 The coming question will be on the whole. We will be there to answer some questions. Did anyone have any questions before the premise? Anyone who has any questions, a comment or a question, put in the comments if you want to be the one to give me the answers to those questions. Before I do so, can I remind members of the Covid-related measures that are in place On Saturday, COP26 concluded with 197 countries adopting the Glasgow Climate Act. Today, I will report briefly on the Scottish Government's activities during COP and offer a preliminary review on the agreement. Firstly, I want to record my gratitude to all those who helped to ensure that the hosting of the summit was a success. COP26 was one of the most important events that were held in Scotland and one of the largest. More than 40,000 people registered to attend a higher number than for any of the previous 25 Cops. In addition, tens of thousands of activists visited the city. Some inconvenience was inevitable from an event of that scale, and I know that the city did experience disruption. However, the warmth and enthusiasm of Glasgow's welcome was praised by every international visitor I met, so my first and very heartfelt thank you today is to the people of Glasgow. I also want to thank the Scottish Events Campus, Glasgow City Council, all volunteers and partners across the public and private sectors whose hard work made the event possible. My thanks go also to the United Nations and in particular to the executive secretary of UN climate change, Patricia Espinosa. The UK COP President, Alok Sharma, also deserves huge credit. He and his team worked tirelessly to secure the best possible outcome, and I am also grateful to them for keeping me well briefed throughout the negotiations. Finally, peaceful protest is vital at any COP. It keeps pressure on negotiators and reminds those inside the blue zone of the vital job they are there to do. Over the course of the two-week event, more than 400 protests were staged across Glasgow. That there were fewer than 100 arrests in total is a real credit to protesters but also to Police Scotland. COP26 has been the biggest policing operation ever undertaken in the UK, and I want to pay tribute to the chief constable and to all officers from forces across the UK who worked under his command for the highly professional manner in which that operation was conducted. Over the past two weeks, the eyes of the world have been firmly on Scotland and we have shown the best of our country to the world. Amongst the almost 500 meetings, events and other engagements undertaken by ministers, including almost 100 that I undertook personally, many were with businesses and potential investors in green innovation. We also took the opportunity to strengthen our bilateral relationships with a number of countries and regions across the world. As well as showcasing the country, of course, the Scottish Government had also set clear objectives for our participation in COP itself. First, we aimed to amplify voices that are too rarely heard in discussions of this type, for example the voices of young people, women and those from the global south, and we sought to be a bridge between these groups and the decision makers around the negotiating table. To that end, for example, we funded the conference of youth when the UK Government opted not to. We supported the Glasgow climate dialogues to give a platform to voices from developing and vulnerable countries, and in partnership with UN Women, we launched the Glasgow women's leadership statement on gender equality and climate change. I was joined for the launch of that statement by the leaders of Bangladesh, Tanzania and Estonia and the statement has already now been signed by more than 20 countries. We also endorsed the UNICEF declaration on children, youth and climate action. Second, we worked hard to ensure that cities, states, regions and devolved governments played our full part in securing progress. Scotland is currently the European co-chair of the under two coalition, which held its general assembly during COP. More than 200 state, regional and devolved governments are now members of the under two coalition, and collectively and very significantly we represent almost 2 billion people and account for half of global GDP. In the run-up to COP, the coalition sought to maximise that influence by launching a new memorandum of understanding, committing members to reach net zero by 2050 at the latest and for individual members to reach it earlier if possible. 28 Governments have already signed up and we are actively encouraging others to do so. Finally, more than 200 cities and states have now signed up to the Edinburgh declaration on biodiversity that represents really welcome progress as we look ahead to the biodiversity COP next year. Our third objective was to use COP to challenge ourselves to go further and faster in our own journey to net zero. That is why I chose as my first engagement at COP to meet with climate activists Vanessa Nakati and Greta Thunberg. It is also why we have moved away from our previous commitment to maximum economic recovery of oil and gas and have embarked on discussions with the new beyond oil and gas alliance. We also published additional detail on our policy ambitions for onshore and offshore wind and launched a new hydrogen strategy and a £55 million nature restoration fund. We published a new planning framework with climate action at its heart and we promoted our green investment portfolio to a range of businesses and investors. We also launched the blue carbon international policy challenge, supported international agreements on low carbon transportation and reducing