 electoral behavior. It is the topic for today's discussion. So, what we understand by this term, the electoral behavior, that this involves the decisions about which parties or candidates to support in an election as well as decisions about which issue positions to hold, how to participate in politics. So, every democratic system, electoral choices are at the center of the political process. So, what actually we understand by the electoral behavior, that in every political system, in every democratic political system, which wants to have mature decisions, that system gives the citizens equal opportunity to participate or choices? That means, every good political system gives it a chance to everyone so that they will then have the right to participate, to have them whether it be through elections or through any other action. If the people's consensus system or the system wants it, they give their people a chance so that people can express their opinion. What is important in this is that the political process of political action requires that if people use their freedom, their freedom, they can express their opinion so that it is more beneficial for them and therefore elections are considered the most important source of the continuity of political systems. In early time period, political sociology has gone through the process to have conducted the researches to evaluate that how the people wants to be the part of political system, how the people wants to determine their electoral behavior. So a critical issue which is the debate of political sociology regarding the electoral behavior is that how social clivages play the role in this process. How can we understand this in simple words? When elections take place, in every political system, people are given a chance to choose their own choice. But are people given such choices? If there is only one person and he has to win the elections, then there is no benefit of such elections. Then if in social clivages, in the society, the people who are taking part in the elections, if they take part in a special election and you have to elect them, and you are not satisfied with them, then obviously they also create a category of tension. And then the increase in candidate and issue voting has an uncertain impact on the democratic electoral process. Sometimes there are many opinions and then there are issues on the basis of which elections are fought. Or while giving votes, many issues arise. So are elections such an electoral behavior beneficial for the political system? Then public opinion is becoming more fluid and less predictable. You will say that this is not true. There are a lot of forums like this which take public opinion polls and have predictions based on it. But we can say that now in modern times when there are a lot of issues and when there is uncertainty regarding the behavior and predictions of the participants, it is very difficult to predict these days. Because every day when there are issues, every day when there are questions, it is very difficult to predict who will be voted in the elections. As the number of candidates is increasing, as the number of issues is increasing, the prediction is getting very much unpredictable. So the nature of electoral behavior is changing in advanced industrial democracies. The electoral behavior is not changing in the developing world. It is also changing in the developed democracies too. Why? Because of the selection of candidates, sometimes because of the uncertain and unpredictable developments in the political process, unpredictable changes in the world-level politics. So there are a lot of issues which make it difficult to predict who will be voted in the elections or who will be used in the elections.