 spectrum. So when we're looking at, and we're talking about young migrants, we're looking at young migrants that might come in, they might come in for a study program. We have quite a significant study program both at, if you like, a secondary or senior school level, as well as a tertiary, so if you like university and other type of tertiary institution level. And that's it, if you like, at one end of the spectrums, they're often going to come in supported, not always, but often they're going to come in supported either by family back at home or in fact family that travels with them. And then at the other end of the spectrum, you've got those that are most in need. And of course the ones that Arania was talking about, I think, were definitely in that sort of latter category. And these are young people that are in need of significant assistance, particularly if they fall into that category I spoke of have been unaccompanied minors. So no, if you like, family mechanisms, no community mechanisms. We have had a lot of experience at that over the years and I'll be frank in saying because we always are, being Australian, that we have got it wrong from time to time. But over that time we've, if you like, we have worked out that different cohorts, so different people from different parts of the world, different young persons, require different things. Sometimes it's torture and trauma counselling and in fact I'm not a psychologist, obviously Arania is and can talk to this with much greater expertise than I, but even within that subset they're going to require different type of counselling, if you like, depending on where they've come from and what they present with. And in trying to, I started out by saying that Australia takes a whole of program approach to, and I talked about this tiered and needs based type provision of services. Within that we've got, and I talked about leavers, and within that we've got, and I'll talk very briefly about three of those leavers. One of these, if you like, we call them status resolution support services. These are people that are at that acute end of the spectrum, largely because they're either asylum seekers or that they are refugees. But also if you like, people that fall into that category of in need of protection for other reasons, so maybe fall short of, if you like, the 51 convention tests, but still are in need of protection. And with those services, particularly when we're talking about minors, so young, young migrants, if you like, we've got things like live-in-care support, basic clothing allowance, which you wouldn't think would be a major thing, but it was actually something that we identified. One of those things that we fell over in, in generations past when we were dealing with our migrant flows, was just that self-respect of being able to not just get second-hand gloves that are given to them out of a back of a truck, but go and buy them themselves, that sort of self-respect that comes with that. Educational assistance, of course, I've spoken about, and something's called support for meaningful engagement. One manifestation of this is with a particular, and I won't name the cultural group, but in one of our regional areas in one of our states within Australia, Victoria, in a place called Ballarat, there was a soccer team that was, it was a soccer team that was just young women, so we're talking about women between the ages of 11 and 15, I understand, from a particular cultural group that was new to Australia, so we hadn't had that cultural group for before, and that team gave these young women a place to talk to other women that are in similar situations to their own, but as well as playing other teams, and if you're like part of that integration process, we know that the power of sport and that ability to interact with others, but interact with others not on their own, but in a group. So that's one sort of element. The next one I'll talk about very briefly is what we call settlement engagement and transition support, so this is kind of a, it's a two tiered thing where we're looking at the individuals, so we're looking at providing advice. Now one of the issues that's been identified in the questions is this engagement with a legal system. Now we know that minors in a lot of legal systems have less, if you like, less capacity, shall we call it, or less ability to engage their rights purely because they're young. We don't trust them to make decisions for themselves. We've got quite a, I'll call it sophisticated, but obviously I'm talking from an Australian self-interest point of view, but I'd say our judicial system has been dealing with this question not just with migrants, but with Australians for a long time. And what we've done is set a statutory framework up that specifically deals with immigrant minors. It's called the Immigration Guardianship of Children's Act, and it specifically deals with that circumstance where largely we are talking about medical care. So we're a young person without a guardian or without a parent or another guardian falls into a situation where it's deemed questionable by doctors that they can actually make a decision on their own. And then we have a court system that can deal with that, and we have a children's representative that's there that acts on their behalf, and the potential, not in every case of course, only in the most extreme cases, the appointment of a guardian. And third one I'll talk about is social cohesion and multicultural programs. This is where we go to NGOs like the expertise that we've got on this panel, and we go to them, what do you think we should do? And I might just briefly talk about the two. These are specific examples. One is called the Two Way Street