agricultural emissions and signed new memorandums of understanding on heat with Denmark and on peatlands with Chile. A full list of those initiatives and of the 10 international agreements that we signed will be placed in spice later this week. Of course, our most important objective was to use our engagement influence and interaction to push for an international agreement that would live up to the urgency of the climate emergency. We wanted to see action to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees and, as a minimum, a tangible mechanism to keep 1.5 alive. We wanted the $100 billion of finance promised by the global north to developing nations 12 years ago to be delivered. We wanted to see the developed world recognise its obligation to help developing countries to pay for loss and damage that they are already suffering as a result of the climate change that they have done so little to cause. The Glasgow climate pact represents progress on many of those issues, but it must now be built on and built on quickly if climate catastrophe is to be avoided. It is important that the necessity of capping temperature increases at 1.5 degrees is no longer questioned. However, the world is still on a path to temperature increases of well over two degrees, a death sentence for many parts of the world. To keep 1.5 degrees in reach globally missions must be almost halved by the end of this decade. The requirement for countries to come back next year with substantially increased nationally determined contributions is vital. Finance is crucial to faster progress. I welcome the aim of doubling finance for adaptation by 2025 and the commitment to a longer-term finance goal, but it is utterly shameful that the developed world could not deliver the $100 billion of funding that was promised in 2009 by the 2020 deadline or even by 2021. The COP also delivered significant commitments on methane and deforestation. For the first time, albeit in language watered down in the final moments, a COP cover text has agreed the need to move away from fossil fuels. In the run-up to COP and as a result of what we heard during the Glasgow climate dialogues, the Scottish Government decided to champion the issue of loss and damage. Two weeks ago, we became the first developed country in the world to make a commitment to support countries' experience in loss and damage, and I'm delighted that our commitment has since been supplemented by Wallonia and by a contribution from the Children's Investment Fund Foundation. The final position agreed at Glasgow represents progress in recognising the loss and damage that the climate crisis created by developed nations is already causing in developing nations, but it does not go nearly far enough. I particularly regret the decision by some developed nations to block the establishment of a Glasgow financial facility on loss and damage. Over the weekend, I met Dr Salim Al-Huk, one of the leading campaigners on this issue, and pledged that the Scottish Government will continue to work with him and others to build the case on loss and damage ahead of COP 27 in Egypt. Loss and damage was an example of Scotland's leadership during COP 27, but ultimately Scotland can only lead and speak with credibility if we deliver our own net zero targets. As I reflect on the past two weeks, I feel pride in the leadership that Scotland has shown and indeed has been recognised for widely. However, I also feel a renewed sense of responsibility to go further and faster, to face up to tough challenges, as well as the relatively easy options, and to help raise the bar of world leadership much more generally. Our focus in the months and years ahead will be firmly on delivery. This decade will be the most important in human history. It is the actions that we take between now and 2030 that will determine whether or not we bequeath a sustainable and habitable planet to those who come after us. The states could not be higher, and so I absolutely understand why many are angry and frustrated that more progress was not made in Glasgow. However, the Glasgow climate pact provides a basis for further action. The key test will be whether it is implemented fully and with the required urgency. That is what all of us must focus our efforts on between now and COP 27 and then beyond. Scotland will continue—I am sure—to play our full part. Although we can and should be proud of the part that we played at COP 26, our responsibility now is to ensure that future generations will look back and be proud of the actions that we take in the months and years ahead. The First Minister will now take questions on the issues raised in her statement. I intend to allow around 20 minutes for questions after which we will move on to the next item of business. It would be helpful if those members who wish to ask a question could press their request to speak buttons now. I call Douglas Ross. The Glasgow pact was a momentous achievement that keeps the 1.5-degree goal within our grasp. What was agreed in Glasgow can protect the future for our children and generations to come. This COP can also be remembered as the first step towards the end of coal and deforestation and a historic deal to cut methane emissions. That was the biggest conference ever hosted in the United Kingdom. As the First Minister said, the people of Glasgow deserve our thanks for coping with the disruption. I also want to recognise the efforts of Police Scotland and officers from across the United Kingdom. They deserve our thanks and appreciation for keeping that disruption to a minimum. Alex Sharma and the UK Government also deserve huge credit for delivering such a momentous conference in Scotland