to kind of be thinking about you know what what solution is needed in each geography. How does that become part of a sort of an integrated planning process where funds can flow at the national level down and that that's a two way process with sort of learning from the frontline feeding back into the bank. So I think I just wanted to kind of make one reflection that I think we need to do both of those things. And that's sort of the top down and the bottom up and both of them need strengthening. Great. Thank you very much. Well, so we have a few minutes left for some open Q&A and we've got quite a few questions in the Q&A box and also discussions in the chat box which I'm glad to see people are responding to. But let me invite each of our speakers maybe to take one or two questions. I'll start with Thinly from the first panel. The question is you mentioned your work on nature positive around the world youth have mobilized around both the climate and nature crises, calling for stronger action from decision makers on practical action to address both climate change and the unprecedented loss of nature. In this context, what do you think is the most important thing for COP26 and also COP15 of the biodiversity convention as well. Thinly, would you like to share some thoughts on that? Sure. I think first and foremost, if you don't have the earth, we don't have our existence, right? Absolutely. We need to protect the earth and if everyone is worried about the future, what would life be in the future? We have to think it from the nature's perspective because nature sustains us. It helps us with evolution, it helps us with adaptation and there are lessons to be learned from the nature. So when I was talking about the nature positive businesses, nature can also be looked upon as a business opportunity without sounding very negative or without having negative connotation, but using what's there and being innovative and being entrepreneurial on that. And some of the business that I support here is I work with young entrepreneurs who use wellness, who are making wellness products from natural resources and natural ingredients that are sourced from the forest, working with community forest and farmer groups. So these are just examples of how you can sustainably use nature for entrepreneurship or livelihood. Thank you. And Bhutan is always the great example for all countries on how do you live in harmony with nature? I think something that the rest of the world can learn from Bhutan on. Thank you, Thimpu. So let me move on to Sheila. There's a question to Sheila that at the grass root level, working with the vulnerable groups, particularly in the slums that you do, is there an opportunity to link adaptation and mitigation or is it just looking at adaptation? Sheila? I think you remember that when I started talking, I said that mitigation and adaptation are two sides of the same coin. I can tell you that every time there is an investment in cities on a mitigation project, it produces huge dislocation. It produces evictions and it produces lots of problems for the very poor. Be that the laying of good quality public transport or transforming your energy system, it affects this. And the point is, our role is to look at how do we negotiate for a win-win solution that works for the communities that may be displaced to reduce the displacement or to make it a positive, value-added relocation that works for them. And do it in a way that not only solves the problem of this project right now, but produces policies and investment strategies and is demonstrated to have actually a better economic outcome than having to face aggression and arguments and court cases which delay projects. So I think it's important to look at the multiple dimensions of any development investment that is made and to look at it locally and globally. And if I might take one more moment, I was very interested in this discussion between private sector and these issues. I just want to give a small example. There's a law in the EU that holds multinational organizations to be responsible for the waste that is produced out of packaging. We have a network of waste pickers in Cairo who have done a deal with these major global private sector multinational companies where they get resources to segregate the waste and to utilize them. And that becomes not a subsidy, but the fulfillment of their regulatory requirements. So you have a very local grassroots movement of waste pickers in one city that is demonstrating how you can do a negotiation with a global multinational, which today can easily be multiplied in another 50 cities and another 100. You know, so the question is, how do we pick these innovations and how do we standardize them and we can only do that if there is a real commitment to partnerships between really unusual stakeholders. Absolutely. Great. Thank you very much, Sheila. Gabriel, let me ask you questions about, especially building on this, how do we, how do we, or how do you plan to share lessons across the different least developed countries which are now part of the Life AR initiative that you are heading. You know, every country is going to be doing their own things, but there's a lot of knowledge sharing that can be done across the countries as well, not just with the seven front runner countries but with all the least developed countries so have you given some thought on how that will be done. Well, we are planning to have this lesson learning because the initiative, if you go country by countries will take years, we are going to start with seven countries, but in the meantime, we are going to arrange lesson learning within the country, as well as within a given region where the front runner countries are there, and to the wider LDC group or developing countries perspective. So in that regard, just I would like to share that, I mean, one of the, in our initiative is LAC, which we want to make use of LAC. I'm