Initiative. So this is an NGO-led initiative where my government gave some money over to a group in Sydney, one of our capital cities in Australia, and it was specifically targeted at young Sudanese. We have quite a large group of Sudanese that came to our country as refugees in the late 90s, early 2000s, and this program is specifically targeted at arming them with, I'll call it, key skills and knowledge required to work in Australia. But what it is essentially is talking about us, so what are our democratic values, what are concepts that we hold dear around equality, gender diversity, basically learning about Australia, who we are. And it's a program that is led by, in a large case, former Sudanese, we're fortunate in that we have had a diaspora that's built up in that community over time and we've been able to leverage off that for a program like this. And the last one I'll talk about is the Rights and Responsibilities for Young Migrants Community Legal Education Project. Now this is in another one of our capital cities of Perth, and it's targeted at those young migrants that are in those later years of their school education, so senior school level, and it deals with migrants that are particularly culturally and linguistically diverse. So we're talking about non-native English speakers that are coming from backgrounds that are quite different to what they've found themselves in, so in Australian society, and it's very much about educating them specifically about their rights and their responsibilities, so more about what they can do and what they can't do. Thank you. Thank you very much, Steve. Now we have two questions from Nadja, and of course it's linked with the work of Tahadi. Tahadi also provides free schooling for low-income and displaced children. What relationship exists between education and young people's psychological development? This is the first question, and the second one, what are your recommendations for governments, aid organizations, and other relevant actors to further support the psychological well-being of migrants, refugees, and other vulnerable populations? Please. Thank you. So for us on the ground at the community level, we found that focusing on education is our biggest priority. We work in one specific neighborhood, as I mentioned, and we have different centers, education, health, psychosocial center. Our education center is by far our largest center. We have about 300 children that pass through the center each day. That's from very young children through our early childhood program to primary school age children, and a growing focus on youth. Why this focus so much on education? Because in our context, we see a lot of children that are not able to access formal schooling, and that's for social reasons, economic reasons, and because it's the biggest demand from the youth themselves, from the children themselves, and from the families. Education, of course, is all about us reaching our potential and giving back to what we can, to our communities. And there's a big drive from the community for this basic right. So within the education center, we provide academic instruction to the children and to the youth, all the usual things that you might imagine in a school, and specifically with the youth. And we also work on job training and vocational training. We expose them to a lot of different types of vocation that they might consider, and also provide them with job skills. The focus of the education center is also very much on building social cohesion, because it's one of the few places within our community that people from different backgrounds can meet together, build relationships, and work on joint projects. And through that, we also have very deliberate programs where we discuss peace-building, nonviolent communication, and work on joint projects that the youth themselves design. For example, recently, we had youth design programs for displaced families living in another part of the country, where they would visit them on a monthly basis and provide supports for them and activities. When I did this exercise that I mentioned earlier with youth that are not in an education program, I sat with young mothers that were under the age of 20 who had been married for a number of years. And we asked them, can you tell me again, what are the components of well-being to you? If you were to tell us, how can you be well? What things would help you be well? I was surprised, actually, but their number one thing was education. I thought, and even I worked in that area for 10 years, I thought their number one answer would be jobs for their husbands or better housing or schooling for their children, but actually still their primary desire was to be in school themselves. And I think this speaks volumes about the importance of education for youth, for their own sense of self and for their futures. Again and again, when we asked this question, we had this one response, education is about our future. I don't know if my future will be here or elsewhere, but I want the tools to build my future and the future of my kids when it was the mothers. This was again repeated by young men who were working, again under the age of 20, who were the primary breadwinners for their family, which is common among the families we work for. It's often the youth that are the primary breadwinners with all of the stress that you might imagine. And for them also, they wanted access again to schooling. But schooling, that's flexible. And I think that gets into your second question, Diane, about what are the recommendations? How can we build programs that reach those on the margins, those that are excluded? I think that was discussed in the Plenary Session yesterday by the representative