and then working so tirelessly to get a deal over the line. The First Minister said that we can only lead and speak with credibility if we meet our own net zero targets. Yet this is the same First Minister who claimed almost 100 per cent of all electricity that we use is from renewables, when, in fact, just over half of electricity consumption in Scotland last year was from renewables. Her Government's renewable heat target was missed and progress has stalled. The SNP Government has missed its own legal emissions targets for the last three years. Setting ambitious targets is great, but what the planet needs is action. So can the First Minister explain how her Government will deliver a lasting legacy for COP26 by finally meeting their own targets? I agree that 1.5 degrees is still within grasp as a result of the Glasgow climate pact, but that will only remain the case if the actions are quickly taken to realise that the world is still on a devastating path of global temperature rises that are way above that and way above two degrees. In terms of our own targets—I will be pretty frank about this—Scotland is a world leader, but the bar of world leadership is too low. In terms of net electricity consumption, 97 per cent of our net electricity consumption is from renewable sources. We now need to replicate that in terms of heat, transport and agriculture. In terms of our own targets, we have legally binding annual targets. Most other countries do not have those. What that is designed to do is to make sure that in years where we fall short of those, we are legally obliged to catch up so that we remain on track for the 2035, 75 per cent reduction target and the 2045 net zero target. We have missed marginally the last three years annual target, which is why we have published a catch-up plan. Again, let us put that into context. Scotland is decarbonised faster than any G20 country. That is an independent assessment. We are already halfway to net zero. We should have cut if we met our target emissions by 55 per cent. We have done that by 51.5 per cent, way ahead of most other countries across the world. However, we need to raise our ambitions even further. I am under no illusions about that. I know that that will take really tough decisions. We have probably done the relatively easy things already. I am just reflecting on the fact that every time we come forward with a tough decision, whether that is workplace parking, for example, to reduce the number of cars on our roads, or whether it is facing up to the need to accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels to renewable energy, the one thing that is absolutely consistent is opposition from the Scottish Conservatives. If we are to meet those targets, if we are to lead the world and if we are to play our full part in saving the planet, maybe a bit less opportunism and opposition from the Scottish Conservatives will be necessary as well. The eyes of the world have been on Glasgow, and I want to thank all those who helped to deliver a successful COP. The reality is that we have had two weeks of words, and we now need action. I welcome the Glasgow climate pact, but we must recognise that it does not go far enough and that it does not go fast enough. We all have a duty to hold all our Governments to account, including our own Governments here in Scotland and across the UK, because a rhetoric does not meet the reality. The reality is that we do not have enough of a pledge to keep to 1.5 degrees in the current Glasgow climate pact. That is not just a global failing. Here in Scotland, we have seen mis targets for emissions, renewable heat and biodiversity. There is no meaningful plan for a jobs first transition, and routes in our public transport are being cut. In the spirit of living up to the demands of the crisis, can I ask the First Minister today to take action on something right now? An estimated 613,000 households in Scotland live in fuel poverty. There are over 1.3 million homes that need insulation or heating upgraded, but between 2013 and 2019, her Government only helped 150,000 households. With serious action, we can make progress on the jobs crisis, the cost of living crisis and the climate crisis, but it requires real political will. Will the First Minister agree to meet me, trade unions and the housing sector to drop a plan to jumpstart this vital work and begin the process of making the lofty climate rhetoric a reality for people here in Scotland? On 1.5 degrees, it is the case that that commitment is now unquestioned and reflected clearly in the Glasgow climate pack, which is a big step forward, but the actions globally are not yet in place to have any confidence that we are going to start to see global emissions fall and meet that. In terms of that, I have already been pretty candid about our obligations to meet our targets, not just set them. Scotland's targets actually are consistent and exceed the Paris agreement obligations around 1.5. Again, we are leading by example, but we have to up our ambition even further. I or the net zero minister, of course, will meet with anybody to discuss how we take our ambitions forward further and faster. We all have to raise our game. As I said in my statement, I have come out of co-proud of the leadership that Scotland is showing, because it is very strongly recognised, if not always in this chamber, then certainly around the world, but we need to go even further. Before that meeting, what I would say to Anna Sarwar, particularly on fuel poverty, is that he needs to come and be prepared to engage on where the powers on fuel poverty do not lie in the hands of this Government and, of course, where the financing does