happy that it was launched during my chairmanship as well. We are going to make use of LAC, the network of LDC universities to be part of the solution because we feel that capacity building is not the solution, capacity development. So that capacity development is making an enabling environment to the already existing university centers and centers within LDCs to be part of the solution. So we are going to make use of every actor in each front runner countries across the process. So in that case, the lesson is to be shared at different states of implementation at national regional as well as a global level, using different for us. Thank you. Thank you. So we look forward to collaborating with life here, Gabriel from our luck universities initiative. Let me come to Mike, Mike, there's a question for you that asks, is innovation driving the adaptive business environment is, is it possible for creating enabling environment for businesses are they open to new ideas and new ways of working. Mike, what is your experience with the businesses, you've been working with. A couple of more questions in the chat which is about the consumer. People are buying mitigation solutions when they buy things today. So when you decide not to have a diesel carbon and electric car you shift from a meat based out of plant based eyes, you the individual of buying a mitigation solution. At the moment the market doesn't allow you as a citizen to buy an adaptation solution. So there's two pathways forward. What is carbon markets might increasingly allow individual people or corporations to buy adaptation solutions that bring value on the other side of the world. But I want to pick up on a point that Sheila made very, very powerful about regulation. The UK has some of the most advanced climate policy in the world, not to be proud of, but it's only for our territorial carbon emissions that happen here. There are missions that happen in global supply chains for producing the things we consume in the UK, not covered. British government starts to introduce laws, for example deforestation associated with soil, soil and palm oil to demand that British businesses selling products here take responsibility for these emissions and the problems on the other side of the world. I think there has to be a form of regulation that's driven by both the marketplace and the producing country that drives business to be more involved with adaptation as well. When business sees that there is a business case and business 20 questions leave innovates business innovates when there is a clear reason as a car company to shift to electric you put billions of euros into solving that problem. It's not your reputation or you have to do it. It's slower and innovation comes from market opportunity. That's what we need to find for that. Excellent. Excellent. Great, great ideas. Thank you very much Mike. Tom, let me ask a question that's come for you from Lori Goring at Thompson Reuters Foundation. She asked why have governments been so slow to alter their approach to financing and adaptation projects. The evidence is so clear that they are largely not working. Tom, any insight on that. There are a number of different dimensions here and Lori, thank you for the question. The first is I don't think necessarily evidence held locally is that clear that they're not working. I think that we're beginning to see a body of evidence internationally across multiple different studies to highlight that, but I think this is emerging. I guess it's been around for some time, but a real stock take of that locally I think it's important now to really just take the portfolio of actions that have happened around adaptation in a particular country or region, and to look at the collective impact of those not just one by one, but across the set, and that process of looking at the impact has to involve multiple voices multiple stakeholders. It cannot be done by an external evaluation agency coming to assess the project against the pre-agreed framework. It has to be based on learning and sense making across that mix. I think secondly in terms of the financial picture, my contention would be is that there has been too much reliance on an international system delivering the type of funding that has been promised. Rightly so, but equally I think that has actually created a situation where people are looking outwards for that money, and that that money is coming in disappointing ways. And so what I would say is that there are countries such as Bangladesh the one that you work in Celine where there has been huge experience of adaptation on the frontline of this challenge, but that there are community organizations and SMEs and startups and government support and so on, which gives Bangladesh an excellent opportunity of, of really leading, not just in terms of the thoughts and the ways of working but leading in terms of the, the financial models the economic models and in the innovation space. And I think increasingly we're seeing that there's a Jeff component that is looking to support that bottom up innovation led approach and so on. But I think we really need to ask ourselves what is the model choice here. For me the model choice is now much more around. Let's seize the moment locally. Let's treat it as an opportunity for growth, the job creation for local solutions, and let's stop relying necessarily so much on an international system that will likely just deliver hardcore metrics and technology solutions. I'm being a bit blunt, but I'm. I think there is a real, real opportunity now and we're seeing countries stepping forward. Excellent. Thank you very much. So, Claire, a question for you from Cyril Effion. He asks climate finance keeps reducing from the international to the local. How can these chain be reduced so that the access can be directly accessed by local communities. I know you've done quite a lot of this on this at ID Claire's you want to share some