 So now we're still moving through, we're covering imposition chronologically, right? So first cognates, then loans, then foreign transcription, and now we get into the middle Chinese period, and it's impositioned from Song Nian's The Prime Tables. So I'm going to introduce you to the Song Nian's The Prime Tables. I think this will be a little bit short, but we'll see. And then this is the last one in position, and then we move back to transposition. Okay, so the The Rhyme Tables, we have two Rhyme Tables, and they're basically identical. The Yun Jing published in 1161 by Mr. Zhang Linger, and the Qi Yin Dui, somehow I'm missing a bit of a vowel there. Also published in 1161, so it was a good year for Chinese Rhyme Tables. And it was published by Mr. Zhang Chao, but he published this, in my opinion, this whole Hongjue and Taipei, whereas the Qi Yin Dui is just kind of thrown into this much larger work. Yeah. Okay, so what do these things look like? I'm in my mouth over here. So what information is given in a Rhyme Take? Well, the Rhyme Category, which is called the initial category, which is called Shogun Moon, the rank, we will discuss what all of these things are in a moment. And then whether or not the syllable has a medial W, which in Chinese terminology is Poco, or has a medial W, and Kaiko, or does not have a medial W. Okay, so this is a page from the Yun Jing. So now you can imagine yourself opening the Yun Jing and seeing this. So I will go through how to read it and how to use it now. And then this is the same chart in the Qi Yin Dui. And actually, if you just look, like, keep track of the character, like this character there, but keep your eye on it, and then you see that it's where it goes. It's there. So it's the same. Yeah, they're, I mean, they're not exactly less work. In principle, the stuff on the page should be the same in each one. But of course, I haven't checked it exactly. But they have different terminology across top, if you notice. And maybe I have this on another slide. These ones are acrophonic, just I think the correct English word, which means is to say it's said like, bake for B and fish for F and whatnot. So it gives you a word as the name of the sound that begins with that sound. Whereas these ones actually specify the place and manner of articulation. So they don't say, you know, bake for B. They say, bilateral voice stopped. And that's one, actually, I mean, for the my experience, that's the major difference between these two books is just what terminology. This one uses actual phonetic terminology. And then this one uses this acrophonic terminology. Okay, so let's zoom in. So we're looking on the upper left side of chart 23. And then here you have the names of the rhyme categories. And here you have the initial categories. And then this syllable says that or this character says that this character is pronounced with this rhyme and this initial. And there's a circle that means phonetically impossible in Chinese. Now, then in principle, you only get one character for each syllable type, right? Or for each actual syllable, I shouldn't say syllable type because it will confuse you with what I was saying about the shishen series, but you should say like, okay, there's, there's, you know, if there are homophons, like bots, meaning, you know, piece of computer code or box being the past tense of by those will not occur. Only one of them will occur in, in, in the spot, you know, has rhyme bot and initial beat, right? Okay, so, so here I have transliterated or, yeah. Well, you see where I go, right? I go from this to this. So this is mine. And then I write these are, you know, my little Chinese romanization. And so you get a sense of what's going on in terms of different rhyme categories, you know, the on, on, on, and then again, again, again. Okay. That I have anything to highlight here? No, okay. So now I'm looking at chart one here, close up. And then I am zooming in on it. So I think it's nice to look at chart one because it's famous. Yeah. This word that means east is the first character in the rhyme tables. And it's also the first character in the rhyme books. Okay. And then I will just point out and maybe explain this some other time, but this character should not be here. This should be a blank. Yeah. So there are mistakes in the rhyme tables. And then, and I find that quite interesting because they people don't talk about it, at least in my experience very much. But of course, it's, it proposes any interesting sort of epistemological analysis, you know, we, we are using this as our primary source. So what do we mean by it has mistakes? Well, you can see I did it. This is a mostly empty row. And now I think you should make everything mostly empty entirely empty that would oftentimes itself be a mistake. But that's the kind of thing that you do. That I think is where you would start to say, basically, what we mean by it's a mistake is it's inconsistent with the overall pattern that this document puts forward. Yeah. And in more technical terminology, it's division three, which you can tell from its initial. And yet they put it in division four. But let's now look at