not always lie in the hands of this Government. If it is going to be simply another labour approach of willing the ends but not being prepared to take the means into our hands, I am not sure that we are going to get very far. In the spirit of all of us raising our game, that is my challenge to Anna Sarwar. I extend the thanks of Scottish Liberal Democrats to everyone who kept the event safe and who made it possible. Keeping 1.5 degrees alive will require concerted action both at home and abroad, and that means not waiting for COP 27 or COP 28. Scotland, as we have heard several times today, has repeatedly missed its own targets in this vital area. The First Minister says that she wants to be challenged to go further and to go faster. I invite her to consider some of the proposals that my party has laid out to give new hope for the climate emergency, not least an end to the reliance on fossil fuels for all new house builds, a new rail card entitlement that will allow all passengers to benefit from rail card fares, and to finally remove this Government's commitment to a third runaway at Heathrow. I will consider all of those proposals. I will consider them in good faith. Obviously, as Government, we have to ensure that we have the funding to implement policies, but I am very open in the fact that we have to continue to look across a range of responsibilities and challenge ourselves to go further. Again, I would put the challenge back to Alec Cole-Hamilton, that when it comes to some of the tougher issues that we see some cross-party support as well, because the criticism that I made of Douglas Ross could equally be levelled at the Scottish Liberal Democrats on workplace packing, for example, when a really tough issue to try to reduce the use of cars, particularly in our urban centres, was put forward. What we saw was political opportunism getting the way of what the planet needs. I accept my responsibility, but sometimes when the really tough issues represent themselves, we need the opposition to rise above ordinary politics as well. I have a number of members who are keen to ask the First Minister a question. I would be keen to take as many as possible, but we will need to sink questions and answers, please. I call Collette Stevenson to be followed by Liam Kerr. Support both financial and technical will be crucial for many countries in terms of mitigation, adaptation and loss in damage. The UN Secretary General praised Scotland's leadership in launching a £2 million loss in damage fund. Can the First Minister outline how will we continue to work internationally to maximise the impact of such initiatives? This is a really important issue that I, certainly, am committed to continuing to build momentum on. It is important very briefly just to focus on why loss in damage is important. It is really important to fund mitigation against climate change. It is important to fund developing countries to adapt to the future impacts of climate change, but many developing and vulnerable countries are suffering the loss in damage now. The developed world, which has done most to cause climate change, has an obligation to help them to finance those impacts now, not as an act of charity but as a fundamental basic act of reparation. I have had a number of discussions over the past two weeks with other Governments. I am not going to name them at this stage who are interested in following up and stepping up on loss in damage. We saw some progress at Glasgow with the inclusion of text around loss in damage in the agreement. Unfortunately, a proposal to have a financial facility was knocked out in the final stages, and it will be one of the key objectives at COP 27 to see that established. We will work with others over the next 12 months to build ahead of steam around that, because it is an obligation that we owe to those countries dealing with the worst impacts of climate change right now. I call Liam Kerr to be followed by Stephanie Callaghan. The north-east and our oil and gas workers were alarmed to hear of the First Minister's discussions with Beyond Oil and Gas, who are committed to a rapid and dramatic shift away from UK oil and gas. Will the First Minister reassure them that her discussions have finished and Scotland will not join, and guarantee that her Government will ensure that every possible job will transition and the industry's own drive to decarbonise will be harnessed before her Government takes any decisions that could throw nearly 100,000 oil and gas jobs off a cliff edge? Many people in the oil and gas sector are more worried to be perfectly frank about the UK Government's failure to support the Scottish CCS cluster and the ACORN project, so perhaps if we want to talk about a just and sensible transition, he should be having some conversations with his own colleagues as well. Here we have it illustrating helpfully for me, so thank you for that point that I have been making. We all talk rightly in general terms about the need to do more. Everybody across the world is talking about the need to accelerate our progress away from fossil fuels, but as soon as we start engaging with the detail of that, what we have from the Scottish Conservatives is opposition. We have to make sure that the transition is just. It is this Government that has established already a £500 million just transition fund for the north-eastern Murray to help with this. We must build up the renewable alternatives and the low-carbon alternatives, which is why the failure to support carbon capture is so inexplicable. We must do all that, but we cannot escape the moral obligation to accelerate that progress. That is what the Government is going to continue