from the EU, Mr. Christian, who mentioned again, what are the needs of those that are excluded? And so how can we adapt our service provisions, specifically education, to meet those that are not included? So for me, I often think of young mothers, those under the age of 25. Can we build education programs that offer childcare? Can it be done in a flexible way? Can it be done a condensed way, moving away from these traditional forms of education? Same for those of youth that are working. How can we make education accessible to them? Another issue that comes up a lot with the youth we work with, whether in school or elsewhere, is the need for protection. So in our context, the school environment is a protective environment. It stands in stark contrast to the rest of the community in terms of it provides a space for youth to be safe, to be young again. They don't need to worry about violence. We don't need to worry about drugs. Unfortunately, that's a growing issue in our area. There's also the issue of racketeering. One of the youth was telling me, I want to leave my house because it's small and crowded, and I want a bit of privacy. I want to sit outside. But if I sit outside, a few minutes later, I have somebody come and just push me or insult me. And if I respond, I'll get into a fight. There's nowhere for me to hang out safely. So education or youth centers offers this important protective environment. It also reduces the chances that children will work because they're busy. Oftentimes, when children are not in school and youth, I'm using the word children, but I'm also meaning those early teenagers, who often, again, are red winners. If they're not in school, the temptation to keep them busy through work is very high. And I understand, actually, because the parents see if I leave them on the road in such an environment that's quite violent, most likely they're going to get into some kind of stressful situation. And depending on your status within the community, it's easier or harder for a parent to deal with. If they're working, they're more protective. So we need to provide alternatives to that. And I think the best alternative is our education. In terms of other recommendations, there is a need for policing that is friendly to youth, policing that preserves the peace, that's not only interested in specific operations. We have somebody has to be arrested or we need to do a certain action, but actually policing that's providing peace for youth, that's a resource to them if they feel unsafe. The issue of lack of security is often expressed even at their place of refuge. So these are some quick recommendations that I have that actually come very much from the youth. So thank you. Thank you. Now we have another two questions from Urania. Of course, again, it's letting me do work with the Hestia-Helas. Can you share with us the needs and strategies employed by Hestia-Helas to assist and improve the emotional well-being and build resilience of young people on the move? This is the first one. And the second, based on your work with young migrants and refugees, what recommendation do we have for government, aid organizations, society, and public young migrants as an individual and social level, shoot specific policies to be adopted? Okay. So our first and most important technique is actually counselling, psychotherapy sessions, which will work through the feelings that I mentioned before, disorientation, loneliness, and security. So these sessions bring the beneficiary in touch with reality in a way that it is tolerable. It builds up the strengths and resources of their own self and helps them then make decisions with a clearer mindset. The person is appreciated, something they are likely not to have felt during their journey or where they have lived. They are welcomed and hosted by Hestia. We recognize a deep value to them when Greek and other European citizens are warm and welcoming. So within the process of psychotherapy and the relationship that forms between the therapist and the beneficiary, he or she can process the bipolar aspect of ambivalence that is hatred and or love. Maybe you don't really understand what I mean here, but just keep it in your mind and then maybe you will come by it in some text and then you will remember me. Of course there is gratitude to the country that receives them, but feeling hatred usually doesn't have to do with let's say the Greek country. It is an emotion that derives from the fear of being abandoned, of not being wanted and the danger of being annihilated. That's why they become aggressive. That's why they need to take it out on someone. They need to like if they found someone who is peaceful just sitting there, they need to go and engage with them and really take it out on them. So if someone doesn't have a place to work through these emotions and have an active participation in the process, the consequence can be profound and damaging. So it is vital for us therapists not only to listen intently but to have the capacity to comprehend and hold these intense conflicting and ambivalent feelings if not the bad consequences are immense. So what I want to say is that okay listening is good and because we always talk about stories and narratives and stories, yes listening to a story is important but then you have to do something with that. Just listening to it, okay it will take off the intense emotions of that moment but then they will come again. So Hestia Helas is very actively participating in delivering good quality psychosocial support services with experienced psychologists and psychotherapists who are trained in combining individual psychotherapy with group psychotherapy. This combination covers all aspects of