this. So, yeah, here I'm just basically, I'm so showing you two different pages and I'm going to talk about, right? So here's page 23. And there is, and here's page one. And there is, now we go back to 23 and rhyme category. So I'm just made this character page so that you can see, okay, this character is in this rhyme category. How to read this chart. And then here on the first page, this character is in this right. And as you see, then, which is why I'm having to look at more than one page, here we have more rhyme categories. Yeah. Here, this part of this page has four right categories. Whereas here, this part of this page, the same part of a different page only has one right category. Okay. You mean across the top? The initials? Yeah, they're the same on every page. Yeah, yeah. So, so now let's look at, now, so we've, I've said that, so, so let's say, let me do the backup too. And so we looked at this. So this hand character, it's in the sun rhyme, sun rhyme. And now we look at its initials, we go up, and then you see it's chained. That means it's voiceless, unaspirated. And it's ho yin, which means that it's some kind of laryngeal. So it's a voiceless, unaspirated laryngeal. Oh, do we, do we don't? So do we have one more? Yes, definitely. And now let's look at this one. So here is this, this one. And it is a liquid resin. So liquid, this is a resin. So this is not chained, this is chained zuo, which means so so zuo is means voids, and chained voiceless. So I understand this terminology is being extremely clever, because they're saying that resonance don't distinguish between voicing and voiceless. So if it's, if it's, so I mean, the terminology is very compact, but it's sort of neither voiced nor voiceless, or both voiceless. And I mean, I think neither is better. But let's say, you know, if we allow ourselves to check for one thing, let's say it's, it's just neutralized, yeah. Yeah. Yeah, it's both the god, well, chained zuo, and I don't know, is it the ring zong, or this? Yeah, so basically this row says the, what the manner, and this row says the place, right? So here we say this manner is recommended, place is liquid. And then, but I understand this question, but yeah, it's not really agreeable. Right now I'm interested in, so to me, yeah, the, or the why. Well, this one's not of, no, this is a, well, they, they think yuh is the little ring zong. Okay, so sorry. Sorry. I'd be interested in learning about how, how the Chinese phonetic theory developed what they, what they drew from the Indic tradition, and what was developed, what was developed locally. I mean, the truth is there, like as far as I know, the secondary literature on this is not very satisfying. So everyone agrees that this is a, well, let's say the minimum, everyone agrees that this kind of phonetic terminology is post-Buddhist, and is, but let's say that doesn't say that there are influence, that just says some of your absolute phenomenon, right? But then there's also some evidence that it comes out of a Buddhist milieu. So I think I'll get to this, but the, the first guy who lists, or not necessarily the first guy who lists initial, the initials, like the, if you like the phonemes, initial phonemes, maybe it wasn't the first, the first one we have evidence of, who was also traditionally credited with inventing it, was a Buddhist monk. Yeah. So there is that kind of strong circumstantial evidence of a, of a relationship between Buddhism and Chinese sort of phonetics and phonology. And of course, if you just look at the initials, you know, it's sort of kakakana, chachajana, fadadana. Yeah. So you're like, oh yeah, okay. I know where I am here. I'm in India. Yeah. But, but like exactly why they say muddy for voice or clear for voiceless or extra clear for aspirate. That's, I don't know of any literature that has satisfactorily, you know, connected the Indic tradition with the, the emerging Chinese tradition. Yeah. So if, if you want to write about that for your assignment, you know, that would be a good one. But actually, I don't, you know, don't expect to get there far. Yeah. You know, I think it's the problem is, it's, it's a period of, of Chinese history long enough ago and technical enough that the source materials are a little bit thin on the ground. You know, we're not going to see someone like commenting on Indic phonology or something from the third or fourth century, right? What's the literal translation of the moving up, some of that articulation, like what's their word or place of articulation? Yeah. I mean that thing that you kind of like to do, it's great for that kind of function. This one, this is phon sound two. I can sound two with that. Okay. So it needs not be L and in fact this one is not L, right? Yeah. So, but, but it actually doesn't distinguish these two, does it? Because they're both, yeah, they're both Chinese law. Yeah. What is the first thing? It's money. Tervet. Oh, sorry. Oh, I mean the, the laryngeal category. Oh, this whole, who can tell me actually, I just think of it as being laryngeal. Right? Yeah, right. It's like, it's getting right. Yeah. Laryngeal. Yeah, it means throat. Yeah. And then