of your lessons. Yeah, thanks. And so we've been under a rubric called money where it matters and we've been looking for examples of where finance is channeled to the local level. And sometimes that's through government setting up something like social protection or devolving climate finance to local governments. And sometimes it's social movements that set it up from the bottom up and say in this landscape we've organized ourselves we're going to try and do these things and give us funding to help us deliver those objectives. And sometimes it might be a private sector led approach of saying well there's lots of interesting enterprise in this space that we want to fund but it's all too small for us to fund individually so they set up an aggregation platform. For example in the renewables space is an example of that. And so these we've been calling delivery mechanisms and we've been looking for them actively of what what works which are the ones that are most successful, and what it is that that drives this type of success. And I think this is the answer we have to move as, as Gabriel said so eloquently earlier, we have to move to business unusual we have to move to process where everybody's running around as soon as you've got a grant, you're delivering it but you're also looking for the next grant to do the next thing. And we got to move from that process to having approaches where finance is available at the local level you know what budget you've got you collectively work to decide how it gets spent. Or in an enterprise situation you know business advice is provided alongside climate advice alongside the loan. So those types of mechanisms do exist we don't have enough of them, and that that's what the LDC life our initiative is seeking to do. That's what the social movements work around frontier funds or frontline funds is seeking to do. So we just need to build this movement of actually creating the mechanisms that allow that flexible finance to get to the local level and drive the type of change we're looking for. Very much clear, we are coming towards the end of our lot of time. So I'm going to invite Vel to share some final thoughts and also answer one of the questions that was addressed to him, which is what's going to happen with the UK reducing its overseas development assistance budget from point seven to point five. Is that happening and if so what are the repercussions of that. Thanks Alim always nice to end with a very simple question. So, so I mean, the government has announced that the UK's aid budget will reduce from point seven of GNI to point five GNI but will return to point seven as the kind of conditions allow. So, so that is happening and we are working through all of those implications now. One thing I would say, I'll say two things one is, we remain one of the largest donors, you know the absolute volume of aid is still extremely high and I think still keeps us in the, you know, top three of international donors so that in absolute terms it's still a significant amount of international aid finance. And the second thing I'd say is that within that we have protected the climate finance portion of that so our commitment to doubling climate finance and that remains in place. So, but I, of course I, I totally hear, and we have heard the concerns of many people about those about those changes. So I guess that's the best answer I can give to that set of questions, Celine. I did see some other questions in there about the kind of overall system and I just I mean I think we've answered those questions through other speakers but I really would like to take two points if I may one is just to really reinforce Gabriel and Claire's comments about life AR and the kind of potential approach change in approach that that could bring. I think it's potentially really powerful that's why we've been quite keen to kind of support it. And it's, it's a long term patient, it's going to be hard work but I think it's really goes to some of those system that are not siloing this about integrating all the different agendas about taking a whole of government approach but then also thinking about how they interact so I just wanted to say I think that's a potentially quite powerful mechanism. And then the other reflection I guess hearing the conversation has been one of the challenges of adaptation is outside of the disaster risk reduction space. So a huge number of pure adaptation initiatives, a lot of adaptation is how you are doing development differently. So how are you doing a social protection initiative slightly differently that so it can be as well as hunger resilient it can be climate resilient. How are you doing an economic development program that is not just about job creation but it's about also being kind of resilient and kind of is adapting and recognizing physical climate risk. So, when you start to kind of have this sort of doing development differently, it changes the nature of the discussion so when you're looking at those projects what by which metric are you measuring those projects are you measuring them on a development basis. So I think I'm, but I also think this is a relatively, it's an area that is less mature in terms of its evidence base I think has really come out of this conversation certainly something I, I recognize and you know there's going to be an adaptation of the research alliance, launching at COP26 which is partly to help us build that evidence base and I think it's really important. So I think just the general point, which I really hear and I recognize is that the, the sort of the maturity of the intervention space in adaptation is probably behind other areas like health and education so we need to kind of close that gap. But I just wanted to conclude just by saying it's a really important discussion I think the fabulous collection of speakers I've really learned a lot and I think it's just been really useful and helps kind of keep the