someone's personality traits and works on personal, social, cultural, spiritual issues within a safe space. We try to respect cultural and religious beliefs in the creation of the groups that I mentioned. We know that the wish of the people that we are seeing is to live Greece. For reasons that do not have anything to do with Greece as a country but with the reality that great people themselves have to deal with every day namely the economic crisis and all that it brings with it. I mean Greece is exporting youth and importing other youth from other countries. It's a bit sad but that's the reality. So at Hestia we also provide physiotherapy and reflexology therapeutic sessions as we are committed to combining psychological and physical therapy. Many of our beneficiaries have experienced physical trauma as well as mental trauma so working on both wounds at the same time has better results. So what do I have to recommend? I actually talked to a few young migrants that we see and other social workers from other organizations as well as our own. So I have this to recommend which is easy and immediate access to free health care from the moment they enter the country. Faster processes in order to move the minors from camps to unaccompanied minor shelters and faster processes for family reunifications. They take ages and the people, young people or minor children, they just wait and wait and wait so long. So access to education and proper support through integration classes, enough funding for shelters to be operational and funding to organizations like Hestia allows to keep doing the work they are doing. It is very important for these people who have been through multiple traumas and they are traumatized again in countries in the hosting countries because of all these things that take enormous time to be done. So let me show you here what the young people told me. Their first response was that they want faster processes. We need an answer now they said. We need to know if we are going to be allowed to live in this country in order to start learning the language and investing in our lives as citizens of Greece. It is another thing what they have in mind about if they don't find a job or if they don't find somewhere to study that they will go away. So this last thing here that someone said is I am a refugee here, I don't feel as a citizen, people look at me differently. It is something that I have heard from everybody that I have seen at least and that is really something that we should consider. Thank you very much. Thank you. Before I give the floor to the other participants, do you want to give another kind of last line that would like to underline what you would like to recommend? You did give your recommendations on education, you give basically more about the health and also on orientation upon arrival in Australia. But if you would like to add something, anything or you are satisfied with all? I think what is clear in terms of our experience and also in talking to youth is that their sense of well-being, what we often call is resilience, also lots of buzzwords within the NGO community, we could call survival, is very much connected to their families stability. Also my big recommendation is let us support these families to live more than at the very basic level. It reduces the tension and the stresses within the families which are then transferred to the youth whether through relationships that are very tense or whether having to be the breadwinners for that family to forego other basic things that will definitely affect their future such as education, health care and basically their choices. So by supporting families, communities, we will also support youth who are obviously affected by these things. Thank you. Thank you. Now the floor is up for the question, comments and suggestions. Do we have anybody from the floor that would like to please Arland, please. Thank you very much Mr. Moderator and first of all many thanks to the panelists. It's always very humbling I suppose is one of those words that people use in Oscar ceremonies and it's a horrible word but when you hear people who are at the cold face of helping it is an impressive experience. Just a question for Orania, you had mentioned that there are five fears and then you put four of them up and said you'll see the fifth. Is the fifth this fear of not knowing what the future is or is it something else? Thank you. Okay so it's actually a fear, it's the fear of insult and betrayal which after the fear of disorientation we have either fear of abandonment or this one when someone has been insulted in his personality. So all of these things we all go through when we go through major changes but imagine all of this combined with the trauma in the country of origin and the journey plus the insecurity in the country like in Greece when they arrive. So all of this really affect the future anyway especially if someone does not do something with all this. Did I respond to your question? Absolutely yes. I wasn't sure whether there was another slide that happened appeared but it effectively was there. I thought it was kind of a subset of the fear of abandonment but it is the fifth fear. Thank you UNFPA please. Hi thank you very much my name is Ruben from the UNFPA office and I know that we've been talking about physical and psychological well-being of migrant youth in different settings and the word violence has often come up. Within the range of different kinds of violence we obviously know that sexual violence is one of the threats that a lot of migrant youths are facing so I would really appreciate it if you can touch on any kind of experiences or actions that your different organisations or government is doing in the