 Unfortunately we just have 15 minutes as you know, so in the papers you will find a lot of information about the methods and the underlying assumptions behind these topics which are very complex. The first paper was very interesting and presents an interesting framework based on the Indonesian case which is trying to take into account the resilience of communities to absorb their self-organized and learn from experiences in relation to disasters. The second paper was very interesting, a study about the impact of microcredit in terms of natural disaster recovery of hassles in rural Bangladesh. Professor Chaudhary finds non-linear relationship between the amount of credit and disaster loss recovery which is an interesting thing and of course the headline was that the banks are not really helping that much in that process. Professor Agual presents an interesting analysis of disaster risk management in the case of Bangladesh as well and I think although Professor Agual didn't have the time to present but I think one of the interesting things in the paper is that he finds that nearly 10 million people are affected by these normal climatic disasters and based on his estimations the increase of the numbers may duplicate by three to five times so there is important information in the papers. So I would like just to open the session for questions and answers. We can take a few of them first and we can start from this side and then move to the next one if there is some questions here or we can straight away move to the next column so yes please. My name is Nidhi and I'm with the Leibniz University in Germany. I have a question from the Bangladesh speakers about climate-induced disaster and disaster induced by environmental flows. How do you differentiate between the two when you take the such kind of studies into account and do you think in this context natural disaster management program aligns very nicely with the climate adaptation programs or climate management programs. One more quick point is about the access to credit from Jhangi the presentation do you think the newer insight of changing from recovery loss credit for recovery loss to credit for ensuring that is more of a preventive measure or a precautionary measure than an accurate measure. What's your insight about this? Thank you. Another question? Yes please. Sorry, the microphone is coming, sorry thank you. John Langmore from the University of Melbourne, I wanted to ask Riyanti about how you increase sensitivity to the possibility of a crisis, I mean what all of you were presenting made a lot of sense provided people thought that there was a serious possibility of there being some kind of disaster. But all of us in every country have developed a sense of complacency about the hope that disasters won't strike us and now it may be that in Indonesia as you were saying there's a higher level of risk and people are more aware of the possibility of a disaster than in some other countries but I wondered what you could say about the level of expectation of the possibility of risk in Indonesia and whether it's adequate to motivate people to act to prepare for disasters. Thank you John. Yes please, Imed. Thank you, I want to thank you for this three nice presentation. I have three questions, I will start with the first question. The framework or the strategy that you propose is really very nice and very well integrated and complete strategy but I wonder if you don't think that it's too heavy really to implement and maybe there is a problem of coordination between the three layers and this may really make it not feasible indeed and this is what we may have an idea about any kind of mechanism that can be used really to implement and to succeed that kind of strategy to deal with climate change risk. The second question for the second presentation is about this market failure. I wonder if that's mean the lack of capacity to pay back by the farmer may naturally allow any kind of access to credit according to the private loans. That's mean, do you mean by credit or do you mean financial support or do you mean access to the banking sector? Because if for example there is no collateral or there is an issue about land tenure or something like that this make it completely impossible for the farmers really to access to the banking sector. But if it is about let's say financial support from the government, from the international community, from NGO this another issue which is completely different. And for the second third presentation as we can see that climate change in Bangladesh takes many, many forms ranging from drought to flood, cyclones, increasing of salinity and so on. So I wonder that this framework that you propose or the strategy you propose is really feasible. That's mean and if there is enough financial resources to implement that kind of strategy because it is very nice strategy but the problem on the paper is very nice when it comes to implement that strategy we can face many, many problems in terms of coordination, implementation, funding and so on. So how realistic that kind of strategy? Thank you. Thank you, Imed. Well maybe we should take these questions first. Shall we start again with Regente first and then move to the right? I'd like to respond to John's question on let me rephrase the question even if whether I take it correctly from you. So you asked like to what is it, what is the level of expectation on the ability of the community in Indonesia to prepare for from disasters, is it, was it, yeah. So I think studies have shown that experiences from disasters or community experiences from disasters is the number one, the number one factor that influence ability or motivation of community to prepare for from disasters. And I guess in Indonesia there is this efforts to build a culture of resilience by which, so we always take example from Japan by which we want to internalize disasters as a necessary effort or a daily effort for us and I think with the role of media and information this has been happening and I think especially after the 2004 tsunami the community creates demand for government and for other organizations to really help them educate from disasters. But I think, but this is also vice versa in some countries that or communities that have not experienced any time of disasters their level of complacency is so high and it can be very, the impact is can be very harmful. One very classic example for this was the number of death from the heat wave in England. I'm not sure, I'm not sure with the year but the key reason by this high number of death was these elderly people, they thought that they have survived this heat wave before and they say they will survive the next heat wave and then after that there are quite high number