there are two, I mean there are two two words I'll just also mention. This one that we've seen, this one, which means these things, right? Yeah. And then the word for dealers is, is they use another word for tooth, which is molar. And we presume they call dealers molars for two reasons. One molars are at the back of their mouth, but also the word molar itself started with a velar. So it has this kind of acrophonic component to it as well. But you know, it's not from a, from a, from the perspective of articulatory phonetically, it's not very satisfactory to call your velars molars. You should call them velars, right? Although I don't know what the, what the Chinese word for the velum is. Anyhow, so now we, what am I doing here? My, oh yes. So now the so-called ranks, I'm just showing you how you can pull this information out of the, out of the rhyme tables. So you see we have these four rows. So those four rows are row one, row two, row three, and row four. Yeah. So we would say that this hung hand is ranked four. Yeah. And I really want to emphasize that's what ranked four means. It means is in row four. Yeah. It's a, it's I think really best thought of as a, as a fact about the misampage of these rhyme tables. And then the question is, what's, you know, is, is that just because they didn't have room to make a really wide book? Or are they trying to capture some phonetic information? I think everyone agrees that they're trying to capture some phonetic information. But I think if you ask yourself, what was that phonetic information when these rhyme tables were written, then you're talking about middle Chinese and it's not very interesting to me. And, and there's, there's a huge literature about that. Yeah. So you can, you know, jump into that with both feet if you want. But from my perspective, it's enough to say whatever the thing that was being indexed by these rows is, that's what we are labeling with rank one, two, three, and four. And then I will also just make a termological point that I'll come back to later, which is, I think it's very helpful as soon as we're getting ranks and divisions, we haven't gotten the divisions yet, but they're both called Deng in Chinese. We're talking about the rhyme tables and divisions. We're talking about the rhyme books. We haven't gotten to yet. Okay. So, and then here is, you know, just to show them on this other page. This is in rank one, this one. Okay. So there you got it. I'll just breeze through it once more, once more. I think that will be nice. Yeah. So here is what it actually looks like. Here's my transcription. Then here's the first page. Here's my transcription. And then we have you look on the left for the rhyme. You look on the left for the rhyme. You look up for the place and manner. You look up for the place and manner. And then you, I mean here I'm arguing to the right, but it's not actually marked explicitly in the document. You just see that there are four rows. Right. And then if it's in row four, then it's ranked four. And if it's in row one, then it's in rank one. Okay. What we're talking about is that we need to slide, we should be able to tell you this is a two-back. Yeah. So one, just one. Okay. Yeah. So if we take this character on row and we do, like, we try to align it and we take that as the ground and then we take the rhyme books and then we should write it in, right. But it's not in the line of row, but it's one left. So there's a blank space. Are you talking about this, this? Yeah. Why is the, why is the end not one place right? Because it's the right of, of, yeah. Wait. Which one are you, which one are you worried about? This one, this one. This one. This one. Why is this one not here exactly? Oh, that is a really good question. And the answer is that, that the, so they're in a couple of languages. Well, no, I need to say what's in a couple of languages. The rhyme tables sort of more or less explicitly because I don't, because, because they're not labeled differently here, right. But like, like, well, let me start over again. The practice to these books lists all the initials and they list 36 variables. But you don't get 36 across the top. You only get like 21 across the top, I think. And that's because some of them are in a bit of distribution. So they found a more convenient way of presenting. Yeah. And actually, there's no totally explicit way to, to map those 21 on to those 36. It's like, you just kind of have to know. Yeah. But it's pretty easy. So in those 36, they distinguish, if you like, two voiceless, sorry, two voiced, beel and fricatives. Yeah, one parallelized, one not parallelized. Yeah. So, so, so if you like this, so, so this initial, and this initial followed by an I, are distinct from the perspective of the 36 initials of the Middle Chinese rhymes tables. Now, the question is, why haven't I written them somehow different, even if it's just kind of sub one, sub two or something. Yeah. The reason is because I'm basically following Baxter's Middle Chinese. And he doesn't distinguish them because they're in complimentary distribution. And they're not distinguished in the rhyme books. Okay. So that, that's the