prevention but also in terms of aiding those victims of sexual violence within the process of migration. Thank you. Certainly the we're taking in cohorts from Central America so and that's obviously got a number of different throws to it but a lot of that is around if you like sort of gain violence for one of the better expression in certain countries within that Central American region and we also have had a lot of experience on the Horn of Africa and some of these other countries that have also had you know some of this and whether it's gender-based or other sort of forms of violence of course and and areas of of war which is what I kind of touched on but didn't really express in any great deal to detail because I'm not an expert I'm not a psychologist but we I we have quite and I use the word sophisticated let's call them detailed or vast or broad whatever word you want to use I don't want to presuppose how good they are but we have quite a wide range of torture and trauma counselling services and I use that as a broad term because I know that that means different things to different people and the reason we have that is is has been part a reaction to what we've seen as well as a proactive step for what we think we're going to see next and I think a very good example of that is what we've seen recently from that that Central American cohort because we feel we've seen this sort of stuff we think we're going to see what we've seen before and so we've sort of armed that moving forward how we actually deal that's not really my area of expertise so I can't really sort of go into the mechanics but I'm very very happy to have a chat with you offline to put you in touch with colleagues that can in terms of our work within the community we try to work both in terms of preventing this through making youth and children and their families aware of of inappropriate behaviors that others might do towards them how to prevent that and if that happens what mechanisms are there to prevent to support them and on the other hand we have a team that's only focused on protection issues so that's whether with children or those that are survived from GBV incidents and they will work directly with those individuals and also with government authorities when needed medical authorities and within that team we have social workers and psychologists to support so we're trying to work on both fronts both in terms of prevention and reacting or treatment if you will and as for Greece there are some programs specialized for people who have suffered sexual violence and we at Hestia we have people like that it's not something to help to prevent because when they come to Greece most of them they have already been assaulted so we just need to help them work through that and help them to not be victims again of such a thing if they go on to other countries does that answer your question maybe I can just contribute to your question through my previous experience from Central Asia I was the chief of mission in five Central Asian countries and with the countries of I am and with the countries of Central Asia basically we did the develop to get with the immigration center something was a pre-departure orientation where the migrants can receive information on the threats because yes they are very vulnerable on traveling but at the same time once that they arrive then actually they need to have to whom to contact and in case there's something like it could happen and then is also what was mentioned by Steve there is also post-arrival orientation once when somebody coming in particular country of course we are talking about those that organize in the sense they're traveling but for those that are actually coming on by themselves that's of course vulnerability is increasing and then of course the question of also not only the sexual violence but also somebody can be trafficked and in that sense can even more exploited and in that particular sense it's a it's a basically number of services that NGOs can provide with different assistance including I am assistance and you have a list of totally of 15 different services that somebody can receive but what is important to understand that we're talking about trafficking in human beings what is one type of exploitation is the sexual exploitation is that when the it's mostly youth and why is youth because they're thinking they're untouchable that they are young they can do it no problem and then it's a question how much are informed about each step of traveling and this is something that I think your question is very important that if somebody is have a desire to leave the country they actually need to learn about opportunities within the country what is actually mentioned here then what is the the the educational opportunity in the country then what is on transit and what is on the country of destination in that sense is very complex and actually in that sense each of parts of the roads needs to be equipped and be ready to send this information to the to the to the youth we basically also in the panel about when you talk about the using technologies then it's those application apps are very important what kind of information because nowadays migrants do have a telephones with potential to upside down and this is something I think we need to work more to equip the migrants with information is there any question for the floor because I don't want to talk too long because we have one more panel to go if somebody would like to still address the floor no then we are concluding this panel and then we will come to the last panel of the day and then after that we have a conclusion concluding remarks thank you a lot for a very valuable contribution to this work thank you