of death occurred. And also to answer the second question from the second gentleman and that's, I mean I know I realize that this framework is heavy but I think that's the key to do PhD. Like you need to be integrated, you need to show a robust mechanism and you need to show your steps in developing your method and this is what I'm proposing as my method. And I know that's the next challenge for me to, on how to think of how to implement it and in fact that becomes my next paper rather than saying this is what needs to be done, I'm identifying what are the possible challenges if we were to implement this. But I guess with this framework there is a discourse now on transformation and so rather than just adapting to like doing this small adaptation efforts why don't we just transform to a different state altogether and so this is what I think I can see my research on this framework is heading. Thank you. Thank you very much. I'm not sure whether I have got your question correctly or not. Did you talk about the insurance covers or? To microfinance, sorry for microfinance to micro insurance. No, no, in this study we didn't look at the micro insurance, totally microfinance or credit part. Okay. Did they have any credit or any loans from different sources? This is what we did and micro insurance coverage is very, from my other experiences is coverage is very low. So some Jews actually experimented this thing but they didn't come very well in the field. So in this paper we haven't looked at that thing and I can assure you the places where we collected data in those areas, micro insurance coverage was not there. Regarding the second question, capacity to pay, you see the point is that not in Bangladesh and other developing countries as well, even those households have got the collaterals, they even do not get loans from the former sector financial institutions sometimes due to cumbersome procedural complexities. So you see in Bangladesh what happens, 40% people are illiterate. So whenever you go to a bank, you need to fill out so many papers and some of them they even these people, those who have got collaterals, they are not literate but they don't understand even and due to this thing they do not go to the former sector financial institute due to the procedural complexity complexities and they are forced to go to the informal sectors. Some households they are going to, those who do not have collaterals or in land, they don't have any option to go to the former sector but now government has actually, has done some reform in the financial sector. Now they are allowing poor households to get loans from commercial banks even without having given any collaterals but up to a certain amount of money. It's like 5000 taka alone, you don't need to give any collaterals, you go and get it but still households are not getting that loan even. Government has allowed the people to open an account only paying 10 taka which is less than 10 cents but still 60 or 70% households do not have any bank account at all in the country. The point is that even if you take a, you know, do something but still due to some other reasons, some other factors that are also influencing and people are not getting loans or even do not have access to the former sector. That's the thing. In this paper we even talked about any government support, any subsidy or any relief anything, simply access to credit. We are arguing that if you give them loan immediately after a disaster they will pay it back later on from their future income. But this access is important and access and all the households do not have enough access to credit immediately after a disaster. And what happens if you don't give an access to credit, these people are forced to sell their assets to recover some of the assets they have lost in the disaster or they have to take a loan from a moneylender who charges an interest of 120% or 100% since these households do not have access to former sector where interest rate is 15% only or less than 15%, sometimes only 10%. So that's the problem. This is the argument that we have made in the paper. Thank you. Thank you very much for your interesting question or comments. The first question is about the reduction of sensitivity. Yes, it is possible and Bangladesh has also achieved some success in this direction. For example, in 1970 about five lakhs people died and later on 1991 due to Gorky cyclone about 1.5 lakhs people died and recently 2007 by CEDAR only about 3,000 people died and later on more recently 2009 from Islay less than 1,000 people died. So of course it is a success of Bangladesh to reduce sensitivity from cyclonic heat. And most of the success in these directions for saving of people but the other property for example agriculture, housing, we are thinking how to reduce the sensitivity from the climatic risk. For example if we planted the monocot trees for example coconut, palmina pump, dead pump these are very strong and we have a real investigation from the cyclonic heat areas that all trees are broken but the monocot trees are still, they are not broken by cyclonic heat. So if we planted by in the cyclone area, if we planted by this type of monocot trees, the sensitivity of from cyclonic heat will be definitely reduced. And another for example flood issue, the riverbed, most of the riverbed of Bangladesh are gradually shielded up so flood risk becoming higher. So dressing up the river is very important and in additionally the embankment along the river can reduce the sensitivity from flood. Of course there are some embankment we built in Bangladesh that means government has built Bangladesh and in some areas some areas are protected, definitely protected from the flood issue in Bangladesh. And another the flood or cyclone protection center, this is very important. In previous years there are few number of cyclone center or flood protection centers but now Bangladesh government has increased the number of cyclone centers or flood protection centers and we are rethinking to rebuild or renovate this cyclone center more effectively. How to save the household assets, livestock in addition of men or human. So these efforts definitely reduce the sensitivity of climatic risk in Bangladesh. And the another questioner commented about the heavy, the model is feasible in Bangladesh. Yes your comment is very realistic, it needs a long time for total execution of this strategy because of the problem is not for one day, the problem carry 100 years or 1000 years. So we need also a long time to total implication of this policy. Thank you. Well thank you very much. We run out of time, I just want to thank you all for coming to the session and I just want to invite you to join me to thank the presenters for this excellent presentation.