answer. Right. So these are other phones that if you were to protect the spectra, also I need to look at, bring up this really empty row. Yeah, I would, like, I don't want to make larger claims than, than being about, you know, about these two. Yeah. But like, let's say from, from an earlier perspective, you can put them in the same row, but then which row you put them in. But that would, that would be a somewhat difficult question. You wouldn't actually want to do that at this point in Chinese history. Yeah. What I should have done is somehow, you know, written one with a gamma, like, because I was talking about Middle Chinese. But in fact, I was hoping that no one would pay any attention to anything except the really large character. But let's say, I mean, another thing that becomes a sort of philosophical thing is which of these things that the Chinese are telling us about in their rhyme tables should be seen as phonies. Yeah. And it's clear that, let's say, these two kinds of voice field of circulators should not be seen as two separate phonies. Yeah. But they must have been salient enough aliphons that when the authors of these books said, how many initials do they have, they distinguish them. Yeah. Do you see why it's clear and muddy or the particular books? Well, I mean, like, I don't know if you make this sound, but it's clear. And if you make this sound, but it's money, right? I mean, like, what I would say is, let's say, I mean, this works. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah. So here's what's like these two. Okay, what's one on here? This one being marked as voice. Yeah. Yeah. And this one being marked as neither voice nor voice list, which is the way to understand it. We're seeing this as some kind of yeah. Yeah. So if you'd like voice field of circulators in polarized syllables are seen as like a second kind of yeah, by the document itself. Yeah. And I think, you know, let's say there's one thing in life that shouldn't bother you. It's, it's voice dealer frigates being totalized to yeah. Right. But it doesn't merge with the initial. So that's maybe interesting. But anyhow, you know, so I think I did this already. Right. Yeah. Okay. So now I'm just going through the different pieces of information you can pull from the ranking. So we did run category, we did initial, and we did rank. So the only one left is medial w, right? So how do you tell whether a word is medial w. So here is the close up of the right side of page 23. And we're looking at this information. Yeah, this is kind of, let's, let's say it's metadata about the whole page. Okay. So now I've translated it here. And let's see the easiest part is it says 23rd, because it's page 23. Yeah. So that's, you know, you can see that it says 23. Yeah. So that's the page. Yeah. Now, what is this outer turn? No one knows, actually. The right tables call some pages outer turn and some pages inner turn. And at least from the perspective of all Chinese reconstruction, whatever that distinction is, we totally ignore it. So, you know, another thing you might want to write your table about is what does this outer turn inner turn mean? Yeah, maybe it just means verso recto or something. Yeah. But what we're excited about here is where it says open. So here it says open, it's saying this whole page has no medial w. Now let's just prove to ourselves that's true. Well, there you go. No medial w, right? I mean, that may be proving that it's true is circular because I'm not putting medial w is there because it says not to, right? But we're at least being consistent with our middle Chinese transcriptions. Okay. And then here is the first page, which is inner turn. So now we've seen an outer turn and an inner turn. But this one is also open. And now let's see x, x. Okay. And then you say, oh, there's a lot of w's there. No, but they're not medial w's, are they? That's a way that Baxter indexes certain rhymes. Basically, there are more rhyme distinctions before velar finals. And so we add this w to sort of index these extra rhymes before velar finals. But it's still a kyco because it's not a medial w. Now, so I was just showing you page 23 and page one because I've been showing you page 23 and page one. But now they're both kyco. So I need to prove that in fact some kyco pages exist, right? So here we go. This is page 24, which is an outer turn and it's closed. So now we look at it. And yeah, sure enough, there's medial w here. And then some of you say, well, wait a second, there are no medial w's with labial initials. And I would say, yeah, don't let it bother you because they're already labial, right? Or to put it another way, the kyco distinction is neutralized with labials. Now actually, if the, I'll say the rhyme books, this is right, sometimes like put some syllable, some label, like some label on the syllable get put in hookah and some get put in kyco. And that is reflected in Baxter's transcription. So you will see things like p, w, a and whatnot, but it's not funny. So that's kind of just keeping track of a philological artist. Okay, so now here is our, our poko example. And now one thing that bothers me that I haven't seen people