to do. If we can learn from others in alliances about how to do that and if we can offer our expertise and experience in how to do that, I think that that is what any responsible Government in this current situation facing the world would do. I call Stephanie Callaghan to be followed by Monica Lennon. Whether or not COP succeeds now depends entirely on whether countries deliver on the commitments that they made. Can the First Minister outline what positive contributions Scotland and the other devolved nations and states of the world have made to COP26? Will the First Minister agree with me that leadership begins at home and the UK Government should match Scotland's action and investment? I agree very strongly that leadership starts at home. For us, that is here in Scotland, in this Parliament and in this Government, and I accept unreservedly the obligation that puts on my shoulders and the shoulders of my Government. I would like to see the UK Government, which is doing many very good things in the run-up to and through COP and will hopefully take those forward, change its position and do more on certain things. I have just mentioned carbon capture and storage as one example of that. We have a situation in which the powers span, devolved and reserved responsibilities, so we need to see action, and that is a point that the Committee on Climate Change has recognised in the past. We also need to recognise and we have worked hard to do this and to maximise the influence of state Governments, regional Governments, city Governments and devolved Governments like ours. As I said earlier on, the under 2 coalition accounts for almost half of the global economy, representing almost two billion people across the world. It is often with those Governments like ours that the levers lie, so we all have to play our part in this. We all have to lead properly and encourage others along the way to go faster as well. If we are serious about averting climate catastrophe and accelerating towards a just transition for a green economy, Campbell cannot go ahead. There is no rigorous climate change test that Campbell can possibly pass, so the First Minister must do more than ask the UK Government to simply reassess the proposed oil fields. Time is running out. Will the First Minister oppose Campbell in the strongest possible terms and provide the political leadership that has been lacking? I have made my position very clear. I do not think that we can go on extracting new oil and gas forever. That is why we have moved away from the policy of maximum economic recovery. I do not think that we can go and continue to give the go-ahead to new oil fields. I do not think that Campbell should get the green light. I am not the one taking that decision, so I have set out a proposal for a climate assessment. I think that the presumption would be that Campbell could not and should not pass any rigorous climate assessment. If I had the power, Monica Lennon might want to join me in calling for the powers to be transferred to Scotland so that we could actually take those decisions. Given that it is somebody else who has the power, what I have done is set out a process by which a different decision could be arrived at. As soon as Monica Lennon wants to argue that the power should be in our hands, she will find a willing ally in me. We have less chance of entering from certain positions across the chamber. I call Stuart McMillan to be followed by Mark Ruskell. Thank you very much, Presiding Officer. A great deal has taken place since COP began, but I was particularly pleased to see the launch of the Glasgow Women's Leadership Statement. Can the First Minister tell us how important she believes that this statement is and also every signatory, and how that will help to fight for climate justice? As I said earlier on, we will publish the details of the international agreements that we signed and the other initiatives and the signatories to them. I will put that information in space. The Glasgow Women's Leadership Statement is hugely important. Women we know are disproportionately impacted across the world by climate change. If we look at population displacement caused by climate change, around 80 per cent of all those displaces will be women and children. The impact is disproportionate, but women's voices are not heard at any level sufficiently loudly. Often, of course, it is women who are responsible for looking after children, for providing food for their families, and if it is always men or largely men who are designing the solutions, they often do not reflect the lives of women. From the grassroots, right up to leadership level, we need to hear the voice of women more loudly. The statement that we launched in Glasgow in partnership with UN Women, a significant initiative, is an important part of trying to drive that forward, and we will be encouraging other signatories in the months ahead. I call Mark Ruskell to be followed by Co-Cab Stewart. The launch of the Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance was a seminal moment in Glasgow, because for the first time it sent a message to cold dependent states like India that richer states like ourselves are prepared to phase out oil and gas production with a just transition. The Danish minister who launched the alliance said, how can you be on a path to carbon neutrality but still aim to reduce oil and gas to sell to others? Does the First Minister agree with that perspective, and when will Scotland join the alliance? I absolutely agree with the fact that we need to move beyond oil and gas as quickly as we can, but we need to do that justly, and I think that Mark Ruskell agrees with that as well. I