 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my final lecture on education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor of the Department of Education at Kanna Girls Duty College, University of Allahabad and this is my last lecture in the series of historical perspectives of higher education and in this lecture I am going to cover the time period of 1947 to 2020. Okay, so let's start. So, you know that Radhakrishnan Commission, especially for university education, was established in 1948. It submitted its reports in 1949. So, what did it say? First of all, it's a special thing that we talked a lot, but we don't know whose recommendation this commission was made. So, Inter-University Board of Education, which was made in 1925, why was it made that many universities were formed because there was coordination between them. So, Inter-University Board of Education and Central Advisory Board of Education recommended to the Government of India to make this commission which would enquire about the problems and prospects of university education and suggest it for research and improvement and for extension, that might be considered desirable, which is a tool to fulfill the needs of the nation and the future. So, it has its recommendations. So, you see, we have been to the Commissions Committees many times. So, I won't repeat it. I just tried to do it in a crux that what the commission has said. I haven't given much detail here. So, it has given its recommendations on the issues. Aims of Education. What should be the education goal? How will the teaching staff be fulfilled? What will be the standard of teaching? What will be the courses of study? What will be the post-regulate level? What are the problems? What are the recommendations? Training and research, education and education. What is the professional education in the nation? What is the religious education? What is the medium of instruction? What is the education goal? What is the education goal? How are the exams? How are the students? What are their activities? What are their goals? What is the constitution in control of education? Sorry, yeah. The constitution in control of education is finance. Where will the money come from? What resources will be spent? Rural universities. Because at that time, the country was the country. Even now, but at that time, all of us were neighbors. So, it was the dream of rural universities that they could be fulfilled. That they could develop and miss challenges. They were very different. So, there were so many issues that the Radha-Krishnan commission covered. After that, what does the Kotari commission say? Because it is not taking secondary education. It has also said something or the other. But it is mainly on secondary education. So, I did not cover it. So, Kotari commission said that considerable care is needed in establishing new universities. It is saying that to create new universities, you should be careful. These should be started only after an adequate provision of funds has been made for the purpose. And due care has been taken to ensure proper standards. It is saying that you should not open an university just for the name. Only then, when you have proper funding to open it and after opening it, you can maintain proper standards. Special attention should be given to the organization of post-regulate courses and the improvement of standards of training and research at this level. And look, the main work of universities is that the specialization will be provided and research will be provided. So, it is saying that you should pay special attention that post-regulate courses go well and you can improve the standard of training and research. And then it is saying that centers of advanced studies should be strengthened and a small number of clusters of centers aiming at the highest possible standards in research and training should be established. Look, Kotari commission is saying that you should pay special attention to training and research. Do it well, open it with the standard. Open it when you have proper funding. There is a need to give increased support to research universities. Generally, it is saying that you should support Anu Sandhahan in Vishwa Vidyalaya. The institution for research should as far as possible function within the fold of universities or in intimate association with them. Anu Sandhahan is saying that all the institutions that are under and under universities can work with them and work in connection with them. That means, Kotari commission is mainly training and research at universities. This gives more strength to the training and research within universities. Then it is saying that the university system should have the freedom and responsibility to innovate in teaching and research. It is also saying that the university system should be independent and responsible so that they can do something new in teaching and research. The emphasis on the autonomy of colleges and departments provides enough means to interact across the boundaries of institutions and funding agencies. Better infrastructure, rationalized funding for research and integration of teaching, research and evaluation all reflect this major concern. That means, it is saying that the autonomy should be given to the students in a good way so that they can incorporate and collaborate with the funding agency. The infrastructure should be good and they have good funding for research. You should combine teaching, research and innovation in teaching and research. And national policy and education visualizes that higher education should become dynamic as never before. It is saying that higher education should be very dynamic and some of the topics like consolidation and expansion of institutions. It is also saying that development of autonomous colleges and departments. It is also saying that redesigning courses. Why did you design them? It is 1986. It is a new vision. Globalization has started. It is written that the old and traditional courses will not work. You will have to do a new one. Training of teachers. To teach such great courses, you should also teach teachers. You should teach them. Strengthening research. And then improvement in efficiency. And then creation of structures for coordination at the state and national level. There is no coordination body at the state level. State council of higher education is also talking about accreditation in the assessment machinery. And then there is the position of NAC. And mobility. There are many points of national education. So in one place only I have written the points of higher education. You can do it. Then NKC on higher education. We have also talked about it. But since it was going on together, so the national knowledge commission was doing it. So I submitted my reports 4 times. And finally in 2009, when I submitted my report, it says that there are 5 key areas. From there access to the concept should be present. Creation. Application. You have to use it. And services. So in higher education there are 3 key aspects of expansion, excellence and inclusion. And in higher education NKC says that you have to pay more attention to 3 things. First of all, there are very few things. They talked about a lot of expansion. And the ones that are being created will also be excellent. There is a lot of class and inclusion. So you have to summarize it all. Then NKC said that increasing GER in higher education. He said that the gross enrollment ratio which is to increase in higher education to 15 and above by 2015. From 2015 to 2015. So NKC has recommended setting up an independent regulatory authority for higher education. And they are saying that you should make an independent regulatory authority for higher education. After removing UGC NKC was also saying sorry. Unusual time recorded. So NKC but this was not accepted. So its recommendation could not be fulfilled. So NKC was also trying to fulfill it. So these are the points which he talked about. Expansion, excellence and inclusion are the most important. You have to increase it. You have to summarize it. You have to change the body and make it an independent regulatory authority. You have to finance it. You have to be good in quality. You have to make national universities. He talked about higher education. Last NEP 2020. So NEP 2020 did a lot of talks. He talked about high education in totality, inclusive education and teacher education and technical education. That is why we increased it again and again. He said to make quality universities a new and forward looking business for India's higher education system. What he is saying? He said that you should make Undergraduate education Multidisciplinary Anusha Shanatma You have to break the boundary of discipline And increase the inclusion of them Or you have to study your concept Moving towards faculty and institutional Autonomy Revamping, curriculum, pedagogy, assessment And student support for in-hand Students experiences That should end You have to study your curriculum Your curriculum And you have to study the student Revamping, the integrity of faculty And institutional leadership Let's talk about NRF That is a National Research Foundation Which allows you to do research well Light but tight regulation By this single regulator for higher education He has said that as many bodies as possible You can choose one That is HECI Higher Education Commission of India Light But tight regulation Institutional restructuring And coordination The most important thing to know Is that In higher education In 2018 We had 263% We have 255% Let's see how much we have Towards more holistic Multidisciplinary education Learning environment We talked about internationalization And now we are talking about Westwick Student activity participation Financial support Our faculty Is motivated and capable That is better to study Equity and inclusion In higher education And teacher education How to improve education And how to improve vocational education Catalyzing quality Academic research in all fields We talked about new national research foundation One of the most important Transforming the regulatory system of higher education He has said that there are so many UGC NAC And only one is HECI Higher Education Commission of India And there are four verticals That is what we will work on The first one is NHERC National Higher Education Regulatory Council Will work on regulation The second vertical is NAC Accreditation Council Assessments Third vertical is Education Grants Council UGC Fourth vertical is GEC General Education Council General Functioning Higher Education and Universities Okay So this was the development of Higher education in India I took it From ancient times From 1857 From 1857 From 1947 How is education going in British times And how to improve education How to improve education How to improve And now the situation is In this way I have completed The historical perspectives of higher education in India Thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe My channel Explore Education I have done from my side