write about it very much is like, if you just look up, maybe I'll just, you know, not be looking at that picture by yet. If you just look up a character, like this one, maybe in some standard, like a graphical source, like the internet, there's a, there's a six character way of representing its pronunciation. So you get what is its rhyme category? What is its initial? What is its grade? Or yeah, I'll say rank. What is its rank? What else am I missing? Is it book or kyco? Oh, what is its tone? Am I missing one? I don't know what it is. But yeah. So, so the way you kind of spell a civil syllable in middle Chinese is by, I give the head character, that's like the character I'm interested in. And then I give six characters that tell me it's rhyme category, it's initial category, it's whether or not it has a media or what its tone is, right? So there's the standard six character way of spelling. Now, if you look that up in any source, you only get two categories, hukou and kyco, either it has a medial or it doesn't have a medial, right? But if you look at the actual primary sources, they also have this, this category, which is open closed. Yeah. So, so no one talks about this much. It's considered sort of too detailed, too small fry to worry about. But I was, and I don't know what this is. And I'm curious about that. And happy if someone writes their assignment about it. But I did go ahead and just check like, okay, here's a hukai page. And this is what I get. And so I don't know, maybe it's this particular rhyme, schwa, sort of some kind of rounded schwa before dealers. And I just wanted to throw this in there to acknowledge the complexity of the primary sources. They, the primary sources do acknowledge a an open closed set. But we don't talk about it. We don't deal with it much. And there are apparently, you know, philological ways to decide whether or not these are closed or open. And in fact, in this case, they are, they don't have a medial. So we wouldn't, you wouldn't see these, these characters being described as hukou, you would see them being described as kyco, even though the yunjing actually puts them in this funny, you know, neither fish nor foul category. Okay, so I just wanted to sort of like, and one of the things I want, I'm doing generally, of course, you may notice is highlighting things that I see as problematic in the hopes that maybe, you know, you'll look into the more, or at least in order to not, you know, present things as being more tidy than they actually are. Yeah. Okay. Could it be a, could it be a distinction, a distinction between yoda-sized and non-yoda-sized? I noticed an eye in there. Is there an eye in all of them? No, the eye is only in the third division, which, sorry, in the third ring, which you will see is always the case. Okay. The, I mean, now that you pointed it out, just look at row three. Oh, well, nothing there. Row three, lots of eyes. Now, row three, lots of eyes. Yeah. We actually, that's what the eye means in our transcription. It means is in row three. I mean, it's a little bit more complicated than that because they're doing ranks and divisions, but we haven't gotten that to that yet. For now, basically, type B, because we learned that already, type B, there's an eye. What that means is it's in row three of the Ryan tables. Here it is. Also, let's say you don't have any eye. Yes. But that's not in the, in the, in the kind. Well, so now let's just go back because we had that here. So this, so this one, the very first, yeah, the very first one is this one. Yeah. It's categorized as open. Yeah. But a very similar looking rhyme, but this time with the vowel schwa is categorized as open slash closed. So, I mean, that was when I was looking at it, that was also what I thought is it's like, it has something to do with the, there is some rounding going on, but it's not in the media. Anyhow, I don't know. Yeah. And if you talk to anyone who is other than me, they will say, this is just like who cares? Like this is a tiny issue that was solved ages ago. Just if you want to know whether a character is hypo, hook, hook, hook, hypo, or hook, hook just look it up anywhere. And, and this is a reason why we have dictionaries from after 1161. These problems that have worked out. But, you know, I, again, I just think it's kind of, I don't know, personally, I think it's important to, you know, return to the primary sources and sort of figure out what this, what this house of cards are built on, right? So, so, so that's why I'm drawing your attention to this complication, right? Okay, so, yeah, I've sort of gone through this already, but so we have unrounded, rounded, and then I'm going to call them semi-rounded, although, you know, we're going to pretend those don't exist. And yes, and then, and then now I just want to make a methodological observation that I have made before anyway, but this, you know, I'm showing you these transcriptions, especially for the banner of you who, who can read the Chinese characters. But even if you can read the Chinese characters, you're probably not reading them in your mind as middle Chinese. So I think the transcriptions are helpful. But