think that people who want to pay any attention to what I am saying on this issue will see that I have changed my position and I have changed the position of my party and the position of the Government, because I do not think that we can be credible on these things unless we accept the responsibility to move away from fossil fuels, but I am not going to abandon 100,000 people who currently work in that sector, so they need to do that fairly and justly. That is really important. We are assessing the membership of Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance right now. There are three categories of membership, and we are assessing which one in the initial stages would be most likely. If we decide to join, it is likely initially to be as a friend of, which would allow us to share our experience, but underpinning all of that, I think that for all those countries that are signed up, and some of them do not really have much of an oil and gas sector, so there are different considerations for different governments, there is that commitment to a just transition. The oil and gas sector is important in Scotland, has been for some time in terms of jobs, infrastructure, expertise, supply chain benefit, and we have got to make that transition properly and carefully, but there is no doubt in my mind that we need to do that as quickly as possible. The predominantly working class communities of Anderson, Finiston and York hill in my constituency of Glasgow-Kelvin were a fantastic host to COP26. I would like to ask the First Minister to acknowledge their hospitality and to elaborate on what community resources are available to support those communities in transitioning to a greener and more climate-efficient future. There is, of course, a range of resources and help already for communities across Scotland, I would point to, for example, the climate challenge fund, which provides funding to a range of local projects. We are currently building a new model to support community climate action via a network of regional climate action hubs in climate action towns, so I think that those will be important vehicles for local communities and local people to contribute fully to that effort. However, I want to again take the opportunity to agree with co-capsature about the contribution in making COP26 a success of local communities across Glasgow. It was not an easy two weeks and the period leading into it was not easy for the city, but I was inundated and that is not an exaggeration. I was inundated with people coming up to me to tell me what a wonderful city Glasgow is, and how fantastic the people of Glasgow are. I think that there will be people right across the globe who know about Glasgow now who might not have known about it before. The same is true of Scotland and there will be massive opportunities for us in the medium to long term if we play our cards right, which we intend to do. I call Dean Lockhart to be full about Emma Harper. Thank you. During COP26, Mark Carney, the former governor of the Bank of England, announced the Glasgow Financial Alliance Network with £100 trillion of private finance available for the transition to net zero across the world. Can the First Minister confirm what discussions she has had with Mark Carney in relation to the Glasgow Financial Alliance Network and what share of this funding might be available for Scotland in its transition to net zero? I had discussions with Mark Carney. The Scottish Government had discussions with Mark Carney. The high-level champions of the UN were also involved in this initiative. I think that it is important not to mischaracterise it in terms of the 100 children. This is not a funding pot. This was the combined assets of all the financial institutions that were part of that agreement. It is really important to celebrate initiatives like this, but I do not think that we do anybody any favours if we try to suggest that it is something different to what it actually is. There is a massive appetite in the capital markets to find good investable projects around green innovation. That is why we have put the green investment portfolio into the market to try to harness as much of that funding for Scotland. That is a big priority for, as I spoke to many, different investors in the field of wind, in hydrogen over the course of the two weeks, who are looking very positively at Scotland as a location for investment. One of our priorities coming out of COP will be to make sure that we catch as much of that investment as possible. To ask the First Minister what the impact of the COP26 agreement will be on remote and rural communities and what support will be available for those involved in the agricultural industries to reduce carbon emissions, particularly those in the dairy sector, which is an important industry for the south-west of Scotland. We have a really positive vision for agriculture, but there is no doubt that agriculture is one of the sectors where considerable adaptation is needed to reduce emissions. One of the investments that I was able to welcome over the course of COP was from a company that has decided to locate its manufacturing facility for feed additive for cattle and sheep in Scotland, in Ayrshire, which will have a big global impact on reducing emissions from agriculture. We need to work with agriculture to support the innovation that is already there in the sector to make sure that it and the rural communities that it supports are fully playing their part. Again, just as with oil and gas, in a fair and a just way. Thank you, First Minister. That concludes that item of business. There will be a very short pause before we move on to the next item of business.