momentum and the trajectory going for the rest of the year. Thank you very much well and and before I conclude and thank all our speakers and participants. I just share a couple of thoughts from my side. Firstly, on the issue of linking the global with the local, which we've had quite a lot of discussion around. So here the Gobeshina conference that I ran last month, Gobeshina is a Bangla word for research, and it's the name of a platform of more than 50 universities and research institutes, mainly based in Bangladesh that have been developing knowledge platforms and we had a big annual conference every year in January used to be a physical conference at my university in Dhaka. We would get quite a lot of international participants but they had to fly to Dhaka to participate. This year in January, because of the pandemic and the travel restrictions we decided to go online. After going online, we also decided to go global and invite participants from all over the world to participate on the theme of locally led adaptation, and we got an astounding response from friends and partners all over the world, and we eventually ran more than 90 sessions 24 seven days, 24 hours, we had eight hours segments for the Asia Pacific zone, followed by eight hours for Africa and Europe time zones, followed by eight hours for the Americas north, south and central time zones, and then back again, seven times over seven days. Amazing, we connected with people all over the world. And, and one of the big connections we had and Sheila made reference to this Cairo with the European Union, the local adaptation taking place all over the world is very local, but there's a lot to be shared across borders we had Emma Howard Boyd from the UK talking about the impacts in the UK at that time there was a storm going on there. And she had been out there with with the Prime Minister Boris Johnson looking at local adaptation taking place in the UK and there were lessons that we can actually share across borders. So, you know, to Tom's European friends we had Jean Pascal Lepercell from the European from Europe talking about the European plan as well, and talking about how we can share knowledge across local adaptation across the world. And that to me is a very big opportunity that we have just scratched the surface of, and we hope to be doing more of from now on so we with the Congressional conference from now is going to remain permanently online. We don't have to fly to Dhaka to participate anymore but you have to come and join us online and I invite everybody to join us again next year in January 2022 and for the next decade on this 10 year journey. The other different topic I want to raise is that this year there is also another major UN conference it's called the UN food systems summit, which will be taking place in October. And I have been invited by the UN to chair one of five action tracks, the action track five on act on resilience, which is a very innovative way of doing a meeting this is not a traditional government negotiated summit. It's about inviting voices from all over the world to give inputs and then to come up with a number of action agendas that different organizations different groups farmers groups, a consumer groups, private sector. Everybody is able to bring together governments, and then at the summit, a set of these will then be presented and endorsed and supported, and this will go into action for the next decade. We're just agreeing some agreed text negotiated by governments which is a traditional manner that we in the UN FCC at the cops are used to having a process where governments do this decisions on on text. So, again, another opportunity to bring this notion of resilience to food systems which has a lot of resonance with climate change resilience as well. And then the final point I'll just share is the fact that, as many people will be aware there is this climate vulnerable forum of political leaders that has been working together me nearly 50 vulnerable countries not negotiating groups like the least developed countries, but at the political level by heads of government, which is currently chaired by my Prime Minister Sheik Haseena Bangladesh for the next two years. They have been working at the political level for number of years but in the last few years. They have also had a section of a separate initiative of the finance ministers. They call themselves the V 20 but they're actually 48 countries of the climate vulnerable forum finance ministers have been meeting and finance ministers don't go to climate negotiations they don't get involved in climate, you know, climate finance but they have budgets. They have their own budgets at the national level. And these finance ministers are actually quite willing to spend their own budgets to build adaptation and resilience in their own countries. And they're not looking for handouts from the rest of the world they are looking to optimize their own investments in their own country. And that's something to me a very great opportunity for us to engage with our own finance ministers in the vulnerable countries to ensure that the budgets that we do have the national budgets are used and directed to enhance resilience and enable adaptation of our own citizens and this is not something that we have to look to the rest of the world to come to our rescue, but we can do ourselves having said that, let me take this opportunity for thanking all our distinguished panelists and speakers for excellent contributions, all the participants for staying with us and for asking questions. And to my colleagues in IID and ICCAD who helped organize this event I'm sure we will be sending out information on how to access the recording and the outputs from this. After the event is over so I hope everybody, we have everybody's email addresses so we can share all of that with you. And with that, let me thank you all and wish you a good evening from Dhaka.