of course, showing the transcriptions to show you what the document is showing you is circular, right? So, so now I just want to actually give some evidence that the, the hookah are actually rounded, yeah? So here we go. These are Kypo syllables, and these are hookah syllables, and the middle Chinese is, you should understand is as just recording the fact that these words occur on a page of the Eugene that is marked as Kypo. And these transcriptions are recording the fact that those characters appear on a page that is marked hookah. And so far, I'm just saying W is an arbitrary index of what page it happens to be on. But then if we looked at the Sino-Vietnamese readings or the Mandarin readings, you will say, okay, it's a pretty good arbitrary index to choose, yeah? Both Sino-Vietnamese and Mandarin have some needle word there, and the same two variety of Sino-Vietnamese, and then they don't have the word on this side. So, so I guess one thing I want to stress here is you have to look outside the rhyme tables actually in order to give a phonetic meaning to the Kypo and the hookah. It lets you, you know, I mean, maybe you don't, if you just understand closed as, as lip rounding, yeah? If closed is enough, I mean lip rounding for you and open is enough to me to know lip rounding, then you don't have to look at this evidence. But I wanted to throw it in there because I think that that's a little less clear to me than, than actual analysis of place and manner of articulation. So there you go. Anyhow. So that's it for, yeah. All right, these, these rhyming books. Yeah. Yeah, you're asking about the match with the Sanskrit tradition? Yeah. Yeah. They, they put, let's just throw in the dealers, they go K, K-H, no, yeah, they go K, K-H, G, N-G. Yeah. So, I mean, so that's, I think that's not a coincidence, right? I don't know what the other tables you showed. It's, it's nasal's voice. That's because you read from right to left. Oh, yeah. Yeah, problem. It's so cool. Yeah. That's, yeah, that's the answer. And open was with or without W? Open is without W. All right. That's also what you called the dealers before the arrangements, please. Well, it's grouping together with those. All right. Yeah. I mean, the way it looks to me is they sort of, they have a whole bunch of sounds that the Sanskrit tradition doesn't make obvious where to put them. Although actually, yeah, it's not such a case. Yeah, it's quite near the end. I don't know. Yeah. I don't know about this. Like how did the index, where, how did, you know, what, what class are young and disarga and age put into in Sanskrit from a lot of the theory on my business. But actually, like, let's say, yeah, or I don't know, I'm going to go to learn here, but like, what's the, what's the place of articulation and age, right? There's two schools thought about this. One is it's a blog and one is that it has no place of articulation, right? And I do think that yeah, is some somehow, like, like, let's say, maybe we should be kind of semi hours or something like that. Well, from the fact that this voice leader that becomes a girl, it's logical to put the amount of videos. Yeah, we don't, they put it amongst the laryngals, right? Like, we should say we, we have the video pretty good. Yeah. So the real, the proper Vila cricketers go with the Vila's, but then this parallelized Vila cricketers goes with the glottal stop, the, and the, and the yeah. And I think the, and the, the, the, the, the X. Yeah. So anyhow, I'm going to stop talking about the lime tables now. Yeah. Unless anyone strongly objects to that. Okay. And then the point for the reconstruction of all Chinese is that just this is the first time in Chinese history, it will get systematic phonetic information about how pronunciations are yeah, what, what, how things are being pronounced. You know, earlier, what you were saying, like, oh, look, yeah, you know, here's a topterian loan or here's an Indic transcription. There's a lot of interpretation we have to do on our side. But in this case, they've done that, the analysis, and we're just trying to kind of represent the analysis, which is why I was saying, right, we need to class that we can basically take middle Chinese as if it were as if it were a tested in a romanization. What's the old Chinese source of this? Let's see if you can just repeat that. And what's the old Chinese source of this? It's a, it's a, let's say it's a, I mean, that it depends on the historical at what point in history we're talking about. But basically, it's the same as the, there's really no distinction between these two voice field categories. So they both have the same word. Although we did mention that if they, if they don't, the default reconstruction for that one in the vaccine cigar system is the uvular G. Yeah. I'll put another super question. Yeah. Initial W's doesn't occur because there's always something to report. Yeah, it doesn't occur. Yeah. There is no, there in middle Chinese, there is no initial W. In old Chinese, according to vaccine cigar, there is no initial W where they reconstruct a uvular, a labial, your voice labial, uvular stop. Shuffler reconstructs a W.