 The study found that foliar spraying of characterized TiO2 nanoparticles at a concentration of 10 MgL-1 on 14 days old mung bean plants led to significant improvements in plant growth and microbial activity in the rhizosphere, including increased root length, area, nodule formation, chlorophyll content, and total soluble leaf protein. Additionally, the study hypothesized a possible mechanism for TiO2 nanoparticles biosynthesis.